Journal of Comparative Psychology最新文献

{"title":"The SNARC effect is not a unitary phenomenon: Individual variation in space-magnitude associations across domains.","authors":"Olga F Lazareva, Regina Paxton Gazes","doi":"10.1037/com0000441","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>English speakers respond more quickly to small numbers with a leftward response and large numbers with a rightward response, a phenomenon known as the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect. Two prevailing theories to explain the SNARC effect make contrasting predictions about individual variability. If the SNARC effect stems from stable long-term memory representations, participants in a culturally homogeneous population (e.g., college students in a Western, English-speaking country) should exhibit a culturally consistent left-to-right SNARC with low variability between individuals within a magnitude domain and within individuals across domains. Alternatively, if the effect arises from an online working memory strategy, participants may be expected to show greater variability both between and within individuals, across and within domains. We present the results of three within-subject experiments in which participants engaged in multiple SNARC tasks across eight magnitude domains. Across the three experiments and 17 task presentations, we consistently found substantial variation in the orientation of the relationship between magnitude and space, both within a magnitude domain and across domains, in a culturally homogeneous Western sample. These findings are more consistent with accounts positing a flexible, context-dependent strategy than with those proposing a stable mental number line as an explanation of the SNARC effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"188-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Too many eyes on the same prize? Why searching together but dividing attention shapes more effective collective foraging.","authors":"Michael J Beran","doi":"10.1037/com0000453","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comments on an article by K. Ighalo & N. Miller (see record 2027-04636-001). In the context of numerous foragers in an environment, the story becomes more complicated. Now, many foragers searching for one cryptic prey type means less of those prey and a greater relative prevalence of other prey that may then be easier to identify by other foragers. As this process plays out and some foragers focus attention on some prey types because those are the ones they first encounter, other foragers then focus on other prey types because they are more prevalent as a result. This can lead to a reduction in competition among the foragers. The article by Ighalo and Miller is about exactly that kind of situation in which individual foragers engage in \"attentional character displacement.\" Ighalo and Miller's model was based on a simplified version of Guided Visual Search, which proposes that individuals engage visual scenes by first processing basic features (such as color and size) across the entire field in parallel. These features are combined with the individual's goals to create a priority map that guides attention toward likely target locations. Ighalo and Miller predicted that attentional character displacement would reduce competition and improve success rates in their group of simulated foragers, and that each individual forager would experience this effect whether those foragers were able to modulate attention or not. They also predicted that this outcome would be modulated by other effects such as group size, the number of prey types available, and how cryptic the prey were. When the simulation included only two types of prey, Ighalo and Miller found that smaller groups foraged more successfully than larger groups, but it also was true that a higher proportion of attention-modulating foragers led to higher success rates across group sizes. What can be concluded is that a cognitive-ecological modeling approach such as that used by Ighalo and Miller shows that competition likely leads to the evolution of search images. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"167-168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148439000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species-dependent gazing behavior of emotional facial expressions in dogs (Canis familiaris) and adult humans (Homo sapiens).","authors":"Heini Törnqvist, Gray S Atherton, Liam Cross, Sanni Somppi, Jarkko Hautala, Miiamaaria V Kujala","doi":"10.1037/com0000433","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional expressions play an important part in social communication of dogs and humans, but comparative studies between dogs and humans are rare. In addition, little is known about how emotions are perceived across species and how attention is divided among different parts of faces. Here, we compared the gazing behavior of dogs and adult humans toward emotional dog and human facial expressions. Dogs mostly gazed at the eye and nose areas, whereas the humans' focus also included the mouth area. The gazing behavior of both species was affected by the facial expressions and species presented, and they gazed at emotional more than neutral stimuli. Dogs and humans demonstrated attentional bias toward angry and happy eyes of their own species, which highlights the ecological salience of the species and the importance of eyes in reading conspecifics' emotional expressions. For both species, mouths of aggressive dogs were gazed at more than those of angry humans, whereas mouths of happy humans were gazed at more than happy dog mouths. Thus, the mouth area provides important emotional cues for recognizing emotions across species, suggesting the ecological salience of facial expressions connecting to the subcortical visual pathway across mammalian species. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"223-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative approach to emotional crying in humans (Homo sapiens)-Tears as paedomorphic signals.","authors":"Benjamin Griffin, Zanna Clay, Robert Hyder-Wilson, Riadh Abed","doi":"10.1037/com0000454","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional crying refers to the uniquely human characteristic of producing visible tears in response to emotionally salient experiences. Originating in infancy as a biologically prepared distress signal, emotional crying persists across the lifespan with relatively stable social effects across cultures, appearing to function to recruit the attention and support of others. Although particular to humans, comparative research suggests crying visible emotional tears can be situated in a broader evolutionary pattern. Across a range of other social species, adults strategically redeploy juvenile-typical behaviors that can influence the responses of conspecifics. Recent primatological work has termed this <i>paedomorphic</i> <i>signaling</i>. We suggest this provides a valuable conceptual anchor for understanding the evolutionary origins of emotional tears in humans. We propose that paedomorphic signaling by adults is effective in eliciting care from conspecifics because, in humans and others species that invest in the care of dependent young, adults have evolved predispositions to attend to and respond to juvenile-like signals. Understanding emotional tears as a form of paedomorphic signaling provides a coherent evolutionary account of their potency, context-sensitivity, and developmental persistence and generates novel predictions that may guide future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148594704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality, happiness, and health in gibbons.","authors":"Alexander Weiss, Michaela Masilkova, Marieke C Gartner, F Blake Morton, Lewis J Rowden, Susan M Cheyne, Miho Inoue-Murayama","doi":"10.1037/com0000446","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gibbons (family Hylobatidae) are small apes comprising lar gibbons (<i>Hylobates</i> spp.), crested gibbons (<i>Nomascus</i> spp.), siamangs (<i>Symphalangus syndactus</i>), and hoolocks (<i>Hoolock</i> spp.). These four genera are closely related to one another and to orangutans (<i>Pongo</i> spp.). Gibbon phylogeny and socioecology make them uniquely suited to improve our understanding of the origins of personality factors. Personality trait ratings of lar gibbons, crested gibbons, and siamangs-sufficient data on hoolocks were not available-were analyzed using exploratory factor analyses. All three genera possessed factors labeled Dominance, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. In addition, lar gibbons and siamangs possessed factors labeled Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, lar gibbons possessed a factor labeled Individualism, and crested gibbons possessed factors labeled Dyscontrol and Avoidance. Exploratory factor analysis of the combined data, which included hoolocks, revealed a Conscientiousness factor and four factors-Extraversion, Dominance, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism-that resembled four of the five orangutan personality factors. Genus- and family-level analyses revealed that better subjective well-being and health-both measured using informant ratings-were associated with higher sociability, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. Based on these results, we concluded that social group size and/or arboreality are related to factor structure, Conscientiousness evolved in hominoids 16-20 million years ago (much earlier than previous estimates), and that relationships in humans between personality and psychological and physical well-being have very early origins. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147989999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt exposure disrupts memory retrieval in habituation and conditioned place preference in planaria (Dugesia japonica).","authors":"Toru Tazumi, Jose Prados, Gonzalo P Urcelay","doi":"10.1037/com0000449","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined whether saline acts as an aversive stimulus for planarians and how it influences learning and memory. Using saline as an unconditioned stimulus, we first tested conditioned place avoidance. Saline did not support conditioned place avoidance acquisition; instead, it disrupted habituation to initially preferred tactile and visual stimuli. Further experiments assessed the establishment of conditioned place preference using food as the reinforcer with visual cues. Following training, exposure to saline impaired the expression of conditioned place preference for both light and dark contexts, indicating that the disruptive effect of exposure to saline extends beyond habituation. These findings suggest that saline interferes with the expression of learned behaviors through state-dependent retrieval failure caused by physiological changes induced by saline exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of the conjunction fallacy in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) following two-lever choice training.","authors":"Kayley M Ozimac, Valeria V Gonzalez, Aaron P Blaisdell","doi":"10.1037/com0000448","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conjunction fallacy, a well-known cognitive bias, occurs when individuals erroneously judge the conjunction of 2 events as more probable than either event occurring independently (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Although this fallacy has been extensively studied in humans, recent research from our lab shows that nonhuman animals, such as rats, also demonstrate this bias (González, Sadeghi, et al., 2023). In González et al.'s study, rats were trained in a feature-positive/feature-negative go/no-go discrimination (A-/AX+; B+/BY-, where A and B were auditory cues and X and Y were visual cues, and + and-indicate that lever pressing was reinforced or not). At test, cues A and B were presented on probe trials with cues X and Y either unoccluded and off or occluded by a metal shield. Responding was low to A and high to B when the light was visible (and off). When the light was occluded, however, this pattern reversed, with high responding to A and low responding to B. This indicated a bias toward expecting the occluded light to be present rather than absent, consistent with a conjunction fallacy. In a go/no-go procedure, however, some trial types are rewarded, whereas others are unrewarded. This reward asymmetry may bias attention to the different cue conditions. Thus, the current study replicated this conjunction bias using a 2-alternative choice procedure where reinforcement was available on all trial types, removing this potential bias. Our demonstration of a strong conjunction fallacy replicated our prior results, setting the stage for parallel studies in rats and humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive differences between two Zebra species (Equus burchelli chapmanni and E. grevyi)-The possible role of fission-fusion dynamics.","authors":"Alina Schaffer, Alvaro L Caicoya, Iker Loidi, Anja Widdig, Ruben Holland, Federica Amici","doi":"10.1037/com0000447","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In animals, high fission-fusion dynamics (FFD) characterize groups in which individuals frequently split into subgroups of different size and composition. Through evolution, this might have led to an increase in specific cognitive skills that allowed individuals to better cope with the challenges they usually experience under such social conditions. This hypothesis has rarely been tested empirically, and therefore we compared 2 species of zebras to assess potential differences in their cognitive skills. The Chapman's zebras <i>(Equus burchelli chapmanni)</i> typically show lower levels of FFD associated with stable multilevel social groups, whereas Grevy's zebras (<i>Equus grevyi</i>) show higher levels of FFD and therefore live in less cohesive groups. We tested 8 Grevy's zebras and 5 Chapman's zebras in experimental tasks assessing their object permanence, short-term memory, inference, and quantity discrimination skills. Our results showed that Grevy's zebras, typically showing higher FFD, performed better than Chapman's zebras, which live in more cohesive groups, in tasks requiring complex inference skills and marginally in quantity discrimination skills. These findings provide preliminary support to the hypothesis that high FFD may be linked to the enhancement of specific cognitive skills also in taxa other than primates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A test of inference by exclusion in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus): Replication of a parrot-child comparative study using additional avian subjects.","authors":"Irene M Pepperberg, Leigh Ann Hartsfield","doi":"10.1037/com0000427","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grey parrots have been shown to reason via inference by exclusion in various experiments, but so far only one bird has been shown to succeed on a four-cup task originally tested on young children, a purportedly stronger test of inference than experiments involving two cups. In the procedure with four cups (two pairs: AB, CD), a reward is hidden in one cup of each pair-for example, B, C; then one cup-for example, A-is shown to be empty. Successful subjects should conclude that the reward is 100% likely in B, only 50% likely in C or D, and accordingly choose B, thereby demonstrating modal and logical concepts in addition to epistemic ones. Here we replicate the task with three other Grey parrots to demonstrate that the ability is not restricted to one individual with extensive experimental experience. Thus, several subjects are now available for further testing necessary to examine the extent to which Grey parrots understand inference by exclusion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"155-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive tasks show age-related decline over a 10-year period in a natural aging monkey model, cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).","authors":"Julie J Neiworth, Scott P Gillespie, Ye In Christopher Kwon, Isabelle Rieth, Madeline Thall, Abigail Sharer, Elizabeth Groesbeck, Lydia Henderson, Chae Sarah Min, Ayumi Tachida, Xiao Ma, Ella Rogers, Megan Cablk, Anka Raicevic, Madeline LoRusso, Emerald Wang","doi":"10.1037/com0000431","DOIUrl":"10.1037/com0000431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cotton-top tamarins (<i>n</i> = 14, aged 7-24 years) were tested over a 10-year period on tasks conventionally differentiating aging from dementia in humans. Three tasks were developed on iPads to collect response accuracies in tests of attention (visual search [VS]), working memory (delayed matching-to-sample), and executive processing (rule-shifting). A fourth task utilized a spontaneous object recognition paradigm to test familiarity memory in the subjects' home cages. Linear regression analyses revealed cognitive decline with increasing age in particular components of these tasks. Specifically, accuracy to direct attention in a VS to targets with overlapping features decreased with age. All older monkeys showed accuracy to remember sample items through 1- and 10-s delays in a recognition test, but their ability to remember through these delays was compromised with more extreme aging. Rule-shifting involving attending to a dimension previously irrelevant to the game was particularly problematic with increased age. Cognitive maintenance with aging occurred with simpler VS targets, rule-shifting within the same dimension or feature, and familiarity memory. Tamarins' initiation of cognitive decline mapped closely to the age found in published work of the accumulation of Aβ (beta amyloid species and plaques) in tamarins. The failures in cognition in aging tamarins corresponded with common failures in elderly humans. Moreover, eight of the 14 tamarins showed more severe cognitive deterioration that might signal a kind of dementia. Further study is needed to measure cognitive maintenance and loss across a variety of species of primates with different lifespans and backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":54861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"101-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12614497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}