Ocular Surface最新文献

{"title":"Destructive and protective effects and therapeutic targets of IL-36 family cytokines in dry eye disease","authors":"Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Na Lin ,&nbsp;Haixia Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Lin ,&nbsp;Ning Gao ,&nbsp;Zhao Liu ,&nbsp;Cintia S. de Paiva ,&nbsp;Stephen C. Pflugfelder ,&nbsp;De-Quan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To explore the destructive and protective effects and therapeutic targets of IL-36 cytokines in dry eye disease using a murine dry eye model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A dry eye model was established in C57BL/6 mice exposed to desiccating stress (DS) with untreated mice as controls. A topical challenge model was performed in normal mice with exogenous rmIL-36α, rhIL-38 and 2 % ectoine, or PBS vehicle. IL-36 cytokine expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescent (IF) staining. Corneal epithelial damage was evaluated by corneal smoothness score, Oregon Green Dextran (OGD) fluorescent staining, and tight junction barrier.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All members of the IL-36 family were expressed by murine ocular surface epithelium. The expression of IL-36α and IL-36γ was upregulated while IL-38 and IL-36RN were down regulated in ocular surface of dry eye mice. A topical challenge of rmIL-36α directly destructed corneal surface with distorted smoothness, increased OGD uptake and IF intensity, and disrupted tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Co-application with rhIL-38 prevented all these corneal damages by rmIL-36α. Ectoine treatment reversed the pathological expression pattern of IL-36 cytokines, protected corneal epithelium from defects, and restored the tight junction barrier in DS mice, and even prevented corneal damage by rmIL-36α.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate the upregulated pro-inflammatory agonists IL-36α and IL-36γ with downregulated antagonists IL-38 and IL-36RA in dry eye model, which provides a previously unknown mechanism and therapeutic targets in dry eye disease. The therapeutic efficacy of ectoine may be through reversing the pathological alteration of IL-36 cytokines in dry eye mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"36 ","pages":"Pages 83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential homing of monocytes and neutrophils in the epithelial layer of HSV-1 infected cornea regulates viral dissemination and wound healing","authors":"Mizumi Setia,&nbsp;Pratima Krishna Suvas,&nbsp;Mashidur Rana,&nbsp;Anish Chakraborty,&nbsp;Susmit Suvas","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To ascertain the homing of monocytes and neutrophils in the epithelium versus stroma of HSV-1 infected corneas at different stages of infection and functional significance of their anatomical location in virus-infected corneas.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The corneas of C57BL/6J mice were infected with HSV-1 McKrae. Mice were euthanized on different days post-infection. The epithelium and stroma were separated from the infected corneas, and flow cytometry was performed to characterize the myeloid cell subsets in the epithelium versus the stromal layers of an infected cornea. MACS columns were used to purify neutrophils or deplete myeloid cells from infected corneas. Corneal epithelial scratch assay was performed to ascertain the impact of neutrophils on epithelium wound healing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our results showed a biphasic influx of monocytes in the epithelial but not the stromal layer of HSV-1-infected corneas. Furthermore, we noted the predominance of monocytes over neutrophils in the epithelium and the stromal layer of the cornea during the pre-clinical stage of corneal HSV-1 infection. However, neutrophils were the major myeloid cell subset in the epithelium and stroma during the clinical disease period of infection. Removal of monocytes from the infected epithelial layer during the pre-clinical stage promotes the dissemination of the virus. Interestingly, neutrophils localized in the corneal epithelium inhibit corneal epithelial wound healing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Together, our data suggest that differential kinetics of monocytes and neutrophils homing in the epithelial layer regulate viral dissemination and epithelial wound healing in HSV-1-infected corneas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"36 ","pages":"Pages 69-82"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanoreceptor Piezo1 channel-mediated interleukin expression in conjunctival epithelial cells: Linking mechanical stress to ocular inflammation","authors":"Seiya Fukuoka ,&nbsp;Naoki Adachi ,&nbsp;Erika Ouchi ,&nbsp;Hideshi Ikemoto ,&nbsp;Takayuki Okumo ,&nbsp;Fumihiro Ishikawa ,&nbsp;Hidetoshi Onda ,&nbsp;Masataka Sunagawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Mechanical stress on the ocular surface, such as from eye-rubbing, has been reported to lead to inflammation and various ocular conditions. We hypothesized that the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel in the conjunctival epithelium contributes to the inflammatory response at the ocular surface after receiving mechanical stimuli.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConjECs) were treated with Yoda1, a Piezo1-specific agonist, and various allergens to measure cytokine expression levels using qRT-PCR. Piezo1 activation-induced intracellular signaling pathways were also investigated by Western blot. Mechanical stretching experiments were conducted to simulate Piezo1 activation in HConjECs. Specificity of Piezo1 was confirmed by <em>PIEZO1</em> knockdown and GsMTx4. In <em>in vivo</em> studies, using immunohistochemistry, rats were administered Yoda1 eye drops to examine the inflammatory response in the conjunctiva and Piezo1-induced signaling activation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HConjECs expressed functional Piezo1 channel which was the dominant mechanoreceptor among putative channels and whose activation significantly increased <em>IL-6</em> and <em>IL-8</em> expression through the p38 MAPK-CREB pathway. Piezo1-induced [Ca²⁺]_i elevation was crucial for the production of IL-6. The Yoda1-induced inflammatory responses were blocked by <em>PIEZO1</em> knockdown. Mechanical stretching mimicked these effects, which were suppressed by GsMTx4. <em>In vivo</em>, Yoda1 administration led to increased phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-CREB, and IL-6 in the rat conjunctival epithelium, with significant neutrophil infiltration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Mechanical stress-induced Piezo1 channel activation in conjunctival epithelial cells can cause ocular inflammation by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines via the p38 MAPK-CREB pathway and promoting neutrophil infiltration. These findings suggest that mechanical stimuli on ocular surface tissues are significant risk factors for ocular inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"36 ","pages":"Pages 56-68"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in human cornea organoids and similarities with fetal corneal stages","authors":"Sean Ashworth ,&nbsp;Manas Dhanuka ,&nbsp;Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran ,&nbsp;Madhuri Amulya Koduri ,&nbsp;George Maiti ,&nbsp;Shukti Chakravarti","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We developed human cornea organoids (HCOs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) where single-cell RNA-sequence (scRNA-seq) analysis suggested similarity with developing rather than mature human corneas. We performed immunohistology to determine the presence of corneal glycosaminoglycans as an assessment of maturity.</div><div>We undertook a detailed comparison of the HCO scRNA-seq data with a recent scRNA-seq study of human fetal corneas at different stages to gauge the HCO's maturity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We generated HCOs from a second iPSC line, NCRM-1, to assess the reproducibility of HCO development. We stained sections from both HCO lines with Alcian blue and picrosirius red to determine deposition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and fibrillar collagens. We immunolocalized glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes and proteoglycan core proteins. The scRNA-seq data from IMR90.4 HCOs were compared to that of fetal corneas using MetaNeighbor analysis to assess the similarity of HCOs to different stages of human corneal development.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The MetaNeighbor analysis suggests closer alignment of the IMR90.4 HCOs with 17–18 post-conception week fetal human corneas. HCOs from both iPSC lines deposit sulfated glycosaminoglycans and fibrillar collagens. Immunohistology showed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) and keratan sulfate in the presumptive stromal and some epithelial layers. The NCRM-1-derived HCOs show increased CS/DS staining compared to the IMR90.4 derived HCOs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both HCO lines show similar developmental patterns and timeline. The NCRM-1 HCO line may have more glycosaminoglycan deposition. Overall, the glycosaminoglycan deposition pattern is consistent with an immature tissue. Optimizations based on our current findings may yield more mature stromal cells and cornea-typical proteoglycans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 68-80"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review assessing the quality of patient reported outcome measures in ocular surface disease","authors":"Pawan Baral,&nbsp;Sheela Kumaran,&nbsp;Fiona Stapleton,&nbsp;Konrad Pesudovs","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify and assess the quality of currently available validated patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) used to measure the quality of life (QoL) impacts of ocular surface diseases (OSDs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Articles reporting on the development, validation, and use of PROMs specific to ocular surface diseases were included for review. The studies were classified based on the target population for which they were developed. Data on content identification, selection, psychometric properties, validity, and reliability were extracted. These data were assessed using the established quality assessment criteria for ophthalmic PROMs. A review of the contents of the PROMs was also performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 67 studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies used 34 unique PROMs including 16 dry eye specific PROMs, 4 contact lens specific PROMs, 1 meibomian gland dysfunction specific PROM, 1 blepharitis specific PROM, 5 Sjögren Syndrome specific PROMs, 4 generic PROMs, 1 computer vision specific PROM, 1 ocular pain specific PROM and 1 bone marrow transplant specific PROM used in ocular graft versus host disease. Testing of psychometric properties for validation was uncommon. Most of the reported data were limited to internal consistency, convergent, and known group validity. The majority (25 out of 34) of the PROMs did not involve patients for content development. Twenty-four PROMs measured symptoms only and the remaining 9 PROMs had items from other QoL domains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This review provides a current evaluation of extant PROMs for OSD. The assessment of PROMs displayed some strengths but highlighted numerous limitations. Not involving patients for the development of PROM, limited content, inadequately reported or poor psychometric properties, and issues with multidimensionality were the main limitations. Based on this we cannot recommend a single best PROM for measuring OSD-specific QoL. This review underscores the need for the development of a higher quality PROM and suggest directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 31-56"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology and medicine on ocular surface restoration: Advancements and limits of limbal stem cell deficiency treatments","authors":"Vincenzo Giuseppe Genna ,&nbsp;Eleonora Maurizi ,&nbsp;Paolo Rama ,&nbsp;Graziella Pellegrini","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocular vision can be hampered by corneal damages, sensibly reducing patients' quality of life and having important social and economic consequences. Ocular surface diseases, which often lead to corneal opacities with visual impairment are the most severe forms of the Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD). The present review provides an updated perspective on the available treatments for LSCD, focusing on clinical and biological features, as well as critical points to monitor during clinical translation. Recently developed surgical treatments for LSCD are described, along with their benefits and limitations, with the aim of addressing the issue of correct patient selection.</div><div>Autologous surgical approaches have been attempted, such as conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAU), simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET), and others. Allogeneic limbal stem cell transplantation represents an alternative but carries risk of rejection and requires immunosuppression. Other potential treatments are based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), but they require further investigation. The development of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) such as cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET), or the use of other epithelia as cultivated oral mucosal epithelial cell transplantation (COMET), has opened additional therapeutic possibilities. Some common critical issues in clinical translation are described, such as patient selection, biopsy procurement, or the use of human/animal derived components, which require rigorous validation to ensure safety and efficacy. Personalized medicine is a promising field for ocular surface restoration, where long-term follow-up studies and standardized criteria are crucial to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments and their cost-effectiveness in providing high-value healthcare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 57-67"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of particulate matter and air pollution on ocular surface disease: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence","authors":"Sana Iqbal ,&nbsp;Abhishek Ramini ,&nbsp;Simon Kaja","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and air pollution has been implicated in the etiology of ocular surface diseases (OSD). The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate and synthesize peer-reviewed literature on the impact of PM exposure on the ocular surface, integrating results from preclinical <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies with clinical findings to provide a comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms, physiological effects, clinical implications, and potential therapies to target acute and chronic PM-induced ocular toxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and EMBASE over the period from 2009 to 2024 following the recommendations for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. 102 studies were identified that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. All studies were assessed for the risk of bias and qualitative data were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Preclinical studies using models of corneal and conjunctival cells found that exposure to PM and similar air pollutants resulted in apoptosis, primarily via inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways as well as allergic and immune responses. Animal models resulted in phenotypes reminiscent of that of dry eye disease, presenting with reduced tear volumes and ocular surface damage. These results were corroborated by clinical studies, which reported that patients commonly presented with symptoms of itching, burning, and irritation, and ocular surface signs correlated with a diagnosis of dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, and allergic eye disease.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This systematic review provides a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of PM exposure on the ocular surface, highlighting the correlation between exposure to PM and ocular surface dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 100-116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pipeline: Pricing for drugs treating dry eye disease","authors":"S. Osman Hussain,&nbsp;Gary D. Novack","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 97-99"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among Hong Kong aquatic athletes before and after COVID-19: An exploratory study","authors":"Ming Hong Wong ,&nbsp;Anqi Lyu ,&nbsp;Yu Him Lam,&nbsp;Zoe Yau,&nbsp;Allen MY. Cheong","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 81-82"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering S1P downregulation and sphingolipid homeostasis disruption in fungal keratitis via multi-omics and MALDI-MSI analysis","authors":"Zhenyuan Fu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhong ,&nbsp;Lixia Lin ,&nbsp;Jiahui Yang ,&nbsp;Yichen Xiao ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The absence of effective treatment strategies in Fungal Keratitis (FK) emphasizes the critical need to understand the pathogenic mechanisms to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Sphingolipids have been proved to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fungal infections, but the specific alteration in sphingolipids and regulatory pathways remain elusive. Our aim is to gain insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of sphingolipid homeostasis in FK through multi-omics analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was performed in FK patients and mouse model. Furthermore, time-course RNA-seq was performed and Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to reveal the driver genes in FK. We further investigated the effect of FTY-720, a mimetic of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), on the progression of FK.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MALDI-MSI analysis of FK patients revealed a downregulation of sphingolipids, with sphingolipid metabolism identified as the most prominently enriched pathway. These alterations were validated in mouse model, in which S1P, ceramide, ceramide 1-phosphate and sphingomyelin were found to be downregulated. Time-course transcriptomic analysis suggests that degradation of sphingolipids by specific enzymes drives the progression of FK, involving phospholipid degradation, downregulation of TOR pathway, and activation of innate immune response. Consequently, epithelial cell function was inhibited and cell death increased. Importantly, restoring sphingolipid homeostasis by FTY-720 reversed the level of S1P and relieved the progression of FK.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In summary, this study reveals that disruption of sphingolipid homeostasis promotes disease progression in FK. Furthermore, restoring sphingolipid homeostasis emerges as a promising strategy to mitigate the progression of FK.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"35 ","pages":"Pages 83-96"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}