Ocean & Coastal Management最新文献

{"title":"The impacts of geopolitics on global Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) shipping network: Evidence from two geopolitical events","authors":"Mingzheng Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanzhe Liu ,&nbsp;Christina W.Y. Wong ,&nbsp;Kee-hung Lai ,&nbsp;Enmei Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global energy landscape is evolving rapidly, with Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) playing an increasingly important role due to its clean combustion characteristics and flexible transportation modes. However, the structural changes and vulnerabilities of LNG shipping network during major geopolitical events, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Red Sea crisis, remain understudied. This research constructs and analyses the evolution of the LNG shipping network using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from January 2020 to June 2024, focusing on changes before and after these two geopolitical events. By tracking key network metrics, we find that the network steadily expanded during this period, with almost all metrics reaching their peak performance in the second half of 2022 following the Russia-Ukraine conflict outbreak. However, the Red Sea crisis, which erupted in late 2023, did not significantly impact network performance. Community detection using the Infomap algorithm reveals the emergence of a large port community after the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which later fragmented into smaller communities during the Red Sea crisis. Adaptive intentional attack simulations indicate that the network vulnerability varied over time, and unexpectedly, the network became less vulnerable following the Red Sea crisis. Port criticality rankings differed across periods, reflecting shifts in global LNG trade dynamics. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural dynamics and the vulnerability of LNG shipping network in a changing global context, offering guidance for stakeholders in managing vulnerabilities and enhancing LNG supply chain reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of illumination and pot design on catch and bycatch when targeting northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) using white LED PotLights","authors":"Thomas W. Horton ,&nbsp;Robert Enever ,&nbsp;Brendan J. Godley ,&nbsp;Pete Kibel ,&nbsp;Donald Malone ,&nbsp;Duncan McAndrew ,&nbsp;Philip D. Doherty","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bottom towed gears can have severe and long-lasting effects on sensitive marine habitats and species. Diversification of gear types in fisheries using bottom towed gears to encompass low environmental impact methods, such as static gear, is one way to reduce dependency on damaging fishing methods. Here we report on trials investigating how the use of white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs; Fishtek Marine PotLights) affect catch rates of northern shrimp (<em>Pandalus borealis;</em> normally caught using trawls) across three different pot designs off the west coast of Scotland. We also caught the valuable Norway lobster (<em>Nephrops norvegicus</em>) and valueless poor cod (<em>Trisopterus minutus</em>) and considered occurrences and catch rates of these species. Illuminated pots resulted in significant increases in catch per unit effort (CPUE; ind. pot⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹) of northern shrimp for all pot types up to maximum mean of 4.6 ± 4.5 shrimp pot⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹ (illuminated shrimp tubes specifically designed to catch shrimp; range = &lt;0.1–11.1). However, despite the substantial increase in CPUE of northern shrimp due to illumination, these quantities do not constitute commercially viable catch volumes. Furthermore, illuminated pots resulted in high juvenile poor cod bycatch (88 % increase in catch rates across all pot types) and reduced catches of Norway lobster (48 % reduction in catch rates across all pots). The high presence of poor cod in catches in response to illumination mirrors the response observed for the closely related cod (<em>Gadus morhua</em>) using the same methods elsewhere, adding evidence on how fishing with light propagates in ecosystems. Finally, to explain our results we propose an ”Attraction Cascade” hypothesis, as there is no documented evidence of phototactic behaviour. Taken together, these results suggest that, when pot type and fishing area are configured for specific target species, illumination may offer promise of increased CPUE and even baitless fishing in pot fisheries and an alternative to trawl fisheries for northern shrimp.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic management mechanism of water pollution in near-shore waters under the background of land-sea integration: A quadrilateral evolutionary game model","authors":"Runping Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Gao ,&nbsp;Kun Gao ,&nbsp;Zixin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of land-based sources of pollution on near-shore seawater pollution has intensified. However, current governance pressure is concentrated in coastal areas, lacking a scientific governance model for upstream inland watersheds and near-shore seas to collaborate in managing transboundary water pollution. This study used a quadrilateral evolutionary game model to discuss the evolutionary mechanism of collaborative transboundary water pollution management among higher-level governments, inland and coastal governments, and scientific institutions in China and explore the key influencing factors affecting decision making. The combination of stabilization strategies and conditions for land-sea synergistic management of offshore water pollution are also clarified through case-based numerical simulations. The results show that the cost of effective governance is the key influencing factor for decision-making in coastal and inland areas, with incentive payments significantly influencing higher-level government decision making. Monitoring cost is the key influencing factor for decision-making of scientific institution. Meanwhile, the bidirectional compensation payments and government incentives and penalties have a driving effect on effective governance in inland and coastal areas, respectively. In contrast, monitoring by scientific institution only has a binding effect in coastal areas. For the optimal strategy, the ecological benefits of inland and coastal areas must make up for the excess governance costs. This study enriches the theoretical system of water pollution synergistic management model in near-shore waters and proposes implementable policy recommendations for policy formulation and synergistic management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107667"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Far away or close, marine fisheries spatial coagglomeration and fisheries' economic benefits in coastal cities of China—Based on machine learning algorithm and fsQCA method","authors":"Man Qin ,&nbsp;Jing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the traditional cornerstone of the ocean's primary industries, the rationality of the spatial layout of marine fisheries holds immense significance for the construction of a modern marine industry system and the advancement of the fisheries' economic benefits. Based on this, the paper focuses on marine fisheries, with marine engineering equipment manufacturing and marine shipbuilding serving as auxiliary sectors. By leveraging an enhanced Sinkhorn algorithm to optimize the Wasserstein distance, it calculates coagglomeration indices through hypothesis testing and Monte Carlo simulations. FsQCA is then employed to assess whether coagglomeration enhances fisheries' economic benefits. Key findings include: (1) Marine fisheries exhibit lower coagglomeration with marine engineering equipment manufacturing and marine shipbuilding than between the latter two due to differing development models and needs. (2) Urban coagglomeration indices vary by region, influenced by policies, resources, and competition, with northern cities having lower indices in 2015 but higher in 2022 compared to the south. (3) Coagglomeration is not pivotal for high fisheries' economic benefits; instead, non-coagglomeration emerged as a key factor in 2022. Therefore, this study puts forward the following suggestions: Optimize the allocation of resources, promote regional coordinated development; Strengthen policy support to alleviate the current situation of industry competition; Optimize the spatial layout and promote high-quality coagglomeration of industry. The study aims to provide decision-making support for optimizing marine fisheries layout, promoting high-quality fisheries' economic development, and building a modern marine industry system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management actions associated with multiple reference points approach for geoduck clam fishery","authors":"Estefani Larios-Castro,&nbsp;Enrique Morales-Bojórquez,&nbsp;Sergio Scarry González-Peláez,&nbsp;Marlene Anaid Luquin-Covarrubias,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Pérez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a fishery resource, the geoduck clam (<em>Panopea</em> spp.) is susceptible to overharvesting, mainly because of spatial serial depletion. For the Mexican geoduck clam <em>P. globosa</em>, there are several serious challenges to achieving its sustainability, mostly because the current legal guidelines have not identified the decrease in the stock's abundance, and the decision-makers have omitted to take action. This study evaluates control rules assuming uncertainty in the design of a precautionary strategy, so that a novel multistep process can improve the Mexican legal guidelines for the geoduck clam fishery. Based on an age-structured population decay model, four biological reference points were defined as i) management threshold point, ii) target reference point, iii) limit reference point, and iv) depleted. Each reference point (RP) was associated with different management tactics and actions because there are differences between effectively managing a geoduck clam fishery and recovering a geoduck clam population. The rationale for this analysis was to develop a novel fishery management proposal and provide updated guidelines for the Mexican geoduck clam fishery. All of them were based on international guidelines recommended by the ONU-FAO through the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the Reference Points for Fisheries Management, and the adaptive management framework. The results showed the need to change the paradigm of legal guidelines for the geoduck clam fishery. In this situation, the fishing authorities (stakeholders) could use the reference points proposed here as a general scheme for Fisheries Management. Otherwise, if the multiple reference point approach and associated management actions are not adopted, fishing communities in the Northwest Mexican Pacific are at high risk of potential loss of economic and social benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory analysis of marine reserve site selection by Monte Carlo mixed integer programming","authors":"Donna Ross Saycon ,&nbsp;Shui-Kai Chang ,&nbsp;Tung-Yung Fan ,&nbsp;Chen-Lu Lee ,&nbsp;Yang-Chi Chang ,&nbsp;Pierre-Alexandre Château","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine reserve site selection is a complex process that requires balancing ecological conservation, socio-economic considerations, and management feasibility. Traditional multi-objective optimization methods often rely on the weighted sum approach, which introduces subjectivity and uncertainty in weight estimation. To enhance transparency and robustness, this study introduces an exploratory framework that integrates Mixed Integer Programming (MIP), Monte Carlo (MC) experiments, and Decision Tree (DT) analysis. Using Xiao Liuqiu Island in Taiwan as a case study, we ran an MIP site selection model 10,000 times to systematically explore different weighting scenarios for 21 ecological, socio-economic, and management features. The MC results revealed that 90 % of simulations consistently identified a single high-priority conservation zone, which exhibits high ecological, low socio-economic, and high management values. Two alternative zones emerged under specific weight conditions. The DT analysis pinpointed the threshold conditions that drive site selection shifts towards these zones, highlighting the most influential features shaping the decision-making process. By reducing reliance on predefined weights, this approach ensures globally optimal marine reserve configurations while providing decision-makers with clearer insights. The findings contribute to marine spatial planning, adaptive conservation strategies, and stakeholder-driven decision-making, fostering more effective and informed marine protection efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actors, themes, approaches, and imbalances in Blue Economy cooperation: A systematic review and future prospects","authors":"Shuqin Li ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Yungang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs a systematic review approach to examine the actors, themes, approaches, and imbalances in Blue Economy cooperation. By systematically tracing the evolution of the Blue Economy concept, this study identifies key actors involved in Blue Economy cooperation, including national government departments, regional economic organizations, industry institutions, research institutions, and local communities. It categorizes major cooperation themes, such as marine ecological protection, fisheries and aquaculture, offshore renewable energy, marine spatial planning, data sharing, and maritime security governance. Additionally, it summarizes cooperation approaches, including policy coordination, market mechanisms, technology sharing, and multi-level dialogue. The study further highlights three critical imbalances in Blue Economy cooperation: uneven distribution of power and resources, conflicts between short-term economic objectives and environmental protection, and the fragmentation of multilateral cooperation alongside weak local implementation capacity. Based on these findings, five policy recommendations are proposed: strengthening legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms, optimizing economic incentives, integrating multi-level governance systems, promoting technological cooperation and business innovation, and enhancing multi-stakeholder dialogue to achieve an equitable and sustainable Blue Economy. This study provides a systematic reference for advancing both theoretical exploration and practical implementation of Blue Economy cooperation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107698"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DragLess - a holistic approach to gear development: reducing roundfish bycatch and drag in the trawl fishery of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) off Denmark","authors":"Ludvig A. Krag ,&nbsp;Valentina Melli ,&nbsp;Finbarr G. O'Neill ,&nbsp;Kurt Hansen ,&nbsp;Junita D. Karlsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In demersal trawl fisheries, advancements in gear technology in the posterior part of the trawl have enhanced size and species selectivity. The integration of these developments into the technical legislation remains, however, limited, with minimal uptake within the industry. This is despite that demersal fisheries are challenged by simultaneously evolving sustainability issues and need not only to reduce unintended bycatch but also preserve habitat and improve fuel efficiency. Consequently, there is a pressing need for fishing gear innovations that offer more holistic solutions. This study, conducted off the coast of Denmark addresses a suite of these challenges in the demersal Norway lobster (<em>Nephrops norvegicus</em>)-directed trawl fishery by simultaneously aiming to minimize catches of unwanted bycatch, reduce drag during gear towing without requiring changes to the existing technical regulations. Moreover, the study endeavors to devise an easily reversible design alteration that allows fishers to retain fish bycatch of commercial sizes when quota is available. In a catch comparison set-up, we found that the bycatch of roundfish was significantly reduced without compromising the yield of <em>Norway lobster</em> when the top panel was constructed of very large meshes through most of the body of a <em>Norway lobster</em>-trawl. Concurrently, the drag diminished by 10 % during gear towing. This research underscores the potential for simple, yet effective, gear modifications to mitigate environmental impacts and enhance sustainability in fisheries operations using trawl.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107722"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Priority protected areas for mangrove conservation in coastal Guangdong, China: Addressing climate and land cover changes","authors":"Ruixue Liu ,&nbsp;Qixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Huilin Kong ,&nbsp;Yun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangroves are critical for mitigating climate change, yet face challenges from climate change and land cover alterations. Identifying priority protected areas (PPAs) for mangroves and predicting their responses to climate and land cover changes is critical for mangroves to cope with future challenges. Recent studies have attempted to identify PPAs for mangroves, but most rely on current and/or historical data, and focus on examining individual drivers (climate or land cover change), overlooking a forward-looking assessment of their combined effects. Building on a novel framework integrating MaxEnt and InVEST, this study identifies mangrove PPAs influenced by climate and land cover changes and explores their spatial-temporal variations from 2020 to 2050 through land cover dynamic prediction under three shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP126: low-emission scenario; SSP245: mid-emission scenario; SSP585: high-emission scenario). An empirical analysis is conducted in Guangdong, China. From 2020 to 2050, mangrove PPAs exhibit distinct trends under diverse scenarios, influenced by climate and land cover changes. Under the SSP126 scenario, PPAs are expected to expand and become less fragmented; while they will contract and become more fragmented under the SSP245 scenario and especially the SSP585 scenarios. Moreover, the consistency between existing marine protected areas (MPAs) and mangrove PPAs is rather low. The effectiveness of existing MPAs demonstrates a slight improvement under the SSP126 scenario, but weaken their effectiveness under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios. Proposals to conserve mangroves by enhancing the existing MPA system are presented to address challenges brought by climate and land cover changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rental pricing and empty container repositioning strategy for a one-way container rental service","authors":"Junseok Park ,&nbsp;Ilkyeong Moon","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates rental pricing and empty container repositioning (ECR) strategies for a one-way container rental service (OCRS). The proposed OCRS aims to address intercontinental container imbalances and alleviate financial burdens on shipping companies by optimizing rental pricing and ECR operations. Mathematical optimization models are developed to determine optimal prices and container utilization, complemented by two practical inventory management policies, namely periodic review and continuous review policies, to enhance real-world applicability. To further validate the robustness of the proposed service in stochastic environments, two highly practical rule-based heuristics are additionally proposed. Computational experiments evaluate the service’s profitability under various scenarios, revealing that the heuristic based on the continuous review policy demonstrates robust performance. The results underscore the potential of the OCRS to promote resource efficiency and to reduce logistical waste, paving the way for resilient and eco-friendly maritime logistics networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 107684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}