Physiological and Biochemical Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Warm Acclimation Increases Mitochondrial Efficiency in Fish: A Compensatory Mechanism to Reduce the Demand for Oxygen.","authors":"Y Voituron,&nbsp;D Roussel,&nbsp;L Teulier,&nbsp;M Vagner,&nbsp;Q Ternon,&nbsp;C Romestaing,&nbsp;E Dubillot,&nbsp;C Lefrancois","doi":"10.1086/716904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIn ectotherms, it is well described that thermal acclimation induces compensatory adjustments maintaining mitochondrial functions across large shifts in temperature. However, until now, studies mostly focused on fluxes of oxygen without knowing whether mitochondrial efficiency to produce ATP (ATP/O ratio) is also dependent on temperature acclimation. We thus measured thermal reaction norms of oxidative phosphorylation activity and efficiency in isolated mitochondria from skeletal muscle of sea bass (<i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>) juveniles acclimated at optimal (22°C), low (18°C), and high (26°C) temperatures. The mitochondrial fluxes (oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis) increased with increasing assay temperatures and were on the whole higher in fishes acclimated at 18°C than in the other two groups. However, these mitochondrial rates were not significantly different between experimental groups when they were compared at the acclimation temperature. In contrast, we show that acclimation to high, and not low, temperature improved mitochondrial efficiency (on average >15%). This higher efficiency in high-temperature-acclimated fishes is also apparent when compared at respective acclimation temperatures. This mitochondrial phenotype would favor an economical management of oxygen in response to harsh energetic constraints associated with warming water.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39650829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mesocosm Experiment in Ecological Physiology: The Modulation of Energy Budget in a Hibernating Marsupial under Chronic Caloric Restriction.","authors":"Roberto F Nespolo,&nbsp;Francisco E Fontúrbel,&nbsp;Carlos Mejias,&nbsp;Rodrigo Contreras,&nbsp;Paulina Gutierrez,&nbsp;Esteban Oda,&nbsp;Pablo Sabat,&nbsp;Catherine Hambly,&nbsp;John R Speakman,&nbsp;Francisco Bozinovic","doi":"10.1086/717760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractDuring the past 60 years, mammalian hibernation (i.e., seasonal torpor) has been interpreted as a physiological adaptation for energy economy. However, direct field comparisons of energy expenditure and torpor use in hibernating and active free-ranging animals are scarce. Here, we followed the complete hibernation cycle of a fat-storing hibernator, the marsupial <i>Dromiciops gliroides</i>, in its natural habitat. Using replicated mesocosms, we experimentally manipulated energy availability and measured torpor use, hibernacula use, and social clustering throughout the entire hibernation season. Also, we measured energy flow using daily food intake, daily energy expenditure (DEE), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in winter. We hypothesized that when facing chronic caloric restriction (CCR), a hibernator should maximize torpor frequency to compensate for the energetic deficit, compared with individuals fed ad lib. (controls). However, being torpid at low temperatures could increase other burdens (e.g., cost of rewarming, freezing risks). Our results revealed that CCR animals, compared with control animals, did not promote heat conservation strategies (i.e., clustering and hibernacula use). Instead, they gradually increased torpor frequency and reduced DEE and, as a consequence, recovered weight at the end of the season. Also, CCR animals consumed food at a rate of 50.8 kJ d^-1, whereas control animals consumed food at a rate of 98.4 kJ d^-1. Similarly, the DEE of CCR animals in winter was <math><mrow><mn>47.3</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>5.64</mn></mrow></math> kJ d^-1, which was significantly lower than control animals (<math><mrow><mi>DEE</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>88.0</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>5.84</mn></mrow></math> kJ d^-1). However, BMR and lean mass of CCR and control animals did not vary significantly, suggesting that animals maintained full metabolic capacities. This study shows that the use of torpor can be modulated depending on energy supply, thus optimizing energy budgeting. This plasticity in the use of heterothermy as an energy-saving strategy would explain the occurrence of this marsupial in a broad latitudinal and altitudinal range. Overall, this study suggests that hibernation is a powerful strategy to modulate energy expenditure in mammals from temperate regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39577227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modern Overview of Crustacean Biogeography: Evolution and Biogeography Review","authors":"R. Brusca","doi":"10.1086/717939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717939","url":null,"abstract":"Martin Thiel continues his ambitious and successful role as series editor for Oxford’s Natural History of the Crustacea. Volume 8 (Evolution and Biogeography) includes 18 chapters that discuss crustacean evolution and emergent patterns (and causal mechanisms) underlying the biogeography of Crustacea in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and subterranean habitats. As is often the case with edited volumes, some chapters are stronger than others, but overall, this is a book most invertebrate zoologists, marine biologists, and biogeographers will want on their shelves. Because of its emphasis on review chapters, the volumewill be especially useful for beginning researchers and those who are not crustacean specialists. Five chapters focus on the evolution of Crustacea. Among the strongest is Shane Ahyong’s summary of current views on crustacean evolution (“Evolution andRadiation of Crustacea”), noting that over the past two decades, our phylogenetic perspective has shifted from a long-bodied, serially homonomous ancestry (as seen in remipedes and cephalocarids; an idea promoted by Howard Sanders, Bob Hessler, and Fred Schram and one that many of us “cut our teeth on”) to a short-bodied, possibly ostracod-like ancestry similar to Cambrian stemand crown-group fossil forms. Ahyong correctly acknowledges the importance of the Orsten fauna as a key lens through which to understand the early evolution of Crustacea, noting that the oldest definitive crustacean fossils are upper Cambrian Orsten of Sweden—small, just millimeters in length, but exquisitely preserved specimens owing to their phosphatic preservation. Earlier ideas of long, serially homonomous ancestry had been influenced by two scientifically flawed lines of reasoning. First was an underlying notion that evolution moves from simple toward more complex. Second was a reliance on largely untestable narratives of ur-crustacean bodymorphology as a starting point (i.e., the hypothetical ancestor approach). The new view, of Pancrustacea comprising the two great clades Oligostraca and","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and the Stress Response in Octocorals.","authors":"Jacey Strohecker,&nbsp;Jeffrey Golladay,&nbsp;Makena Paramo,&nbsp;Meagan Paramo,&nbsp;Weam El Rahmany,&nbsp;Neil W Blackstone","doi":"10.1086/716857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) may damage cellular components but may also contribute to signaling that mitigates damage. In this context, the role of ROS in the stress response that leads to coral bleaching was investigated in three series of experiments with octocorals <i>Sarcothelia</i> sp. and <i>Sympodium</i> sp. Using video and fluorescent microscopy, the first experiments examined ROS and symbiont migration. Colonies mildly stressed with increased temperature and light showed increases in both ROS and numbers of migrating symbionts compared with stress-free controls. Symbionts migrating in the gastrovascular lumen may escape programmed cell death and provide a reservoir of healthy symbionts once conditions return to normal. In the second series of experiments, colonies were mildly stressed with elevated temperature and light. During stress, treated colonies were incubated in seawater enriched with two concentrations of bicarbonate (1 and 3 mmol/L), while controls were incubated in normal seawater. Bicarbonate enrichment provides additional carbon for photosynthesis and at some concentrations diminished the ROS emissions of stressed colonies of <i>Sympodium</i> sp. and <i>Sarcothelia</i> sp. In all experiments, the latter species tended to exhibit more ROS. <i>Sympodium</i> sp. contains <i>Cladocopium</i> sp. symbionts, which are less tolerant of stress, while <i>Sarcothelia</i> sp. contains the more resistant <i>Durusdinium</i> sp. Indeed, in direct comparisons, <i>Sarcothelia</i> sp. experienced higher levels of ROS under stress-free conditions and thus is conditioned to endure the stress associated with bleaching. Generally, ROS levels provide important insight into the cnidarian stress response and should be measured more often in studies of this response.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39434846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Rates and Thermal Thresholds of Embryonic Flatback Turtles (<i>Natator depressus</i>) from the North West Shelf of Australia.","authors":"Malindi Gammon,&nbsp;Blair Bentley,&nbsp;Sabrina Fossette,&nbsp;Nicola Mitchell","doi":"10.1086/716848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractNest microclimates influence embryonic development and survival in many lineages, including reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination. These microclimates are dependent on physical drivers and biological processes, such as embryonic metabolism, that generate heat. The flatback turtle (<i>Natator depressus</i>) has among the largest hatchlings of the seven extant sea turtle species, making it an excellent candidate for quantifying the contribution of embryonic metabolism to the nest microclimate. Consequently, we measured embryonic metabolic rates, development rates, and the relationship between temperature and sex determination for a <i>N. depressus</i> population nesting at Cemetery Beach in Western Australia, a mainland beach characterized by high sand temperatures. Total oxygen consumed at 29.5°C during an average 52-d incubation period was 2,622 mL, total carbon dioxide produced was 1,886 mL, and estimated embryonic heat production reached 38 mW at 90% of development. Adjustment of metabolic rates to 32°C and 34°C increased peak heat production by 18% and 27%, respectively. The pivotal temperature (<i>T</i>_PIV) producing an equal sex ratio was 30.3°C, mixed sexes were produced between 29.3°C and 31.2°C, and only females were produced above 31.2°C. The <i>T</i>_PIV was similar (within 0.2°C) to that of an island rookery within the same genetic stock (North West Shelf), but the peak development rate (2.5% d^-1) was estimated to be achieved at a temperature ~2.5°C higher (34.7°C) than the island rookery. Our results add to a growing consensus that thermal thresholds vary among sea turtle populations, even within the same genetic stock. Furthermore, we show that metabolic heat will have an appreciable impact on the nest microclimate, which has implications for embryonic survival and fitness under a future climate with warmer sand temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39467088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bold Behavior Is Associated with Genes That Regulate Energy Use but Does Not Covary with Body Condition in Food-Restricted Snails.","authors":"Christopher G Goodchild,&nbsp;Sarah E DuRant","doi":"10.1086/716431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716431","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical models about the relationship between food restriction and individual differences in risk-taking behavior (i.e., boldness) have led to conflicting predictions: some models predict that food restriction increases boldness, while other models predict that food restriction decreases boldness. This discrepancy may be partially attributable to an underappreciation for animals’ complex physiological responses to food restriction. To understand the proximate mechanisms mediating state-dependent boldness, we used freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis) to examine the relationships among food availability, body condition, boldness (latency to reemerge from shell and exploration), and mRNA expression of three genes (adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase [AMPK], molluscan insulin-like peptide [MIP], and serotonin receptor [5-HT]) involved in maintaining energy homeostasis during periods of moderate food restriction. Latency to reemerge and exploratory behavior decreased over time, but fed snails were bolder than fasted snails, suggesting that food restriction reduces bold behavior. Although food restriction decreased body condition, there was not a relationship between body condition and latency to reemerge from shell. However, expression of MIP was positively correlated with latency to reemerge from shell. Furthermore, AMPK was positively correlated with MIP and negatively correlated with body condition and 5-HT. Therefore, individual differences in physiological responses to food restriction, not overall body condition per se, appear to be more closely associated with state-dependent bold behavior. Finally, snails that experienced a novel assay environment returned to their initial “shy” behavior, suggesting that habituation to the assay environment may contribute to snails expressing bolder behavior over time.","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39380701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Health and Survival of Captive-Reared and Released Juvenile Blanding's Turtles.","authors":"Armand A Cann,&nbsp;Rebecca R Weber,&nbsp;Leigh Anne Harden,&nbsp;Daniel Thompson,&nbsp;Jeremy Nadolski,&nbsp;Jenna Mattes,&nbsp;Alexandra Karwowska,&nbsp;Sumaiya Shahjahan,&nbsp;Joseph R Milanovich","doi":"10.1086/716832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractConservation translocations are important in maintaining viable wildlife populations of vulnerable species within their indigenous ranges. To be effective, population restoration efforts (e.g., head start programs) must consider the species' life history, regional ecology, and physiology and the health status of wild and translocated populations. The decline of Blanding's turtles (<i>Emydoidea blandingii</i>) has prompted the initiation of head start programs, but the health and short-term survival of head-started juveniles released to the wild is largely unknown. From May to October 2016 and 2017, we radio tracked captive-reared, recently released juvenile Blanding's turtles and monitored their survivorship and monthly physiological health. We aimed to (1) compare physiological metrics of juveniles before and after release from captivity and between head-started cohorts, (2) identify seasonal trends in physiological metrics of recently released juveniles, (3) compare physiological metrics of recently released and formerly released juveniles, and (4) identify predictors of juvenile survivorship after release from captivity. Juvenile short-term survival was low compared with other studies. Most physiological metrics did not change after release from captivity, negating significant juvenile stress before or after release. Physiological metrics for recently released cohorts varied seasonally, suggesting that these juveniles were likely in good health. Some physiological metrics differed between recently released and formerly released juveniles, demonstrating a potential postrelease acclimatization period. Finally, no physiological metrics significantly predicted survival, but surviving juveniles had a higher percentage of fat. In all, juvenile deaths were not due to poor turtle health but rather to predation from human-subsidized mesocarnivores. Therefore, head-started juvenile Blanding's turtles released in suburban areas may benefit from antipredator training and mesocarnivore control at release sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39454370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergence in Thermal Physiology Could Contribute to Vertical Segregation in Intertidal Ecotypes of <i>Littorina saxatilis</i>.","authors":"Christopher Dwane,&nbsp;Simon D Rundle,&nbsp;Oliver Tills,&nbsp;Enrico L Rezende,&nbsp;Juan Galindo,&nbsp;Emilio Rolán-Alvarez,&nbsp;Manuela Truebano","doi":"10.1086/716176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThermal stress is a potentially important selective agent in intertidal marine habitats, but the role that thermal tolerance might play in local adaptation across shore height has been underexplored. Northwest Spain is home to two morphologically distinct ecotypes of the periwinkle <i>Littorina saxatilis</i>, separated by shore height and subject to substantial differences in thermal stress exposure. However, despite other biotic and abiotic drivers of ecotype segregation being well studied, their thermal tolerance has not been previously characterized. We investigated thermal tolerance across multiple life history stages by employing the thermal death time (TDT) approach to determine (i) whether the two ecotypes differ in thermal tolerance and (ii) how any differences vary with life history stage. Adults of the two ecotypes differed in their thermal tolerance in line with their shore position: the upper-shore ecotype, which experiences more extreme temperatures, exhibited greater endurance of thermal stress compared with the lower-shore ecotype. This difference was most pronounced at the highest temperatures tested. The proximate physiological basis for these differences is unknown but likely due to a multifarious interaction of traits affecting different parts of the TDT curve. Differences in tolerance between ecotypes were less pronounced in early life history stages but increased with ontogeny, suggesting partial divergence of this trait during development. Thermal tolerance could potentially play an important role in maintaining population divergence and genetic segregation between the two ecotypes, since the increased thermal sensitivity of the lower-shore ecotype may limit its dispersal onto the upper shore and so restrict gene flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39342590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mystery of Energy Compensation.","authors":"Lewis G Halsey","doi":"10.1086/716467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe received wisdom on how activity affects energy expenditure is that the more activity is undertaken, the more calories will have been burned by the end of the day. Yet traditional hunter-gatherers, who lead physically hard lives, burn no more calories each day than Western populations living in labor-saving environments. Indeed, there is now a wealth of data, both for humans and other animals, demonstrating that long-term lifestyle changes involving increases in exercise or other physical activities do not result in commensurate increases in daily energy expenditure (DEE). This is because humans and other animals exhibit a degree of energy compensation at the organismal level, ameliorating some of the increases in DEE that would occur from the increased activity by decreasing the energy expended on other biological processes. And energy compensation can be sizable, reaching many hundreds of calories in humans. But the processes that are downregulated in the long-term to achieve energy compensation are far from clear, particularly in humans-we do not know how energy compensation is achieved. My review here of the literature on relevant exercise intervention studies, for both humans and other species, indicates conflict regarding the role, if any, of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or low-level activity such as fidgeting play, particularly once changes in body composition are factored out. In situations where BMR and low-level activity are not major components of energy compensation, what then drives it? I discuss how changes in mitochondrial efficiency and changes in circadian fluctuations in BMR may contribute to our understanding of energy management. Currently unexplored, these mechanisms and others may provide important insights into the mystery of how energy compensation is achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39422114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Thermoregulation by Mothers Protects Offspring from Global Warming but at a Cost.","authors":"Iván Beltrán,&nbsp;Constant Perry,&nbsp;Faustine Degottex,&nbsp;Martin J Whiting","doi":"10.1086/715976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThermal conditions during embryonic development affect offspring phenotype in ectotherms. Therefore, rising environmental temperatures can have important consequences for an individual's fitness. Nonetheless, females have some capacity to compensate for potential negative consequences that adverse developmental environments may have on their offspring. Recent studies show that oviparous reptiles exhibit behavioral plasticity in nest site selection, which can buffer their embryos against high incubation temperatures; however, much less is known about these responses in viviparous reptiles. We subjected pregnant viviparous skinks, <i>Saiphos equalis</i>, to current or projected midcentury (2050) temperatures to test (i) how elevated temperatures affect female thermoregulatory and foraging behavior; (ii) whether temperatures experienced by females during pregnancy negatively affect the morphology, performance, and behavior of hatchlings; and (iii) whether behavioral thermoregulation during pregnancy is costly to females. Females from the elevated temperature treatment compensated by going deeper belowground to seek cooler temperatures and eating less, and they consequently had a lower body mass relative to snout-to-vent length (condition estimator) compared with females from the current thermal treatment. The temperatures experienced by females in the elevated temperature treatment were high enough to affect foraging and locomotor performance but not the morphology and growth rate of hatchlings. By seeking cooler temperatures, mothers can mitigate some of the effects of high temperatures on their offspring (e.g., reduced body size and growth). However, this protective behavior of females may come at an energetic cost to them. This study adds to growing evidence of lizards' vulnerability to global warming, particularly during reproduction when females are already paying a substantial cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/715976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39185183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}