Ocular Surface最新文献

{"title":"Corneal sensory nerve regulation of tear production through stimulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel: A potential new approach for treating dry eye disease","authors":"Juana Gallar ,&nbsp;Stephen Pflugfelder ,&nbsp;Anat Galor ,&nbsp;Preeya K. Gupta ,&nbsp;Pedram Hamrah","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lacrimal functional unit (LFU) tightly controls the secretion of all tear components, thus playing a critical role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis. Forming an exquisitely sensitive neural network across the ocular surface, corneal sensory nerves detect environmental stimuli (e.g., temperature, chemicals, and mechanical pressure) through transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Among these, TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a key regulator of basal tear production. Stimulated by the small temperature reductions and tear film osmolarity increases that arise due to evaporative cooling, TRPM8 activates the LFU, leading to increased basal tear production.</div><div>Here, we focus on reviewing the topical ocular pathways within the LFU that regulate tear production. We describe the neural signaling underlying this regulation, with a focus on TRP channels and the central role of TRPM8 in basal tear production as elucidated through preclinical as well as limited clinical evidence. Lastly, we explore how augmenting the fundamental action of TRPM8 signaling through agonist stimulation may serve as a valuable new treatment option for dry eye disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 142-154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early myeloid cell infiltration and subset-specific macrophage responses in murine corneal nerve injury","authors":"Seung Hyeun Lee ,&nbsp;Soo Jin Lee ,&nbsp;Ahra Koh ,&nbsp;Yunjin Lee ,&nbsp;Seonghan Kim ,&nbsp;Suil Jeon ,&nbsp;Noseong Park ,&nbsp;Chang Ho Yoon ,&nbsp;Ki Hean Kim ,&nbsp;Kyoung Woo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Corneal nerve fibers and resident macrophages form a specialized microenvironment essential for tissue integrity and recovery after injury. This study aims to elucidate the early immune dynamics following corneal nerve injury, focusing on myeloid cell infiltration and resident macrophage subset shifts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a murine circular nerve-cut model, we tracked immune responses for 21 days, with a focus on the first 12 h post-injury. Confocal imaging was used to assess corneal nerve density, while flow cytometry quantified infiltrating and resident immune cell populations. Transcriptomic profiling was performed at 3 and 6 h post-injury to analyze inflammatory gene expression, and <em>in vitro</em> experiments examined the effects of short-term nerve growth factor (NGF) exposure on macrophage polarization.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Confocal imaging showed a rapid decrease in corneal nerve density, followed by progressive regeneration. Flow cytometry revealed a surge in Ly6C⁺ myeloid cells at 3–6 h post-injury, predominantly in the central cornea, with an early tendency toward M2-like polarization. Resident macrophages exhibited distinct responses: M2-like and undifferentiated subsets declined, while M1-like cells were proportionally maintained, indicating divergent but complementary roles during the initial inflammatory phase. Transcriptomic profiling showed significant upregulation of inflammatory genes along with a transient increase in <em>Ngf</em> and compensatory anti-inflammatory signaling. <em>In vitro</em>, short-term NGF exposure enhanced both M1-and M2-like polarization, mirroring <em>in vivo</em> activation patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Early myeloid cell infiltration and macrophage subset dynamics contribute to the initial neuroinflammatory response and may influence subsequent repair processes, highlighting the potential for immune modulation in corneal nerve regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to letter to the editor regarding “Simple limbal epithelial transplantation versus cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation in ocular burns”","authors":"Namrata Sharma,&nbsp;Renu Venugopal,&nbsp;Sujata Mohanty,&nbsp;Kamalakannan Priyadarshini,&nbsp;Ritu Nagpal,&nbsp;Deepali Singhal,&nbsp;Aafreen Bari,&nbsp;Tanuj Dada,&nbsp;Prafulla Kumar Maharana,&nbsp;Tushar Agarwal,&nbsp;Ashish Dutt Upadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 447-448"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical pharmacologic treatments for dry eye disease: A systematic review","authors":"Louis Tong ,&nbsp;Zuguo Liu ,&nbsp;Afsun Şahin ,&nbsp;Koray Gümüş ,&nbsp;Elisabeth M. Messmer ,&nbsp;José M. Benítez-del-Castillo ,&nbsp;Marc Labetoulle ,&nbsp;Clara C. Chan ,&nbsp;Laura M. Periman","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Topical pharmacologic treatments for dry eye disease (DED) address different aspects of tear film deficiency by decreasing ocular surface inflammation, stimulating mucin secretion, increasing tear production, or reducing excessive evaporation. This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective observational studies of topical ophthalmic medications for DED.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PubMed and Embase were searched from 1980 to February 2024. For studies meeting inclusion criteria, efficacy outcomes (signs and symptoms of DED) and adverse event data were extracted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 107 publications covering topical prescription medications (anti-inflammatory agents cyclosporine and lifitegrast; mucin secretagogues diquafosol and rebamipide; tear evaporation inhibitor perfluorohexyloctane; tear production stimulator nasal spray varenicline), other commercially available products, and novel agents in development were identified. In RCTs, significant improvements relative to a control group were demonstrated more often for sign endpoints (e.g., corneal staining, Schirmer score) than for symptom endpoints (e.g., eye dryness, ocular discomfort). The evaluated treatments were well tolerated; instillation site reactions were the most commonly reported adverse events. Year-long safety extension studies demonstrated maintenance of efficacy, with no new safety signals identified. Studies differed in design, methodology, control group, and outcomes assessment, making it difficult to compare across products, and head-to-head studies were rare. Several new products are in late-stage development, which will likely lead to additional treatment options.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Current topical pharmacologic eye products improved signs, and sometimes symptoms, of DED and were well tolerated. Treatment selection should use a shared decision-making approach that takes DED etiology and patient preferences into account.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 302-317"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulation of the core circadian gene Nr1d2 in the lacrimal gland contributes to postoperative dry eye disease by impairing lipid metabolism","authors":"Shiji Liu ,&nbsp;Yuke Huang ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Ren,&nbsp;Jiaxin Chen,&nbsp;Qingqing Mu,&nbsp;Jiejie Zhuang,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Jin Qiu,&nbsp;Keming Yu,&nbsp;Jing Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent complication after refractive surgery, and its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Given that circadian rhythm tightly regulates tear secretion, this study aims to investigate the circadian changes in the lacrimal gland after corneal refractive surgery and the associated mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>C57/BL6 mice underwent corneal epithelial abrasion and stromal severing. DED was assessed using phenol red thread and fluorescein staining. RNA sequencing identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to circadian rhythm, validated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, untargeted metabolomics, Oil-Red-O staining, and TEM were performed to analyze the lacrimal gland changes. Clinically, DED symptoms were evaluated using the OSDI questionnaire in 867 post-surgical patients and 705 controls.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Corneal epithelial abrasion and stromal severing induced DED symptoms and lacrimal dysfunction, including reduced tear volume, ocular surface inflammation, and lacrimal pathophysiological changes. Nr1d2, the key circadian rhythm gene, was significantly down-regulated in the lacrimal gland compared to the control. Activation of Nr1d2 with SR9011 restored the lacrimal gland function and alleviated DED symptoms. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Nr1d2 significantly impaired lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function in the lacrimal gland, which SR9011 reversed. Clinically, the incidence of DED was markedly higher in the surgical cohort, with symptom occurrence exhibiting diurnal variation and peaking in the early morning and late evening.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Disruption of circadian rhythms, specifically Nr1d2 downregulation, contributes to post-surgical DED. Targeting Nr1d2 may offer a novel therapeutic approach to restore lacrimal gland function and alleviate DED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 290-301"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from keratitis patients","authors":"Abiye Tigabu ,&nbsp;Mark D.P. Willcox ,&nbsp;Fiona Stapleton","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;) is a major cause of ocular infections, exhibiting resistance to many antimicrobial agents and the ability to acquire further resistance through mutations and horizontal gene transfer. It employs a range of virulence factors to invade ocular tissues, leading to complications such as corneal scarring and perforation. Alarmingly, multidrug-resistant &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; isolates are increasing worldwide. For instance, a recent outbreak in the United States of America (USA) involving an extensively drug-resistant &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; PA1270 strain resulted in four deaths, four eye removals, and 14 cases of vision loss. A comprehensive understanding of the antibiotic resistance and virulence mechanisms of &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; is essential for the effective management of corneal infections.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Whole-genome sequencing data from 70 &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; isolates collected from corneal samples were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and annotated using Prokka 1.14.6. Unique genes identified in these datasets were analyzed against the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles. The presence of acquired resistance genes and virulence factors were assessed using ResFinder and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), respectively. Roary v3.13.0 was used for pangenome analysis, while Snippy v4.6.0 was employed for whole-genome variant analysis. Furthermore, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and pathogenicity islands (PIs) were identified using MobileElementFinder v1.0.3 and IslandViewer 4, respectively. In parallel, phenotypic characterization, including determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for selected antimicrobial agents, was performed using the broth microdilution method. Additionally, a crystal violet assay was conducted to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The corneal &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; harboured numerous AMR genes against various classes of antibiotics. Notably, the most prevalent acquired resistance genes across all keratitis &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; strains were β-lactams &lt;em&gt;blaPAO&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;blaOXA&lt;/em&gt;, aminoglycoside &lt;em&gt;aph(3′)-IIb&lt;/em&gt;, chloramphenicol &lt;em&gt;catB7&lt;/em&gt;, and fosfomycin &lt;em&gt;fosA&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; keratitis isolates harbored more core and cloud genes than environmental and cystic fibrosis (CF) strains. A significant difference in ciprofloxacin resistance gene &lt;em&gt;crpP&lt;/em&gt; was observed between the keratitis and CF isolates. Additionally, a considerable number of insertion sequences (ISPa1, ISPa6, ISPa32) and transposons (Tn4661, Tn6082, Tn5563) were identified. Phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) revealed that gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics against corneal &lt;em&gt;P. aerugino","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 392-420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonography assessments of meibomian gland as a noninvasive method of detecting changes in morphology","authors":"Liyun Wang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Yin ,&nbsp;Yujia Yang ,&nbsp;Li Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We employed 24 MHz ultrasonography to evaluate the morphological features of meibomian glands (MGs) and compared the ultrasonic differences in morphology between healthy volunteers and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>24 MHz ultrasound examinations on both the upper and lower eyelids of healthy volunteers and patients with MGD, using transverse and longitudinal sections. The reproducibility of ultrasonographic findings for the MG was evaluated, and a comparison of morphological characteristics at different examination sites between the two groups was made.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 89 participants, 24 were healthy volunteers and 65 had MGD. The cross-sectional ultrasound findings showed well-organized punctate hyperechoic ducts within the tarsal plate, surrounded by hypoechoic acinar formations, which were further classified based on the extent of MG involvement into three categories: normal, ≤50 % involvement, and &gt;50 % involvement. Additionally, a typical longitudinal ultrasound appearance of a MG consisted of a thin band-like hypoechoic structure (acinar) with uniform thickness accompanied by an arc-shaped linear hyperechoic duct in its middle region. Furthermore, seven abnormal longitudinal ultrasound manifestations were categorized as distortion, ectasia, central duct truncation, cyst formation, structureless appearance, complete disappearance or other findings. The intra- and inter-observer agreement for those categories was found to be high (ICC&gt;0.6). MGD patients exhibited a higher likelihood of overall MG involvement or abnormal ultrasound findings, particularly in relation to the middle part of the upper eyelid.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The present study has developed an initial classification method to identify abnormalities in MG morphology using 24 MHz ultrasound in MGD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular surface epithelial immune cells and corneal nerves in dry eye disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo confocal microscopy data","authors":"Soumen Sadhu ,&nbsp;Isabelle Jalbert ,&nbsp;Luz Palacios-Derflingher ,&nbsp;Ali Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Blanka Golebiowski ,&nbsp;Fiona Stapleton","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To examine ocular surface epithelial immune cell (EIC) density and corneal nerve parameters between patients with dry eye disease (DED) compared to healthy controls with further comparisons between auto-immune - Sjӧgren Syndrome DED (SS-DED) and non-autoimmune – non-Sjӧgren Syndrome DED (NSS-DED) subtypes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines (Prospero-CRD42023446763) were conducted including studies reporting corneal and conjunctival EIC density and/or corneal nerve parameters in DED and healthy controls using <em>in vivo</em> confocal microscopy. Electronic databases – PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2025.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The meta-analysis included 24 studies (n = 1060 DED, n = 521 controls) reporting EIC density, 30 studies reporting nerve length (CNL; n = 1450 DED, n = 643 controls) and 20 studies reporting nerve density (CND; n = 919 DED, n = 462 controls) in the central cornea. Studies of other ocular surface locations were insufficient for meta-analysis. Higher central corneal EIC density was evident in DED compared to controls (MD: 57.9 cells/mm²; 95 % CI: 43.3, 72.5; p &lt; 0.001), and in, SS-DED compared to NSS-DED (51.0 cells/mm²; 95 % CI: 12.0, 90.0; p = 0.01). DED had lower CNL (−4.0 mm/mm²; 95 % CI: 5.2, −2.7; p &lt; 0.001) and CND (−7.2 nerves/mm²; 95 % CI: 10.3, −4.1; p &lt; 0.001) compared to controls. No significant differences in nerve parameters were found between SS-DED and NSS-DED subtypes (CNL: 95 % CI: 3.0, 1.4, CND: 6.8, 4.8; p ≥ 0.46).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DED involves substantial EIC infiltration and reduced corneal nerve parameters. SS-DED is distinguished by higher EIC density than NSS-DED, while no differences were observed in corneal nerve parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 80-96"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro”, Review article [Ocul. Surf. 32 (2024) 154–165]","authors":"Jinghua Bu ,&nbsp;Yuli Guo ,&nbsp;Yang Wu ,&nbsp;Rongrong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingbin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jiankai Zhao ,&nbsp;Le Sun ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Quantock ,&nbsp;Zuguo Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Page 116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: Reply to Prof. Jacqueline Tan's letter. Efficacy of eyelid warming devices as a first-step treatment in meibomian gland dysfunction: A systematic review with meta-analysis. 2025; 37:33-46","authors":"Ballesteros-Sánchez Antonio,&nbsp;Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada,&nbsp;José-María Sánchez-González","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 440-442"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}