Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics最新文献

{"title":"Freestream turbulence effects on unsteady wind turbine loads and wakes: An IDDES study","authors":"Shreyas Bidadi,&nbsp;Ganesh Vijayakumar,&nbsp;Bumseok Lee,&nbsp;Michael Sprague","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate numerically the effects of freestream turbulence on the unsteady aerodynamics and wakes of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI wind turbine rotor for increasing wind speed. Turbulence is modeled using the Improved Delayed Detached-Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method. As a first step, a detailed mesh resolution study is conducted with the decaying freestream turbulence model at turbulence intensity of 0.5%. Our blade-resolved IDDES simulations show that grid-independent average torque and thrust results can be achieved with relatively coarse meshes, whereas dramatically higher mesh resolution is required for grid-independent results for power spectral densities of thrust force, especially in the deep-stall regime. Comparing the loads with the Shear-Stress Transport model demonstrates the superiority of IDDES in predicting massively separated flows. The aerodynamic performance and wake predictions with the decaying freestream turbulence model are compared with the synthetic freestream turbulence model. Both models predict nearly the same loads, spectral energy content, and wake characteristics. The properties of both the near- and far-wake regions are then examined. We show that separated boundary layers accelerate turbulent mixing and entrainment of the external flow, which results in faster wake recovery. The effect of increasing turbulence intensity to 6% is investigated using the synthetic freestream turbulence model. In contrast with the fully attached boundary layer, higher freestream turbulence in deep stall does not significantly affect the loads and vortex-shedding characteristics. However, the turbulent mixing in the wake is enhanced, which further hastens the recovery of the self-similar velocity profile. In general, increasing the wind speed at high turbulence intensity shifts the recovery farther upstream and increases the wake width.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifactor influence on critical velocity of an upward single-slope tunnel with a water spray system","authors":"Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Chai ,&nbsp;Yanlong Song ,&nbsp;Kaihua Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The smoke behavior of an upward single-slope tunnel fire under the water spray system is affected by longitudinal ventilation direction, the thermal buoyancy of high temperature smoke, stack effect generated by slope and drag force of water spray, which causes a change on critical velocity. Therefore, quantitative research on the effect of water spray system parameters on critical velocity is conducted in simulated sloped tunnels. Consequently, critical velocity decreases with elevated water spray flow rates and steeper tunnel slopes, which both amplify drag force and stack effect, thereby suppressing smoke back-layering, but it is little affected by water spray angle. Furthermore, there is still a segmentation function link between the dimensionless critical velocity and the dimensionless heat release rate (HRR), with an exponential relationship of 1/3 power. Influence elements with water spray flow rate and tunnel slope are introduced into critical velocity model. Comprehensive critical velocity prediction is established taking into account multifactor including tunnel slope, water spray flow rate and tunnel slope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 106223"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on wind-induced response on a 45 m span double-layer cable-supported photovoltaic structure with arrays","authors":"Yi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Xiang ,&nbsp;Wencheng Wang ,&nbsp;Jianguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Keren Yang ,&nbsp;Yingying Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingshui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable-supported photovoltaic (PV) structures are highly susceptible to wind-induced vibrations because of their low frequency and lightweight. To investigate the wind effect of a 45m-span double-layer cable-supported PV array structure in an atmospheric boundary layer, wind tunnel tests on a 1:20 scale aeroelastic model were conducted to measure wind-induced responses. The influences of tilt angle, wind direction, and wind speed on the wind-induced response of cable-supported PV structure are examined. The test results indicate that the wind-induced response under negative angle of attack (AOA) is significantly greater than those under positive AOA. When subjected to negative AOA, the structure is more likely to be instability. Under positive AOA, a significant shielding effect is observed. The maximum value of shielding ratio for tilt angles of 10° and 20° are 21.28 % and 51.18 %, respectively. The proposed wind vibration coefficient is 2.1, which can be used to calculate the equivalent static wind load of the double-layer cable-supported PV structure in structural design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of sand surface deformation around simplified obstacles: Wind tunnel experiment with high-resolution photogrammetry and CFD","authors":"Yoshihide Tominaga ,&nbsp;Zitao Jiang ,&nbsp;Riku Akiyama ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wind tunnel experiment is conducted to examine the deformation of the sand surface around surface-mounted obstacles with a simple shape. The undulations of the sand surface are quantitatively measured with high resolution using a photogrammetric method. Shape-specific sand deformation characterized by significant erosion and slight deposition is observed in the vicinity of the obstacles, consistent with previous studies. Based on the measurement results, the effects of obstacle shape and size and wind direction on the deformation of the surrounding sand are investigated in detail. Since the changes in the sand surface deformation around obstacles are caused by the interaction between the wind flow and sand particle movement, information on the flow field around an obstacle is important for understanding the associated phenomena. However, it is extremely difficult to measure the wind velocity distribution in detail, in particular the wind shear velocity. Therefore, this study uses the detailed wind shear velocity around obstacles predicted by a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation without considering sand particle movement. Pointwise indicators such as wind shear velocity and the divergence of shear velocities simulated by CFD are compared with the measured sand depth distributions and their suitability as indicators for sand deformation is discussed. The findings can be used for model development and the validation of CFD simulations that incorporate sand surface deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hood-nose and windshield geometry effects on the aerodynamic drag of agricultural tractor trailer couple","authors":"Eyüb Canli","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three different agricultural tractor geometries that incorporate a driver cabin/compartment are investigated regarding aerodynamic drag while a trailer is attached. The tractor trailer couple was modelled and scaled down in an open wind tunnel. The main geometrical variables are nose (in front of the hood) form and the windshield angle. The main operational variable is the Reynolds number. Aerodynamic drag force, drag coefficient, and static pressure distribution on the symmetry plane of the tractor trailer couple parameters are found. Reynolds independency was sought to extrapolate results to real world scale. Aerodynamic resistance or drag force was measured in a single axis as well as static pressure from 29 different points. It is found that agricultural tractor trailer couple has an aerodynamic drag coefficient about unity. So, dynamic pressure of the relative flow can be directly multiplied with projected area of the tractor trailer couple that is perpendicular to the relative motion. However, the results also suggests that the drag coefficient can be up to 20 % high based on geometrical variables. Although the drag coefficient does not change marginally, tractor form influences the drag force regarding precise estimations. Obtained findings can be used for complex models or digital twins of transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on hazardous gases and dust removal under forced ventilation in inclined construction tunnels after blasting","authors":"Xiaoyue Sun ,&nbsp;Farun An ,&nbsp;Dong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollutant control during tunnel construction differs from that during operation due to the presence of one closed end. Tunnel construction blasting generates significant amount of pollutant gases and inhalable particulate matter, posing health and safety risks to workers. This study performed reduced-scale experiments to investigate the transport of pollutants under forced ventilation after blasting. 1:15 scaled model experiments were performed with emphasis on the effects of inclination and ventilation air volume. The pollutant removal efficiency was assessed based on pollutant removal time, local time-weighted average concentration, and the areal time-weighted average concentration. The results show that ventilation air velocity should be selected according to inclination. Positive tunnel inclinations may cause secondary recirculation of pollutants. The pollutant removal time decreases with increasing air velocity and decreasing inclinations from 5° to −5°. The local time-weighted average concentration of pollutants is significantly higher under positive inclinations than under negative inclinations. The areal time-weighted average concentration of CO is primarily influenced by inclination. For PM2.5, although inclination has a greater impact, ventilation air volume also contributes to its variation. The correlations of dimensionless pollutant removal time with inclination and ventilation air volume were proposed for negative and positive inclinations, respectively. PM2.5 has a longer removal time than CO. These findings provide guidance on pollutant control and ventilation system design under forced ventilation in tunnel construction after blasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid downscaling approach for meteorological wind fields using diffusion models and attention mechanisms","authors":"Xuedong Wang,&nbsp;Yaqi Li,&nbsp;Yinghong Zuo,&nbsp;Jinhui Zhu,&nbsp;Jun Zhuo,&nbsp;Xiazhi Li,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Shengli Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive applications have been found for rapid downscaling on meteorological wind field data in extreme weather warning, renewable energy assessment and site selection optimization, as well as dynamic simulation of nuclear accident emergency responses. This study proposes a progressive deep learning downscaling model (from 0.25° to 3 km) for generating high-resolution wind field data by integrating diffusion models with multi-head cross-attention mechanisms. Specifically, a progressive diffusion framework is developed to generate high-resolution wind fields through iterative denoising of latent states initialized from Gaussian noise distributions. Compared to Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP) architecture, our approach achieved approximately 32 % reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and 46 % reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE), while Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) was significantly improved from 0.7 to over 0.8. It is deduced that this approach significantly improves generation quality and alleviates non-physical artifacts caused by the mode collapse within Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The integration of multi-head cross-attention mechanisms and 2D Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) enables effective fusion of cross-modal information from low-resolution wind fields, terrain data, and diffusion model latent states. Ablation studies demonstrate that the attention mechanism reduced both MAE and MSE by approximately 20 %, while improving Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and SSIM values. This indicates that the attention mechanisms enable the model to capture long-range spatial dependencies, significantly enhancing its representational capacity and physical consistency in spatial feature reconstruction. Additionally, to address the slow reasoning speed of traditional diffusion models, this work implements the Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model (DDIM) sampling algorithm to achieve deterministic latent space mapping, substantially reducing inference steps while maintaining generation accuracy. This framework ultimately realizes rapid generation of high-precision wind field data within seconds. The proposed methodology provides a novel solution for meteorological wind field downscaling, directly serving various engineering applications requiring refined meteorological data<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical simulation of road dust distribution and transport characteristics under disturbance of automobile tire in open-pit mine","authors":"Jiuzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Luo ,&nbsp;Guoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jihe Chen ,&nbsp;Cuifeng Du ,&nbsp;Yapeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xuhan Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To develop targeted measures, understanding the distribution and transport of road dust under disturbance of automobile tire is essential. This study combines experimental and numerical simulation methods to investigate the spatial distribution and transport characteristics of road dust, considering road, vehicle characteristics and meteorological factors. The road dust cloud structure is characterized using dimensionless parameters, and the dust cloud volume is used to evaluate the pollution range in three-dimensional space due to tire disturbance near the vehicle. The results indicate that the total dust concentration is higher at the <em>W</em>/B = 0 position due to tire disturbance. Speed and load significantly impact the width of the road dust cloud, with maximum growth rates of 82 % and 47 % respectively within the ranges of speed and load variations. In addition, the diffusion of dust from open-pit mines has a significant impact on the environmental quality of Hebei Province and Tianjin City. The findings of this study provide theoretical guidance for the control and assessment of road dust pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106214"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent optimization of pressure sensor arrangement and prediction of wind loading time series on a square cylinder","authors":"Haotian Dong ,&nbsp;Zhixin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Shen ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing DU","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel methodology for classifying and arranging key pressure sensors on structural surfaces by integrating Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and K-means++ cluster analysis. For the wind tunnel experimental time series data obtained from multiple pressure sensors on a square cylinder, POD-K-means++ quickly groups the sensors into several clusters and produces the silhouette scores. Using the silhouette score distributions at various incidences, the arrangement scheme of key sensors is proposed, considering various sensor amounts and an axisymmetric condition. The POD-BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network) method is used to predict the pressure time series on any circumferential location using data from limited sensors. By comparing the overall prediction precision of POD-BPNN using 10 different axisymmetric sensor layouts and the same sensor amount of 20, the case using the sensor layout identified by POD-K-means++ is proven to have superior precision in all incidences. POD-BPNN is further used to study the sensitivity of prediction errors to training sensor amounts (4–28 within a total sensor amount of 44). 20 training sensors achieve an optimal balance between accuracy and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulated wind noise in a road vehicle due to atmospheric fluctuations and reduction measures","authors":"Atsushi Tajima ,&nbsp;Jun Ikeda ,&nbsp;Makoto Tsubokura","doi":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In vehicle development, noise reduction is critical for ensuring passenger comfort. As electric vehicles become more common and engine and vibration noises are reduced, aerodynamic noise around vehicles becomes prominent. In particular, wind noise modulation caused by atmospheric turbulence, wind gusts, and the wake of preceding vehicles is an issue because it causes discomfort to passengers. However, there is no clear definition of the modulated wind noise, and the mechanism by which wind noise modulates is poorly understood. Furthermore, there is no established quantitative evaluation method for modulated wind noise, and reduction measures have not progressed. This is because previous studies have relied on on-road tests, which are not reproducible due to changing atmospheric conditions. To address this issue, automakers are developing devices that simulate natural winds by generating turbulence in the wind tunnels. However, these cannot simulate on-road wind conditions because large-scale fluctuations in natural winds are difficult to reproduce. In this study, we simulated the fluctuating winds experienced by vehicles on the road and reproduced the modulated wind noise. Using the modulation power spectrum, we confirmed that wind noise modulation can be quantitatively evaluated, and the contribution of on-road wind components to the modulation power was investigated. Furthermore, we clarified the mechanism of the flow field around the vehicle, which causes wind noise modulation. Modulated wind noise is an acoustic phenomenon in which high-frequency aerodynamic noise above 1 kHz is produced by the longitudinal vortex of the A-pillar, which becomes prominent because of crosswind and is amplitude-modulated by mainstream fluctuations. The modulation power peak of wind noise can be reduced by suppressing the A-pillar separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54752,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 106210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}