Physiological and Biochemical Zoology最新文献

{"title":"A Decerebrate Preparation of the Rattlesnake, <i>Crotalus durissus</i>, Provides an Experimental Model for Study of Autonomic Modulation of the Cardiovascular System in Reptiles.","authors":"Gabriella Campos Rocha,&nbsp;Samanta Aparecida Castro,&nbsp;Edwin William Taylor,&nbsp;Driele Tavares,&nbsp;Cleo Alcantara Costa Leite","doi":"10.1086/714973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe South American rattlesnake, <i>Crotalus durissus</i>, has been successfully used as an experimental model to study control of the cardiovascular system in squamate reptiles. Recent technical advances, including equipment miniaturization, have lessened the impact of instrumentation on in vivo recordings, and an increased range of anesthetic drugs has improved recording conditions for in situ preparations. Nevertheless, any animal-based experimental approach has to manage limitations regarding the avoidance of pain and stress the stability of the preparation and duration of experiments and the potentially overriding effects of anesthesia. To address such aspects, we tested a new experimental preparation, the decerebrate rattlesnake, in a study of the autonomic control of cardiovascular responses following the removal of general anesthesia. The preparation exhibited complex cardiovascular adjustments to deal with acute increases in venous return (caused by tail lifting), to compensate for blood flow reduction in the cephalic region (caused by head lifting), for body temperature control (triggered by an external heating source), and in response to stimulation of chemoreceptors (triggered by intravenous injection of NaCN). The decerebrate preparation retained extensive functional integrity of autonomic centers, and it was suitable for monitoring diverse cardiac and vascular variables. Furthermore, reanesthetizing the preparation markedly blunted cardiovascular performance. Isoflurane limited the maintenance of recovered cardiovascular variables in the prepared animal and reduced or abolished the observed cardiovascular reflexes. This preparation enables the recording of multiple concomitant cardiovascular variables for the study of mechanistic questions regarding the central integration of autonomic reflex responses in the absence of anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 5","pages":"269-285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39244485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/716048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/716048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43833226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thomas H. Kunz","authors":"Thomas H. Kunz, Christopher S Richardson, Wendy Hood, L. Allen, N. Hristov, Katherine M Ineson, Jonathan D Reichard, G. Mccracken, A. Kurta, D. Reynolds","doi":"10.1086/714937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714937","url":null,"abstract":"Christopher S. Richardson* Wendy Hood Louise Allen Nick Hristov Katherine Ineson Jonathan Reichard Gary McCracken Allen Kurta D. Scott Reynolds Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lesley University, 29 Everett Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849; Institute for Learning and Teaching, Colorado State University, 801 Oval Drive, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521; TERC, 2067 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140; Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, James Hall, Room 114, 56 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson, Ypsilanti, Michigan 49197; Department of Science, St. Paul’s School, 325 Pleasant Street, Concord, New Hampshire 03301","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 1","pages":"253 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60723279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Specific Population Differences in Resting Metabolism Are Associated with Intraspecific Variation in Sexual Size Dimorphism of Brown Anoles.","authors":"John David Curlis,&nbsp;Christian L Cox,&nbsp;Robert M Cox","doi":"10.1086/714638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractSexual size dimorphism can vary in direction and magnitude across populations, but the extent to which such intraspecific variation is associated with sex and population differences in underlying metabolic processes is unclear. We compared resting metabolic rates (RMRs) of brown anole lizards (<i>Anolis sagrei</i>) from two island populations in the Bahamas (Eleuthera and Great Exuma) that differ in the magnitude of male-biased sexual size dimorphism. Whereas females from each population exhibit similar growth rates and body sizes, males from Great Exuma grow more quickly and attain larger body sizes than males from Eleuthera. We found that these population differences in growth of males persisted in captivity. Therefore, we predicted that males from each population would differ in RMR, whereas females would not. Consistent with this prediction, we found that RMR of males from Eleuthera was higher than that of males from Great Exuma, particularly at higher temperatures. As predicted, RMR of females did not differ between populations. Despite this apparent sex-specific trade-off between growth rate and RMR at the population level, we found a positive relationship between growth rate and RMR at the individual level. The fact that Great Exuma males maintain lower RMR than Eleuthera males, despite their greater absolute growth rates and the positive relationship between RMR and growth rate across individuals, suggests that Great Exuma males may have lower baseline metabolic demands and/or greater growth efficiency than Eleuthera males. Our results call attention to sex-specific divergence in metabolism as a potential mechanism for intraspecific divergence in sexual size dimorphism.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 4","pages":"205-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38967982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Measuring Metabolic Rates: A Manual for Scientists","authors":"K. Kaiyala","doi":"10.1086/714603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714603","url":null,"abstract":"Animal calorimetry quantifies the heat resulting from the intricate metabolic combustion process termed “the fire of life” by pioneering nutritionistMax Kleiber (1975). This fire is expressed in joules, watts, or calories, with the latter being preferred by us rebarbative old-school types who resist taking the “calorie” out of calorimetry, so to speak, because “the calorie defined in terms of mass and difference in temperature is the most directly understandable and therefore most useful unit” (Kleiber 1972, p. 309). But typically, the respiratory gases oxygen (O2) and carbondioxide (CO2) are actually measured, as each liter of O2 consumption represents∼4.7–5.0 kcal ofmetabolic energy transfer depending on how much CO2 is released per liter of O2 uptake. Accordingly, O2 consumption and CO2 production are the respirometric signals of indirect calorimetry, the predominant approach to measuring metabolic rates, which is the title of John Lighton’s book, now in its second edition (Lighton 2019). The book’s emphasis is on the technology, techniques, equations, and data analytic methods used in respirometry, matters to which Lighton brings the hard-won knowledge of one who has been there, done that, translated his knowledge into a thriving calorimetry business, and successfully distilled his knowledge into the book that I wish had existed when I first entered the field. The equations for converting gas exchange into heat energy (Weir 1949; Kaiyala et al. 2019) owe their biophysical validity to Hess’s law of constant heat summation, the intuitively elusive but enormously powerful concept that the total heat energy released in a chemical reaction does not depend on its number of steps or temperature. Hence, the coupling of O2 uptake and CO2 release with the resulting heat yields in the low-temperature catalytic combustions thatpoweranimal life can literallybeworked outbyequating thegas exchangesandcaloricyieldswhensuddenly combusting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in high-temperature bomb calorimeters (Kleiber 1975).","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 1","pages":"199 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42290031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper Thermal Tolerance Indicated by CT_max Fails to Predict Migration Strategy and Timing, Growth, and Predation Vulnerability in Juvenile Brown Trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>).","authors":"J E Desforges,&nbsp;K Birnie-Gauvin,&nbsp;K Aarestrup,&nbsp;S J Cooke","doi":"10.1086/714636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractPartial migration is common in a variety of taxa and has important ecological and evolutionary implications, yet the underlying factors that lead to different migratory strategies are not clearly understood. Given the importance of temperature in serving as a cue for migration, along with its role in regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and survival, we examined how intraspecific variation in critical thermal maximum (CT_max) values influenced migratory strategy (residency vs. migration), timing of migration, growth, and predation vulnerability in a wild population of partially anadromous juvenile brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>). Using passive integrated transponder telemetry and mark-recapture techniques, we identified individuals that out-migrated to sea, assumed residency, and were predated by cormorants several months later. Acute thermal stress induced by conducting CT_max trials did not affect the final fate of assayed fish compared with controls. We found that mass and body condition predicted CT_max and migration timing, but CT_max failed to predict migratory strategy or timing, growth (of resident fish), or predation vulnerability. Although there may be links between mass, thermal tolerance, and migration strategy, the relationship between CT_max and migration remains unclear. The role of upper thermal tolerance in influencing life-history strategies should not be neglected, however, as alternative indicators of thermal tolerance could be further explored. The high degree of variation in CT_max estimates warrants additional investigation of how increasingly prevalent high-temperature events might drive selection toward thermally tolerant extremes, which is particularly relevant in a rapidly warming world.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 4","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38889143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic Variations in Mobilization of Blubber in Relation to Changes in Body Mass in Short-Finned Pilot Whales (<i>Globicephala macrorhynchus</i>).","authors":"S R Noren,&nbsp;L Schwarz,&nbsp;T R Robeck","doi":"10.1086/714637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractFat-level measurements used to indicate individual body condition and fitness are useful only when taken at a region along the body where fat responds to variations in caloric intake. Investigations to identify appropriate species-specific regions are limited, especially for cetaceans that have a specialized fat (blubber) that serves as an energy reserve and provides insulation. Over 18 mo, body mass of six pilot whales varied (range: 50-172 kg), and although caloric intake increased when water temperatures were lower, generally the best-fitting state-space model for length-adjusted mass was based on a single factor, caloric intake. After correcting for body length (range: 330-447 cm), the slope for blubber thickness and \"blubber ring\" thickness (average blubber thickness along a girth) in relation to body mass was positive and had a <i>P</i> value of <0.10 at six of 16 blubber measurement sites and one of five girth measurement sites, respectively. The slope for body girth (a reflection of changes in underlying blubber thickness) in relation to body mass was positive and had a lower <i>P</i> value ([Formula: see text]) at three of five girth measurement sites. Results indicate that blubber from the anterior insertion of the pectoral fins to the posterior insertion of the dorsal fin is the most metabolically active region. This region includes the midflank site, a location where blubber thickness measurements have historically been taken to monitor cetacean body condition. Conversely, blubber in the peduncle region was comparatively inert. These findings must be considered when measuring blubber thickness and body width (i.e., photogrammetry) to monitor the condition of free-ranging cetaceans.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 4","pages":"228-240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38999082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Four-Week Urban Diet Impairs Vasodilation but Not Nutritional Physiology in Wild-Caught Mourning Doves (<i>Zenaida macroura</i>).","authors":"Anthony J Basile,&nbsp;Michael W Renner,&nbsp;Lana Kayata,&nbsp;Pierre Deviche,&nbsp;Karen L Sweazea","doi":"10.1086/714831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractBirds living in urban areas routinely consume anthropogenic foods, but the physiological consequences of this consumption are poorly understood. To address this question, we investigated the effects of an urban diet (UD) in wild, urban-caught mourning doves in a controlled environment. Since anthropogenic foods often contain a high proportion of refined carbohydrate and fat, we predicted that UD consumption alters body mass as well as plasma and tissue metabolites and that it impairs vasodilation. To test this prediction, we compared body mass, various nutritional physiology parameters, and peripheral vasodilation of doves fed an UD (1∶1 ratio of bird seeds and french fries; [Formula: see text]) with those of doves receiving a control diet (CON, bird seed diet; [Formula: see text]) for 4 wk. At the end of the dietary manipulation period, birds were euthanized, and we dissected cranial tibial arteries to measure ex vivo vasodilation in response to acetylcholine treatment after phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction. We also collected cardiac blood as well as liver, pectoralis, and gastrocnemius muscle samples to measure nutritional metabolite concentrations. Vasodilation of tibial arteries was impaired in UD- compared to CON-fed birds ([Formula: see text]), suggesting the potential for UD consumption to alter cardiovascular function. Body mass, plasma osmolality, glucose, sodium, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid, liver glycogen and triglycerides, and muscle glycogen did not differ between groups. The results suggest that short-term consumption of a diet composed of 50% anthropogenic foods is not associated with major metabolic perturbations in urban mourning doves.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 4","pages":"241-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Conservation Physiology","authors":"J. Boyles","doi":"10.1086/715714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47867928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Integrative Biology to Infer Adaptation from Comparisons of Two (or a Few) Species.","authors":"Christian L Cox,&nbsp;Michael L Logan","doi":"10.1086/714018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractPhylogenetic comparative methods represent a major advance in integrative and comparative biology and have allowed researchers to rigorously test for adaptation in a macroevolutionary framework. However, phylogenetic comparative methods require trait data for many species, which is impractical for certain taxonomic groups and trait types. We propose that the philosophical principle of severity can be implemented in an integrative framework to generate strong inference of adaptation in studies that compare only a few populations or species. This approach requires (1) ensuring that the study system contains species that are relatively closely related; (2) formulating a specific, clear, overarching hypothesis that can be subjected to integrative testing across levels of biological organization (e.g., ecology, behavior, morphology, physiology, and genetics); (3) collecting data that avoid statistical underdetermination and thus allow severe tests of hypotheses; and (4) systematically refining and refuting alternative hypotheses. Although difficult to collect for more than a few species, detailed, integrative data can be used to differentiate among several potential agents of selection. In this way, integrative studies of small numbers of closely related species can complement and even improve on broadscale phylogenetic comparative studies by revealing the specific drivers of adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54609,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","volume":"94 3","pages":"162-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25563196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}