Joseph Mitchell, José Maza Larrea, Ernest Dela Dzidzornu, Jayesh Pandit, Jerin Jose Cherian, Robert Massouh
{"title":"Ecopharmacovigilance and pharmacovigilance: an analysis of environment-related reporting in VigiBase","authors":"Joseph Mitchell, José Maza Larrea, Ernest Dela Dzidzornu, Jayesh Pandit, Jerin Jose Cherian, Robert Massouh","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37744-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37744-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is growing interest in the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the focus when assessing the risk of pharmaceuticals in the environment is done in the pre-authorisation phase, and there is no standard approach to identify, report and collect suspected adverse events related to environmental exposure and impact. This study aims to describe the reporting of environment-related terms to VigiBase, the WHO global database of adverse event reports. A search was performed on VigiBase on all data up to July 1st, 2024, since the first report in 1967. The search was for reports with any medicine or vaccine in combination with a set of Preferred Terms identified as being environment-related by the authors. A descriptive analysis of reports with an environment-related Preferred Term was then performed. A total of 713 reports (from a total of 38,141,125) were identified with environment-related Preferred Terms, with a steady increase in reporting since the first report in 2001. Reports were received for a variety of medicinal groups and commonly alongside Preferred Terms potentially describing symptoms of those exposed. There was also a large percentage of reports from non-healthcare professionals. The number of environment-related reports in VigiBase is small but increasing. This overview highlights some important features of environment-related reports that require consideration in any future work. It would be beneficial to develop a framework to guide the reporting and analysis of environment-related adverse effects of medicines, although the eventual relationship to traditional pharmacovigilance is unclear.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6816 - 6826"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-37744-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ayush Gaur, Priyanka Yadav, Ravi Shanker, Umesh Kumar Singh, Anupriya Chaudhary, Saba Ehsan, Mohan P. Singh
{"title":"Mycoremediation: a sustainable approach for environmental cleanup — a review","authors":"Ayush Gaur, Priyanka Yadav, Ravi Shanker, Umesh Kumar Singh, Anupriya Chaudhary, Saba Ehsan, Mohan P. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37734-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37734-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental pollution is one of the biggest threats to humans and wildlife, which is mainly driven by anthropogenic and natural activity. The current study aims on different pollutants and their primary sources and their impact on the environment. Various physical and chemical approaches are applied in the removal of these pollutants, which have their own drawbacks. Mycoremediation is one such approach that utilizes the ability of fungi in the removal of pollutants from the environment. This review focuses on the principal mechanism involved in mycoremediation, processes such as bioaccumulation, biosorption, and enzymatic degradation; mycoremediation can effectively address a wide range of pollutants. The objective of this review is to focus on the potency of fungi in mycoremediation. By harnessing the potential of extracellular lignolytic enzymes, the technique offers various advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, minimum environmental impact, and complementing previous remediation techniques. Additionally, the role of bioinformatics and computational biology in identifying the genes responsible for contaminant degradation is also discussed. In conclusion, mycoremediation represents an ecofriendly approach for addressing environmental pollutants. With ongoing research, its application could expand and contribute to the development of sustainable approaches for environmental restoration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6457 - 6478"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling the synergic mechanism in ultraviolet/iodide for redox conversion of toxic oxysalts","authors":"Feng Liu, Yaqin Zhang, Hongyan He, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37737-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37737-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concurrent presence of heavy metal ions such as chromium and arsenic at acid mine drainage locations significantly complicates the treatment of wastewater. This research developed a synergistic redox strategy for Cr(VI) and As(III) using iodide(<span>({mathrm{I}}^{-})</span>) as an activator under UV light irradiation to enhance the removal of these metal ions from acidic solutions. Experimental findings indicate that <span>({mathrm{I}}^{-})</span> notably boosts the redox process for both Cr(VI) and As(III) when present together in the solution. During UV irradiation, <span>({mathrm{I}}^{-})</span> converts into iodine radicals (I•) and triiodide ions (<span>({mathrm{I}}_{3}^{-})</span>), facilitating the oxidation of As(III) to As(V). Furthermore, the simultaneous presence of Cr(VI) significantly enhances the formation of I• and <span>({mathrm{I}}_{3}^{-})</span> while also contributing to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). <span>({mathrm{I}}_{3}^{-})</span> was identified as the main oxidant in the conversion of As(III) to As(V), with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) playing a minimal role in the reaction. The study introduces a “clock reaction” mechanism, based on the cycling of <span>({mathrm{I}}^{-})</span> and <span>({mathrm{I}}_{3}^{-})</span>, to explain the redox interactions in the Cr(VI)/KI/As(III) system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6804 - 6815"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shima Darzi, Mojtaba S. Taleshi, Fatemeh Elmi, Hossein Ardeshir Geravi
{"title":"Adsorption performance of barium from industrial wastewater using nano calcium alginate-manganese (IV) oxide beads","authors":"Shima Darzi, Mojtaba S. Taleshi, Fatemeh Elmi, Hossein Ardeshir Geravi","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37609-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37609-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Barium contamination in industrial wastewater, particularly from refractory, ceramic, and oil-gas related industries, poses serious environmental and health risks due to its toxicity and persistence. In this study, a novel and cost-effective calcium alginate/manganese dioxide (CaAlg/MnO₂) nanosorbent was synthesized and applied for the selective removal of Ba<sup>2</sup>⁺ ions from aqueous solutions and real industrial wastewater. MnO₂ nanoparticles were successfully immobilized within the calcium alginate hydrogel matrix through Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺‑induced crosslinking, forming stable composite beads. The synthesized nanosorbent was characterized using FTIR, XRD, FESEM-EDS, BET, and TGA analyses. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that Ba<sup>2</sup>⁺ removal was strongly influenced by solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength. Under optimal conditions (pH 8, 25 °C, 100 min), a maximum adsorption capacity of 52 mg g⁻<sup>1</sup> and a removal efficiency of 91% were achieved. Despite the relatively low BET surface area (2.18 m<sup>2</sup> g⁻<sup>1</sup>), the high adsorption performance was attributed to ion-exchange mechanisms and strong chemical interactions between Ba<sup>2</sup>⁺ ions and functional groups of alginate and MnO₂. Regeneration experiments confirmed good reusability, with more than 85% removal efficiency retained after five cycles. The results indicate that CaAlg/MnO₂ nanosorbent is an environmentally friendly and efficient material for barium removal from complex wastewater systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6792 - 6803"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Phil D. Flores, Baifern Aincharoen, Chaniphon Chaiponin, Onsiri Srikun, Apichat Imyim
{"title":"Iron-modified sugarcane bagasse and coffee grounds biochar for deferiprone removal from pharmaceutical wastewater","authors":"James Phil D. Flores, Baifern Aincharoen, Chaniphon Chaiponin, Onsiri Srikun, Apichat Imyim","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37736-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37736-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates iron-modified biochars derived from sugarcane bagasse (FeSBB) and spent coffee grounds (FeCGB) as adsorbents for the removal of deferiprone (DFP), a drug widely used in Thailand, from aqueous solutions and real pharmaceutical wastewater. An optimal Fe/biochar mass ratio of 0.5:1 was employed. Physicochemical characterization confirmed successful iron incorporation, resulting in enhanced surface functionality. Under optimized batch conditions, pH 7–9, 1 h contact time, 50 mg of biochar, 10 mL of 5 mg/L DFP, both FeSBB and FeCGB achieved near-complete DFP removal (~100%). Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, while isotherm data were best described by the Freundlich model. Application to real pharmaceutical effluents demonstrated high adsorption capacities of 220 ± 2 mg/g for FeSBB and 203 ± 1 mg/g for FeCGB. This work represents the first report on DFP adsorption using biochar-based adsorbents and highlights the potential of iron-modified agro-industrial wastes for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6740 - 6755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drinking water quality perspectives in rural India through the integration of Participatory Rural Appraisal, Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Actor-Response-Framework, and Water Quality Index","authors":"Nuru Hasan, Demisie Ejigu, Aji Abba, Raihana Aliyu Mustapha, Fatou Mbye, Raji Pushpalatha, Sabarinath Sankarannair, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, Sajithkumar Kuruduparambu Jayaprakash, Deepak Brahmmanandan, Ghanshyam Upadhyay","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37742-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37742-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in many rural regions of India despite the proliferation of national water supply schemes. This study presents an integrated assessment of rural drinking water quality using a mixed-methods approach in three villages across Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was employed to identify community-perceived challenges and stakeholder roles. Water samples were analysed using standard physicochemical parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI), and findings were interpreted through an extended Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Actor-Response (DPSIAR) framework. Results revealed significant disparities in water quality across sites. Ebra village in Rajasthan showed elevated levels of chloride (800 ppm), calcium hardness (655 ppm), nitrate (50 ppm), and total dissolved solids (TDS: 889 ppm), all exceeding WHO and national standards. PRA findings confirmed community concerns over water-related health issues and a lack of institutional monitoring. The DPSIAR analysis highlighted geogenic contamination, agricultural runoff, groundwater overexploitation, and fragmented governance as key drivers of degradation. The study recommends the deployment of decentralised filtration units such as Jivamritam and proposes an Integrated Rural Water Supply and Management Policy (IRWSMP) emphasising community ownership, groundwater conservation, and multi-level coordination. The integrated methodology offers a replicable model for rural water assessment and governance, aligning with India’s SDG 6 targets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6756 - 6770"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernanda Amaral-Góis, Vinicius J. Silva, Renan C. Testolin, Ramaiana Radetski-Silva, Dilamara R. Scharf, Marcelo Poyer-Radetski, Wendell Pimentel-Almeida, Cleder A. Somensi, Rafael Ariente-Neto, Claudemir M. Radetski
{"title":"Toward energy self-sufficiency in small municipal wastewater treatment plants: assessment of energy recovery potential, process economic balance, and greenhouse gas avoidance","authors":"Fernanda Amaral-Góis, Vinicius J. Silva, Renan C. Testolin, Ramaiana Radetski-Silva, Dilamara R. Scharf, Marcelo Poyer-Radetski, Wendell Pimentel-Almeida, Cleder A. Somensi, Rafael Ariente-Neto, Claudemir M. Radetski","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37735-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37735-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the energy recovery potential from both biogas and the incineration of dewatered sludge, aiming to meet the energy demand of a small municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) with a treatment capacity below 50 L s<sup>−1</sup>. The energy potential of sludge incineration was characterized based on its gross calorific value, while energy production from biogas generated during the anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge was also evaluated. In addition, the feasibility of using the produced biogas for the thermal drying of dewatered sludge was analyzed. The results indicate that biogas utilization could generate 1462 kWh d<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to 83.17% of the total electricity consumption of the MWTP. Furthermore, the mass reduction achieved through sludge drying resulted in an annual cost savings of US$ 27,763 related to sludge disposal. The incineration of dried sludge could generate an additional 432.52 kWh d<sup>−1</sup>. Overall, the combined energy recovery strategy could lead to a reduction of approximately 150 t CO<sub>2</sub>eq year<sup>−1</sup> in greenhouse gas emissions due to methane avoidance at the studied MWTP. These findings suggest that such integrated approaches can encourage investments in MWTPs aimed at achieving energy self-sufficiency while enhancing environmental performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6729 - 6739"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-37735-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amine-functionalized cellulose-chitosan composites as an efficient adsorbent for CO2 capture","authors":"Sara Panahi, Farshad Rahimpour, Ahad Ghaemi","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37572-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37572-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigated the novel amine-functionalized cellulose/chitosan (Ce/Cs) composite materials for efficient carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) adsorption. Cellulose (Ce) was chemically modified by tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) functionalization and subsequently blended with chitosan (Cs) to enhance the composite’s CO<sub>2</sub> capture capability. Characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), confirmed successful amine incorporation, composite formation, and a well-defined mesoporous structure. Experimental optimization revealed that a TEPA loading of 15 wt% coupled with a Ce-to-Cs mass ratio of 3:1 provided optimal CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption performance. Under 25 °C and 9 bar, Ce<sub>3</sub>-TEPA15%/Cs<sub>1</sub> reached a maximum experimental CO<sub>2</sub> uptake of 358.44 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, compared with 270 mg g<sup>−1</sup> for Ce<sub>3</sub>Cs<sub>1</sub>. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics data were best fitted by the Freundlich model with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.999 and the fractional-order kinetic model with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.863–0.986, indicating favorable and heterogeneous adsorption. Thermodynamic results (ΔH° ≈ −23.94 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>) confirmed an exothermic process and supported a mixed physisorption/chemisorption mechanism. The optimized composite also showed good regenerability, retaining ~92% of its initial capacity after 10 adsorption-desorption cycles under mild regeneration (~40 °C). Overall, the combination of covalent amine anchoring and a bio-based matrix provides a practical route to efficient, reusable sorbents for CO<sub>2</sub> capture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6771 - 6791"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comprehensive approach to optimize lignocellulosic biomass processing for cost-effective biofuel production","authors":"Ankit Agrawal, Ranjana Sharma, Anita Kaul Gupta, Narayan Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37741-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37741-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the demand for renewable energy sources is more critical than ever. Bioethanol, derived from lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. This study focuses on optimizing bioethanol production using a supply chain model that incorporates corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, and miscanthus as feedstocks. To minimize overall supply chain costs, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed, considering key cost factors such as feedstock procurement, bioethanol production, transportation, and facility installation. Traditional optimization methods are replaced with the Social Group Optimization (SGO) algorithm to enhance computational efficiency and solution quality. The results demonstrate that SGO achieves lower total costs with faster convergence, making it an effective optimization approach. Sensitivity analysis reveals that feedstock procurement has the highest impact on total supply chain costs, while production costs show moderate sensitivity, and installation costs have also sensitive effect. These findings emphasize the importance of strategic feedstock sourcing and production planning for economically viable bioethanol supply chains. The proposed SGO-based framework offers a practical solution for industry practitioners seeking cost-effective and sustainable bioethanol production. Future research could explore uncertainty modeling, environmental impact assessments, and hybrid metaheuristic approaches to further enhance sustainable supply chain decision-making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6712 - 6728"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dicla Cesário Pereira de Oliveira, Francyelle Karolynne Vieira Machado, Agnes Adam Duarte Pinheiro, Federico Battista, Mario Takayuki Kato, Lourdinha Florencio, Wanderli Rogério Moreira Leite
{"title":"Insights into volatile fatty acid production and fermentation pathways of microalgae biomass combined with vinasse and glycerol","authors":"Dicla Cesário Pereira de Oliveira, Francyelle Karolynne Vieira Machado, Agnes Adam Duarte Pinheiro, Federico Battista, Mario Takayuki Kato, Lourdinha Florencio, Wanderli Rogério Moreira Leite","doi":"10.1007/s11356-026-37738-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-026-37738-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fermentation of industrial wastes derived from water recovery (pretreated microalgae biomass, PTMB), biodiesel (glycerol, GLY), and ethanol (vinasse, VIN)) is a promising sustainable alternative for producing volatile fatty acids (VFA). In this study, controlled fermentation experiments were performed using PTMB-VIN and PTMB-GLY mixtures with varying substrate concentrations and retention times to optimize the VFA yield and production efficiency. Acid fermentation was optimized at a 3-day hydraulic retention time, and methanogenic reactions were enhanced at longer hydraulic retention times. Increasing the organic loading rate resulted in a high VFA yield (13.10 g <sub>VFA-COD</sub>. L<sup>−1</sup>) and a conversion rate of approximately 40%. GLY fermentation followed the oxidative and reductive pathways at a balanced redox potential. PTMB is linked to the oxidative pathway, and GLY is involved in the reductive pathway. Tests with PTMB-GLY resulted in limiting conditions, but significant observations regarding the metabolic pathway and the effect of PTMB were made.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"33 14","pages":"6699 - 6711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-37738-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}