{"title":"Visualizing particle velocity from dual-camera mixed reality video images using 3D particle tracking velocimetry","authors":"Thomas Chivers, Jeffrey S. Marshall","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01028-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01028-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mixed reality (MR) systems integrate diverse sensors, allowing users to visualize and interact with their surroundings. Mixed reality headsets typically include synchronized front-facing cameras that, among other things, can be used to track tracer particles (such as snowflakes) to estimate particle velocity field in real time. The current work presents a 3D particle tracking velocimetry method for use with MR devices, which combines binocular disparity and various monocular cues to estimate particle distance from an observer. This distance information is then incorporated into a particle tracking velocimetry algorithm to generate a three-dimensional visualization of the particle velocities. The resulting mixed reality particle tracking velocimetry (MR-PTV) approach was initially tested using synthetic particle data obtained by discrete element method simulations, resulting in a detailed error assessment of the method. The approach was then experimentally validated for particles transported in a wind tunnel and in a water flume flow using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 MR headset to image the particle motion. The resulting MR-PTV system can be used for mixed reality particle velocity visualization in a variety of industrial, scientific, and recreational purposes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical investigations of heat transfer enhancement in ionic liquid-piston compressor using cooling pipes","authors":"Van-Tinh Huynh, Dong Kim","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01027-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01027-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a cylindrical chamber, the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used to compress gaseous hydrogen from 220 to 752.3 bar, concurrently raising its temperature from 298.15 to 394.2 K over approximately six seconds. A three-dimensional liquid-piston compressor model was established and validated against the experimental data. Two-phase flow was simulated using the finite volume method and the volume of fluid model in ANSYS Fluent software. A novel heat transfer enhancement technique using cooling pipes was investigated inside a liquid-piston compressor to achieve near-isothermal compression. Multiple cooling scenarios were explored to enhance the compression and thermal performance, considering the number of pipes, cross-sectional shape, diameter, and pipe temperature. This approach provided a more comprehensive understanding of the flow regimes and heat transfer behaviors of working fluids throughout the compression process. To achieve the desired pressure ratio, using four circular pipes reduced the hydrogen temperature from 394.2 to 355 K, marking 40.8% improvement in thermal efficiency. Furthermore, compression performance reached 95.8% with a power density of 3221.4 kW·m<sup>−3</sup>, compared to 90.9% and 4550.6 kW·m<sup>−3</sup> without cooling.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphic Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scatterplot selection for dimensionality reduction in multidimensional data visualization","authors":"Kaya Okada, Takayuki Itoh","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01025-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01025-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques for multidimensional data serve as powerful tools for visualization and understanding of the structure of the data. Various DR methods have been developed to extract specific features of the data over the years. However, selection of the optimal DR method and fine-tuning parameters are still challenging, as these choices vary based on the characteristics of the dataset. Consequently, data scientists often rely on their experience or undertake extensive experimentation to identify the most suitable approach. This paper proposes a semi-automatic method for selecting appropriate DR techniques through scatterplot evaluation. Initially, our approach applies a range of DR methods to the given multidimensional data to compute two-dimensional values. Next, we generate scatterplots from the two-dimensional data and calculate scores reflecting the distribution and spatial relationships among the points. Scatterplots that provide insights achieve higher scores, enabling an efficient selection of DR methods based on their visualization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method through two case studies: The first one is an e-commerce review dataset, and the second focuses on a dataset derived from music feature extraction.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chihaya Abe, Naoki Kanda, Kumi Nakai, Taku Nonomura
{"title":"Robust and multiresolution sparse processing particle image velocimetry for improvement in spatial resolution","authors":"Chihaya Abe, Naoki Kanda, Kumi Nakai, Taku Nonomura","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01016-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01016-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, robustness of sparse processing particle image velocimetry (SPPIV) of high spatial resolution was improved, and the flow velocity field was measured in real time by improved SPPIV, whereas SPPIV estimates the entire flow field from limited results of sparsely located PIV analysis interrogation windows in real time but suffers from estimating high spatial resolution field because of outliers appearing in the cross correlation analysis. The high-resolution velocity field estimation was conducted by reducing the interrogation window size from <span>(32times 32;text {pixel}^2)</span> to <span>(16times 16)</span> and <span>(8 times 8;text {pixel}^2)</span>, and the robustness of the improved SPPIV was investigated. We developed two methods of high-resolution SPPIV which is capable of real-time flow field measurement. One is robust SPPIV which incorporates with robust Kalman filter and eliminates the outliers, while the other is multiresolution SPPIV which adopts the large interrogation area for real-time measurements and projects it into the high-resolution velocity fields. Robust and multiresolution SPPIV can estimate the velocity fields more accurately than high-resolution standard SPPIV with <span>(16 times 16)</span> or <span>(8 times 8;text {pixel}^2)</span> interrogation windows. The detailed discussion and comparison of those two methods are conducted. In addition, the sensor optimization is compared in the present framework and it shows that the sensors optimized by the Kalman filter index are better than those by the snapshot-to-snapshot index for SPPIV application.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chian Yan, Yifan Lyu, Ahmed Darwish, Lyes Kadem, Hoi Dick Ng
{"title":"Analyzing two-dimensional cellular detonation flows from numerical simulations with proper orthogonal decomposition and Lagrangian descriptors","authors":"Chian Yan, Yifan Lyu, Ahmed Darwish, Lyes Kadem, Hoi Dick Ng","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01024-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01024-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In this study, the data analysis technique of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to the numerical simulation solutions of two-dimensional unsteady cellular detonation. As a first stage to introduce the idea, the analysis is performed on the simulation results obtained numerically with the reactive Euler equations with a one-step Arrhenius kinetic model. Cases with different activation energies <span>(E_{{rm{a}}})</span> are considered, yielding different degrees of cellular instability of the detonation frontal structure. The POD modes are obtained by performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the full ensemble matrix whose columns are the snapshots of time-dependent pressure fields from the stored numerical solutions. The dominant spatial flow features behind the detonation front with varying <span>(E_{{rm{a}}})</span> are revealed by the resulting POD modes that represent flow structures with decreasing flow energy content. The accuracy of the pressure flow field reconstructed using different levels of POD basis modes for reduced-order modeling is demonstrated. The coherent structures and increasing complexity of the flow fields with higher <span>(E_{{rm{a}}})</span> are elucidated with the use of Lagrangian descriptors (LD). The potential of the methods described in this work is discussed.\u0000</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexible optimization of hierarchical graph layout by genetic algorithm with various conditions","authors":"Ayana Murakami, Takayuki Itoh","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01018-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01018-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graph layouts visualize relationships among data entities, where nodes represent individual entities and edges represent their relationships. Hierarchical graph layouts efficiently provide an overview of large-scale graphs, where nodes form clusters (called metanodes in this paper) based on their properties. Here, it is challenging to determine layouts for large-scale graphs, particularly hierarchical ones. Although various graph layout drawing methods, such as force-directed layout, have been discussed so far, the quality of a layout heavily relies on the initial positions of nodes or metanodes. Furthermore, it is more challenging to obtain layouts where specific desired metanodes stand out. This paper presents a layout optimization method for hierarchical graphs using a genetic algorithm (GA). Our method allows for the consistent improvement of layouts compared to relying solely on an existing algorithm for generating hierarchical graph layouts. In our implementation, first, hierarchical graph layouts are generated by applying an existing algorithm multiple times. Then, they are evaluated by specific metrics for hierarchical graph layouts and optimized using GA. Consequently, optimal layouts for these metrics are obtained. The paper also presents particular examples of layouts optimized under different conditions using a co-authorship graph dataset.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A user study of visualisations of spatio-temporal eye tracking data","authors":"Marcel Claus, Frouke Hermens, Stefano Bromuri","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01023-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01023-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eye movements have a spatial (where people look), but also a temporal (when people look) component. Various types of visualizations have been proposed that take this spatio-temporal nature of the data into account, but it is unclear how well each one can be interpreted and whether such interpretation depends on the question asked about the data or the nature of the dataset that is being visualised. In this study, four spatio-temporal visualization techniques for eye movements (chord diagram, scan path, scarf plot, space-time cube) were compared in a user study. Participants <span>((N = 25))</span> answered three questions (what region first, what region most, which regions most between) about each visualization, which was based on two types of datasets (eye movements towards adverts, eye movements towards pairs of gambles). Accuracy of the answers depended on a combination of the dataset, the question that needed to answered, and the type of visualization. For most questions, the scan path, which did not use area of interest (AOI) information, resulted in lower accuracy than the other graphs. This suggests that AOIs improve the information conveyed by graphs. No effects of experience with reading graphs (for work or not for work) or education on accuracy of the answer was found. The results therefore suggest that there is no single best visualisation of the spatio-temporal aspects of eye movements. When visualising eye movement data, a user study may therefore be beneficial to determine the optimal visualization of the dataset and research question at hand.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-frequency pressure fluctuations in vertical jet impingements: fast pressure-sensitive paint analysis","authors":"Hongling Fan, Chunhua Wei, Jiaxi Zhao, Chen Qin, Haoyuan Zhang, Peng Wang, Huihui Guo","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01021-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01021-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a fast-PSP measurement system using the intensity method is constructed to capture the fluctuating pressure field generated by the vertical supersonic (Ma = 1.2) jet impingement on a plate at different impingement distances. The paint formulation is optimized by adding a specific proportion of epoxy resin binder to PC-PSP primer, resulting in no significant peeling even after approximately 100 jet impingements. The light intensity decreased by 12.75% over 35 jet impingements (Ma = 0.7–1.2) without adjusting the light source power. The paint is calibrated and found to have a response time of 83 μs, a pressure sensitivity of 0.5833%/kPa, and a temperature sensitivity of 1.9%/K at 20 °C. The experiment is conducted in an anechoic chamber to investigate the effect of vertical jet impingement on a flat plate with impingement distances (<i>L</i>/<i>d</i>) ranging from 2 to 5. The PSP system captured dynamic pressure signals with a frequency of up to 9212 Hz (<i>L</i>/<i>d</i> = 2). Analysis of the surface pressure distribution in a period showed that an alternating axisymmetrical ring structure is formed in the periphery due to the interaction of expansion and compression waves at the impingement center. The evolving radius of the ring structure over time indicated that its outward expansion speed initially increases and then decreases. The proposed PSP measurement system provides technical assistance for investigating noise mechanisms in close-range vertical jet impingement.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergej Geringer, Florian Geiselhart, Alex Bäuerle, Dominik Dec, Olivia Odenthal, Guido Reina, Timo Ropinski, Daniel Weiskopf
{"title":"mint: Integrating scientific visualizations into virtual reality","authors":"Sergej Geringer, Florian Geiselhart, Alex Bäuerle, Dominik Dec, Olivia Odenthal, Guido Reina, Timo Ropinski, Daniel Weiskopf","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01011-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01011-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We present an image-based approach to integrate state-of-the-art scientific visualization into virtual reality (VR) environments: the mint visualization/VR inter-operation system. We enable the integration of visualization algorithms from within their software frameworks directly into VR without the need to explicitly port visualization implementations to the underlying VR framework—thus retaining their capabilities, specializations, and optimizations. Consequently, our approach also facilitates enriching VR-based scientific data exploration with established or novel VR immersion and interaction techniques available in VR authoring tools. The separation of concerns enables researchers and users in different domains, like virtual immersive environments, immersive analytics, and scientific visualization, to independently work with existing software suitable for their domain while being able to interface with one another easily. We present our system architecture and inter-operation protocol (mint), an example of a collaborative VR environment implemented in the Unity engine (VRAUKE), as well as the integration of the protocol for the visualization frameworks Inviwo, MegaMol, and ParaView. Our implementation is publicly available as open-source software.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3D3C rainbow particle tracking velocimetry: improving depth resolution and velocity vector acquisition rate by using color space for a multi-cycle rainbow pattern","authors":"Mao Takeyama, Hitoshi Suto, Yasuo Hattori","doi":"10.1007/s12650-024-01020-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-024-01020-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rainbow particle tracking velocimetry can be used to measure 3D3C flow velocity vectors with a single color camera. The particle depth position is calculated from the hue degree of a particle color. A liquid–crystal display (LCD) projector can be used conveniently as a light source of the color pattern in place of the spectral diffraction of white light. Another advantage of using an LCD projector is the ability to change the RGB components of the color pattern. In this study, the rainbow color pattern was modified to increase available color. Colors with the same hue degree but different saturations were used in the color pattern. Using color space enhanced positional resolution in the color change direction. The parameters of new color patterns were number of cycles, saturation continuity and range of color space. They were designed and their performances were compared. The effective resolution in color change direction enhanced 2.4 times from original patten (single cycle rainbow), and velocity vector acquisition rate improved, in particular, for the range of small amount movement per step.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":54756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Visualization","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}