Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors最新文献

{"title":"Waves in Earth's core and geomagnetic field forecast","authors":"N. Gillet ,&nbsp;F. Dall'Asta ,&nbsp;P.-O. Amblard ,&nbsp;R. Claveau ,&nbsp;J. Aubert","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We use advanced numerical geodynamo series to derive a reduced stochastic model of the dynamics at the surface of Earth's core. Considering order 3 autoregressive (AR-3) processes allows to replicate the simulated spatiotemporal spectrum over a broad range of time-scales, spanning millennia to a fraction of year, including the cut-off found for periods shorter than approximately 2 years and associated with magnetic dissipation. We show how to derive such a forward model from a variety of input simulation series, and present its implementation into the pygeodyn data assimilation algorithm, based on a sequential ensemble method. The updated scheme is applied to perform magnetic field hindcasts and core flow reanalyses. For all observable length-scales, the rate of change of the observed magnetic field is most of the time accounted for within the spread of the forward model trajectories. AR-3 predictions on average supersede by about 35 % linear extrapolations on short (2 yr) time-scales, reducing high-frequency spurious variations in reanalysed flow motions. This improvement is reduced to <span><math><mo>≈</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>%</mo></math></span> for 5 yr increments, with a large variability from one epoch to the other depending on the overall curvature of the magnetic field evolution. We perform a reanalysis over the period 1880–2023 covered by observatory and satellite records. We find enhanced kinetic energy in three period ranges around 12.5, 6.5 and 3.5 years. At all three periods, fluid motions share geometrical properties compatible with quasi-geostrophic magneto-Coriolis waves: equatorial symmetry, larger amplitude near the equator, flow dominated by low azimuthal wave number and modulated in longitude, phase speed much faster than the fluid velocity and decreasing with the period. At 6.5 yr period we trace back to the mid-1990's the patterns previously detected from satellite data. We also find in the 1960–70's a similar wave-train, possibly in link with the 1969 geomagnetic jerk. The AR-3 model, in conjunction with early satellite records, likely helps isolate such coherent features on interannual time-scales. Similar wave-like motions also show up at 3.5 yr period around 1970 and during the past decades. At periods around 12.5 yr we detect recurrent patterns starting as far back as 1920, and modulated over decadal time-scales. Our results show growing evidence for core dynamics governed by the presence of hydro-magnetic waves over a wide range of periods. This may allow deterministic and/or empirical descriptions of the signal that may help sound deep Earth's properties, and improve predictions of the magnetic field evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 107284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional velocity structure of the MS 6.0 Luxian earthquake source region and adjacent areas based on a dense seismic array","authors":"Guangyao Cai ,&nbsp;Weilai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianping Wu ,&nbsp;Guijuan Lai ,&nbsp;Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Bao ,&nbsp;Huijie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On September 16, 2021, an <em>M</em>_S 6.0 earthquake struck Luxian County in the Sichuan basin. To investigate the regional velocity structure and its relationship with seismic activity, we gathered seismic phase data from permanent stations for events occurring between January 2009 and April 2021 as well as data from a dense mobile seismic array that operated from April 2021 to July 2023. Utilizing Double-Difference tomography, we have determined well-constrained earthquake relocations and have derived a detailed 3D velocity structure. Many of the earthquakes exhibit linear clustering patterns, with an average depth of 4.3 km and a NE-SW orientation. Approximately 96 % of the seismic events occurred within a depth range of 0–7 km. The early aftershock sequence of the Luxian event also displayed a linear trend, with a length of 6 km but with an ESE orientation. The mainshock occurred at a depth of 6.2 km, located at the northwestern end of the aftershock sequence. The aftershock sequence along with other linear seismic clusters, predominantly occurred within regions characterized by high seismic velocities and low Poisson's ratios, both within the sedimentary cover above the crystalline basement. The heterogeneity of the velocity structure likely plays a significant role in controlling the occurrence of moderate-to-strong earthquakes in the deeper parts of the study region, which deepens the existing understanding from previous research: pre-existing faults, their scales, and their slip-tendencies under the present-day regional and reservoir-scale stress fields are also controlling factors for induced earthquakes, especially larger ones. We have identified five areas where moderate-to-strong earthquakes are speculated to have a higher likelihood of occurrence. These findings hold considerable importance for local seismic hazard assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 107281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite fault inversion and hybrid broadband simulation of strong-motion records from the May 28, 2004, Baladeh, Iran, earthquake (Mw = 6.2)","authors":"Reza Alikhanzadeh ,&nbsp;Hamid Zafarani ,&nbsp;Navid Kheirdast","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tehran, the capital of Iran, is widely recognized as one of the world's most earthquake-vulnerable cities. Since there are no recorded ground motions of large earthquakes in the Tehran area, for seismological and earthquake engineering purposes, simulated ground motions may be useful in understanding the earthquake characteristics. On the other hand, ground motion simulation validation is an important and necessary task toward establishing the efficacy of physics-based ground motion simulations for seismic hazard analysis and earthquake engineering applications. This article presents a validation of the hybrid broadband ground motion simulation methodology through simulation of Baladeh 2004 earthquake (Mw 6.2). This earthquake occurred On May 28, 2004, in the Baladeh region in the North of Iran. This earthquake is remarkable because it was the first instrumentally recorded large earthquake near Tehran. In this paper, for the first time, we obtain slip distribution on the fault plane by finite fault inversion based on the neuro-fuzzy finite-fault approach. Next a hybrid broadband simulation of ground motion recorded during the main shock of the Baladeh earthquake is done. Then a combination of the finite difference method (0.1–1.0 Hz) and the stochastic finite fault method (1.0–20.0 Hz) is used for quantifying ground motion values. The validity of the results is checked by some empirical GMPEs, a quantitative score of Anderson, 2004, and also model bias of Graves and Pitarka (2010).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 107282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azimuthal seismic anisotropy of the Iran plateau: Insights from ambient noise analysis","authors":"Ramin Movaghari ,&nbsp;Javan Doloei Gholam ,&nbsp;Khaled Hessami","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The continental lithosphere of the Iran plateau is complicated by many tectonic processes that affected both the Arabian and Eurasian plates before and after their convergence. To investigate the deformation mechanisms of the crust and mantle lithosphere, we directly invert Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion data (5–60 s) for a 3-D shear wave velocity and depth-dependent azimuthal anisotropy model using ambient noise tomography from the surface down to 100 km with data recorded in 84 seismic stations. The shear wave velocity maps reveal a reasonable match with geological domains and agree with those previously published. The projections of the fast axes of Rayleigh wave azimuthal anisotropy in the subcrustal lithosphere allowed us to divide the Iran plateau into two main regions: the Zagros Mountains and the rest of the country. Furthermore, the anisotropy pattern illustrates a prominent contrast between the NW and SE Zagros Mountains. In both the crust and subcrustal lithosphere, the NW Zagros shows relatively weak but coherent azimuthal anisotropy in the NE-SW direction (i.e., orogen-perpendicular orientation). We ascribe the orogen-perpendicular fast axis in NW Zagros to stress-induced anisotropy. However, in the SE Zagros, the north-northwest orientations of the fast axes are attributed to the N-S trending basement structures, which are inherited from the Pan-African construction phase. The azimuthal anisotropy pattern displays an overall NW-SE trend dominant over the rest of the country. This NW-SE direction can be explained by an NW-SE extension due to transpressional deformation beneath Central Iran resulting from the oblique indentation of the Arabian plate into Eurasia. Nevertheless, strike-parallel anisotropy directions along the western and central Alborz Mountains throughout the entire lithosphere may be related to pure shear deformation. The persistence of azimuthal anisotropy patterns in the crust and subcrustal lithosphere implies that the whole lithosphere deforms coherently in the NW Zagros, west Iran, the Alborz Mountains, and across the Lut block. However, strong contrasts between the crustal and subcrustal pattern of anisotropy observed in the SE Zagros as well as in north Central Iran suggest that in these regions, the crust and the underlying mantle lithosphere do not deform coherently. A strong correlation between the Rayleigh wave anisotropy directions at subcrustal depths and the anisotropy patterns estimated from the shear-wave core phases suggests that in many places over the plateau, the SKS directions may have been dominated by the deformation of the lithosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 107280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithospheric magnetic structure of cratonic regions in Central-Eastern China inferred from aeromagnetic anomalies: Insights into magnetization in the uppermost mantle","authors":"Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Yushan Yang ,&nbsp;Jiwen Teng ,&nbsp;Tianyou Liu ,&nbsp;Yafen Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath Proterozoic cratons consists of refertilized Archaean SCLM. Variations in SCLM composition and its physical properties significantly affect the stabilization and preservation of the ancient continents. In this paper, aeromagnetic data are analyzed to reveal the magnetic structure of the lithospheric mantle beneath two major Precambrian blocks in central-eastern China, i.e., the Upper Yangtze Block (UYB) and Ordos Block (OB). After being reduced to the pole, the Fourier power spectrum of the aeromagnetic anomalies is calculated to determine the depth to magnetic sources. Considering the lower spatial resolution of the power spectral analysis in dealing with the long-wavelength aeromagnetic anomalies, we applied the scale-normalized continuous wavelet transform (CWT) on the magnetic data to trace the magnetic sources, with special focus on deeper ones. Synthetical model of a magnetic layer and application to the profile data validate the effectiveness of this scale normalization scheme in improving the wavenumber/spatial resolution in the CWT scalogram.</div><div>In order to present a detailed magnetic structure, we carried out 2.5D forward modeling work on the magnetic data of a 2280 km-long nearly N-S profile across the UYB and OB. Due to the inherent ambiguity in the modeling results, the CWT-based spectral analysis is successfully adopted to provide source depth constraints for the initial model. The constrained forward modeling results indicate strong inhomogeneities among main tectonic blocks of studied area, like humans have different fingerprints. The magnetization of OB is larger than that of UYB since its Archean to Paleoproterozoic metamorphic basement are widely exposed at the surface, while the Precambrian basement of UYB is mostly overlain by unmetamorphosed Sinian cover and weakly metamorphosed Neoproterozoic strata. The most interesting aspect is that deep-seated magnetic sources might reside in the uppermost mantle of UYB and OB, suggesting vertical layering in the SCLM in cold cratonic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 107276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex deformation mechanisms of the crust in eastern and northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from ambient noise tomography that captures azimuthal anisotropy","authors":"Tengfei Wu ,&nbsp;Yujin Hua ,&nbsp;Meng Chen ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehensive analysis of geodetic and seismological study findings in eastern and northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) can offer new insights into regional tectonic movements, crustal material properties, and crustal deformation. In this study, to uncover the crustal deformation mechanisms in eastern and northeastern TP, we constructed an azimuthal anisotropy model through ambient noise tomography that captures azimuthal anisotropy. Based on our inverted model and insights from previous geodetic and seismological studies, we reveal the deformation patterns across various blocks within the regional crust. In eastern TP, the deformation of the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks is predominantly controlled by the subduction of the Indian lithosphere and the strike of regional large-scale fault systems. The Songpan-Ganzi terrane is primarily driven by W-<em>E</em>-oriented tectonic movements of the plateau crustal materials, further impacted by the obstruction of the rigid Sichuan Basin (SCB), leading to clockwise rotational deformation features. The continuous uplift and expansion of the TP have subjected the Qaidam Basin (QDB) to intense crustal shortening and horizontal compression. Moreover, multi-stage tectonic activities have resulted in the redistribution of tectonic stress within the crust of QDB over time, thus developing an NW-SE-oriented deformation pattern. In northeastern TP, the deformation of the Qilian and West Qinling orogens is primarily driven by the southward subduction of the Alxa block (ALB) and associated orogenic activities. The complex deformation of the ALB is mainly related to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and subsequent plate collision and suturing within the Asian continent, while it is also affected by the edge effects of the North China Craton (NCC). The crust deformation of the SCB is primarily governed by the intense compression stress caused by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. In contrast, the deformation observed in the Ordos Basin (OB) is comparatively mild, influenced by local uplifts at the edges, differential tectonic stress transmitted by orogenic activities, and the overall stability of the NCC lithosphere. In addition, the deformation in the uppermost mantle of the SCB and OB is mainly driven by regional plate motion and mantle flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 107269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and magnetic evolution of an Earth-like planet with a basal magma ocean","authors":"Victor Lherm ,&nbsp;Miki Nakajima ,&nbsp;Eric G. Blackman","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earth's geodynamo has operated for over 3.5 billion years. The magnetic field is currently powered by thermocompositional convection in the outer core, which involves the release of light elements and latent heat as the inner core solidifies. However, since the inner core nucleated no more than 1.5 billion years ago, the early dynamo could not rely on these buoyancy sources. Given recent estimates of the thermal conductivity of the outer core, an alternative mechanism may be required to sustain the geodynamo prior to nucleation of the inner core. One possibility is a silicate dynamo operating in a long-lived basal magma ocean. Here, we investigate the structural, thermal, buoyancy, and magnetic evolution of an Earth-like terrestrial planet. Using modern equations of state and melting curves, we include a time-dependent parameterization of the compositional evolution of an iron-rich basal magma ocean. We combine an internal structure integration of the planet with energy budgets in a coupled core, basal magma ocean, and mantle system. We determine the thermocompositional convective stability of the core and the basal magma ocean, and assess their respective dynamo activity using entropy budgets and magnetic Reynolds numbers. Our conservative nominal model predicts a transient basal magma ocean dynamo followed by a core dynamo after 1 billion years. The model is sensitive to several parameters, including the initial temperature of the core-mantle boundary, the parameterization of mantle convection, the composition of the basal magma ocean, the radiogenic content of the planet, as well as convective velocity and magnetic scaling laws. We use the nominal model to constrain the range of basal magma ocean electrical conductivity and core thermal conductivity that sustain a dynamo. This highlights the importance of constraining the parameters and transport properties that influence planetary evolution using experiments and simulations conducted at pressure, temperature, and composition conditions found in planetary interior, in order to reduce model degeneracies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 107267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3-D P-wave velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath eastern Indonesia from body wave tomography","authors":"Sandy Kurniawan Suhardja ,&nbsp;Mohamad Ramdhan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Iqbal Sulaiman ,&nbsp;Bayu Pranata ,&nbsp;Edi Hidayat ,&nbsp;Sri Widiyantoro ,&nbsp;Nicholas Rawlinson ,&nbsp;Titi Anggono ,&nbsp;Syuhada ,&nbsp;Febty Febriani ,&nbsp;Cinantya Nirmala Dewi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hasib ,&nbsp;Jajat Jatnika ,&nbsp;Aditya Dwi Prasetio ,&nbsp;Wiko Setyonegoro","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eastern Indonesia's tectonic setting is well known for its complexity and intense seismic activity. Controlled by several major and minor plates, including the Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific plates, this region is famous for its U-shaped subduction system beneath the Banda Arc. To better understand the architecture of the underlying structure in this region, we performed body-wave travel time tomography using ten years of catalog data provided by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We utilize 9729 events in total, from which 46,446 P-wave arrival times were extracted. We used a double difference method to relocate the initial event catalog, which produced a pattern of seismicity consistent with a curved subduction system. Our tomographic model reveals a high velocity band between 90 and 240 km depth in the upper mantle, which is interpreted to be a concave dipping lithospheric slab that is parallel to the present-day Banda arc. Our results also show that lithosphere subducting from the north and south starts to collide at a depth of 300–350 km and becomes shallower further east. Apparent discontinuities in the high velocity band and a corresponding lack of seismicity supports the presence of a slab tear to the west of Seram. A dipping high velocity structure that is present from south to north beneath the island of Timor represents a subducting slab that dips more steeply beyond a depth of 150–200 km, which appears consistent with slab roll-back. Our tomographic model also shows evidence of back arc thrusting to the north of Sumbawa and Flores Islands in the form of a south-dipping higher velocity band at shallow depth. Furthermore, our tomographic models also reveal the possible presence of underthrust continental forearc in the form of a thin higher velocity anomaly that connects the backarc thrust and northward dipping lithosphere slab in the Timor area. Finally, a zone of low velocity above the higher velocity slab is clearly seen beneath Seram Island at a depth of ∼100 km and may represent a partial melting zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 107266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinvestigating the Dufek Intrusion, through joint gravity and magnetic models","authors":"Tom A. Jordan,&nbsp;Teal R. Riley","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dufek layered mafic intrusion represents the only exposed, deep-seated, part of the Ferrar Large Igneous Province, which extends &gt;3500 km across Antarctica and into parts of Tasmania and New Zealand. The Dufek Intrusion is in a key position at the boundary between the Jurassic Weddell Sea Rift System and the East Antarctic Craton. It may have been a conduit for some of the Ferrar magmas, or a deep-seated equivalent to the shallower sills seen in other sectors of Antarctica. Although a significant intrusion, equivalent at least to the Stillwater complex in the USA, its true scale and geometry, along with the relative timing of emplacement is disputed. We present new 3D models of gravity and magnetic data which constrain the geometry of the intrusion, show how separate lobes of the intrusion are linked and identify a possible extension of the intrusion to the east. We also discuss the implications for how the intrusion may have been emplaced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 107268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sensitivity of lowermost mantle anisotropy to past mantle convection","authors":"Jamie Ward ,&nbsp;Andrew M. Walker ,&nbsp;Andy Nowacki ,&nbsp;James Panton ,&nbsp;J Huw Davies","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is widely believed that seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle is caused by the flow-induced alignment of anisotropic crystals such as post-perovskite. What is unclear, however, is whether the anisotropy observations in the lowermost mantle hold information about past mantle flow, or if they only inform us about the present-day flow field. To investigate this, we compare the general and seismic anisotropy calculated using Earth-like mantle convection models where one has a time-varying flow, and another where the present-day flow is constant throughout time. To do this, we track a post-perovskite polycrystal through the flow fields and calculate texture development using the sampled strain rate and the visco-plastic self-consistent approach. We assume dominant slip on (001) and test the effect of the relative importance of this glide plane over others by using three different plasticity models with different efficiencies at developing texture. We compare the radial anisotropy parameters and the anisotropic components of the elastic tensors produced by the flow field test cases at the same location. We find, under all ease-of-texturing cases, the radial anisotropy is very similar (difference <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>%</mo></math></span>) in the majority of locations and in some regions, the difference can be very large (<span><math><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>%</mo></math></span>). The same is true when comparing the elastic tensors directly. Varying the ease-of-texture development in the crystal aggregate suggests that easier-to-texture material may hold a stronger signal from past flow than harder-to-texture material. Our results imply that broad-scale observations of seismic anisotropy such as those from seismic tomography, 1-D estimates and normal mode observations, will be mainly sensitive to present-day flow. Shear-wave splitting measurements, however, could hold information about past mantle flow. In general, mantle memory expressed in anisotropy may be dependent on path length in the post-perovskite stability field. Our work implies that, as knowledge of the exact causative mechanism of lowermost mantle anisotropy develops, we may be able to constrain both present-day and past mantle convection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54614,"journal":{"name":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 107264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}