Environmental Science and Pollution Research最新文献_第9页

Production and characterization of fermented solid derived from cocoa waste for lead adsorption in water 可可渣发酵固体对水中铅的吸附研究。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36915-1

Sandy O. Pinto, Igor C. F. Sampaio, Paulo N. M. Dos Anjos, Allison G. Silva, Marcelo Franco, Luana N. Santos

{"title":"Production and characterization of fermented solid derived from cocoa waste for lead adsorption in water","authors":"Sandy O. Pinto, Igor C. F. Sampaio, Paulo N. M. Dos Anjos, Allison G. Silva, Marcelo Franco, Luana N. Santos","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36915-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36915-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental pollution from toxic metals and waste generation have become major global concerns, driven by industrial and agricultural growth. To produce the adsorbent, the fungus <i>Aspergillus niger</i> ATCC 1004 was inoculated into cocoa pod husk bran. The samples were labeled as fermented solid (FS) and non-fermented solid (NFS) and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, point of zero charge, and surface area analysis via N₂adsorption using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. A univariate design was carried out to optimize the pH conditions, adsorbent mass, and stirring time. The results showed that fermentation had a positive impact on adsorption, as the fungus broke down lignocellulosic compounds, making the FS surface more porous and adding functional groups crucial for effective adsorption, particularly oxygen groups that interact with Pb<sup>2</sup>⁺, enhancing adsorption efficiency and increasing the solid's crystallinity and thermal stability. FS achieved a 90% adsorption efficiency for Pb<sup>2</sup>⁺, compared to 76% for NFS. Therefore, fermenting cocoa pod husks significantly enhances the material's adsorption capacity, making it a promising adsorbent for removing lead ions from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 36","pages":"21399 - 21412"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Cost‑effective biochar from spent coffee grounds as a sampling device of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 更正：从废咖啡渣中提取的具有成本效益的生物炭，作为气态多环芳烃的采样装置。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36878-3

Wittaya Tala, Suparin Chaiklangmuang, Somporn Chantara

引用次数: 0

Chitosan for new in situ self-assembly way to arrange Cu and Ni nanoparticles: useful configuration with high catalytic activity 壳聚糖作为一种新的原位自组装方式来排列Cu和Ni纳米粒子：具有高催化活性的有用构型。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36833-2

Nabil Bouazizi, Mohammad Neaz Morshed, Vincent Nierstrasz, Salah Bouazizi, Ahmida El-Achari, Christine Campagne, Julien Vieillard

{"title":"Chitosan for new in situ self-assembly way to arrange Cu and Ni nanoparticles: useful configuration with high catalytic activity","authors":"Nabil Bouazizi, Mohammad Neaz Morshed, Vincent Nierstrasz, Salah Bouazizi, Ahmida El-Achari, Christine Campagne, Julien Vieillard","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36833-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36833-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The stabilization of metal nanoparticles is a key factor in various applications, but its wide use requires the development of effective and advanced materials. For the first time, this work demonstrates that in situ self-assembly of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) via chitosan (Ct) allowed the formation of a new matrix Cu-Ct-Ni. The obtained Cu-Ct-Ni matrix was fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–vis. The characterization results evidenced the ability of Ct chains to self-assemble Cu-NPs and Ni-Nps with a particular arrangement, forming a sunflower shape of 200–300 nm as diameter. Cu-NPs were stabilized outside Ct-chains, while Ni-NPs were located inside Ct, resulting in new nanomaterials Cu-Ct-Ni with higher thermal stability and unique morphology. The in situ self-assembly involved covalently cross-linked attraction and hydrogen bonding. Evaluation on the catalytic transformation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, Cu-Ct-Ni showed good stability and a high catalytic capacity. The assessed Cu-Ct-Ni nanocatalysts achieved an excellent conversion rate k of 0.719 cm<sup>−1</sup> in 2 min with a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 11.55 s<sup>−1</sup>, making it the most effective and potential catalyst. The results help understand and analyze the catalytically active chitosan-bimetallic materials for environmental and medical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 36","pages":"21358 - 21375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of nitrogen forms on growth and soil bacterial diversity of Cinnamomum camphora ct. citral seedlings 氮素形态对樟树生长及土壤细菌多样性的影响。柠檬醛幼苗。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36862-x

Zufei Xiao, Yixin Gu, Ying Ding, Feng Li

{"title":"Effects of nitrogen forms on growth and soil bacterial diversity of Cinnamomum camphora ct. citral seedlings","authors":"Zufei Xiao, Yixin Gu, Ying Ding, Feng Li","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36862-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36862-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The \u0000scarcity of \u0000natural citral has spurred interest in its alternative sources such as the essential oil-rich branches and leaves of citral balsam fir. This study assessed the impact of nitrate, ammonium, and amide nitrogen forms at varying concentrations on the growth, development, and soil bacterial diversity of 1-year-old <i>Cinnamomum camphora</i> ct. citral seedlings. Chemical approaches were employed to measure growth and development, and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was utilized to analyze the soil bacterial diversity. Results demonstrated significant enhancements in plant height, ground diameter, and biomass accumulation with amide nitrogen. Nitrogen treatments also augmented leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates, particularly evident with 6 g/plant ammonium nitrogen. Amide nitrogen treatments exhibited significant increases in leaf nitrogen content. Nitrogen form profoundly influenced soil bacterial diversity, with nitrate and ammonium nitrogen fostering greater diversity and abundance compared to amide nitrogen. Predominant bacterial taxa, including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Chloroflexi, exhibit varied responses to nitrogen forms. Functional predictions elucidated chemoenergetic heterotrophy, ammonia oxidation, and nitrification as key bacterial pathways. Correlations indicated positive associations of Proteobacteria with plant growth, while Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria display negative links with specific leaf traits. This study suggests valuable insights into optimized nitrogen fertilization strategies for successful <i>C. camphora</i> ct. citral cultivation, addressing market demands while considering soil microbial dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 36","pages":"21376 - 21398"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sustainable use of 3D-printed plastic waste as aggregate in self-compacting mortar: A study on rheological, mechanical and thermal performance 3d打印塑料废料作为自密实砂浆骨料的可持续利用：流变学、力学和热性能研究。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36902-6

Usman Nazir, Min-Chih Liao, Duy-Hai Vo

{"title":"Sustainable use of 3D-printed plastic waste as aggregate in self-compacting mortar: A study on rheological, mechanical and thermal performance","authors":"Usman Nazir, Min-Chih Liao, Duy-Hai Vo","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36902-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36902-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plastic waste poses environmental and health risks, highlighting the need for sustainable reuse in construction. This study introduces a novel solution to plastic waste utilization by: (1) developing rheological testing equipment from plastic using 3D printing technology, and (2) enhancing the rheological performance of self-compacting mortar (SCM) with 3D-printed plastic fine aggregates (3DPFA). SCM mixtures incorporating 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% 3DPFA as a replacement for natural sand were prepared and tested to evaluate fresh, mechanical, and thermal properties through mini-slump flow, T20 spread time, J-ring flow, V-funnel, compressive strength, UPV, and thermal conductivity tests. Results revealed that incorporating 3DPFA significantly enhanced workability and flow characteristics. The mini-slump spread increased progressively with higher 3DPFA content, showing a 6% improvement at 20% replacement compared to the control. T20 flow time decreased markedly, reaching 2 s at 20% 3DPFA, indicating improved flowability. Similarly, J-ring tests demonstrated enhanced passing ability, with increased spread and reduced height differences, maintaining slump flow differences within acceptable limits. V-funnel flow time reduced from 7 s in the control mix to 5 s with 20% 3DPFA, confirming improved viscosity and flow dynamics. Furthermore, thermal conductivity showed a substantial reduction of up to 22%. These findings highlight a promising pathway for plastic waste valorization in the construction sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 35","pages":"21253 - 21265"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-025-36902-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultrasonic and microwave irradiation-aided leaching for effective desulphurization of high sulphur North-East Indian coal 超声和微波辅助浸出对高硫东北印度煤的有效脱硫。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36900-8

Rabindra Kangsha Banik, Pankaj Kalita

{"title":"Ultrasonic and microwave irradiation-aided leaching for effective desulphurization of high sulphur North-East Indian coal","authors":"Rabindra Kangsha Banik, Pankaj Kalita","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36900-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36900-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This present investigation focuses on desulphurization of high sulphur North-East Indian coal under ultrasonic and microwave irradiation-aided chemical leaching. The powdered coal was treated under four different conditions, such as alkali leaching under low-energy ultrasound energy (US), acid leaching under ultra-high frequency microwave energy (MW), ultrasonic followed by microwave treatment (US–MW) and microwave followed by ultrasonic treatment (MW–US). The ultrasonic treatment was conducted using 0.1 M NaOH solution under ultrasonic energy of 20 kHz for three different residence times. Similarly, microwave treatment was performed using a mixture of 1:1 (HCl + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) solution for three different microwave energy levels. The raw and treated coal samples were investigated using various characterisation techniques. The ultimate analysis and X-ray photoelctron spectroscopy spectra reveal a substantial reduction in inorganic, organic as well as total sulphur content of coal. The experimental findings reveal the removal of sulphur from coal in the order of US–MW > MW–US > US > MW. However, for demineralization of coal, the sequence changes to MW–US > US–MW > MW > US. During US–MW treatment of coal, a maximum removal of 65.6% of total sulphur and 35.3% of ash has been observed. Therefore, alkaline leaching under ultrasonic irradiation followed by acid leaching under microwave irradiation is recommended as the superior technique for desulphurization of coal.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 35","pages":"21227 - 21242"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neurotoxic effects and osmoregulatory disbalance caused by the insecticide fipronil in the Amazon fish, Colossoma macropomum 杀虫剂氟虫腈对亚马逊巨像鱼的神经毒性作用和渗透调节失衡。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36919-x

Ducilene do Carmo da Silva, Gilzelle Maria da Luz Silva, Liana Bezerra Dias de Lima, Sandro Estevan Moron, Anieli Cristina Maraschi, Marisa Narciso Fernandes, Marcelo Gustavo Paulino

{"title":"Neurotoxic effects and osmoregulatory disbalance caused by the insecticide fipronil in the Amazon fish, Colossoma macropomum","authors":"Ducilene do Carmo da Silva, Gilzelle Maria da Luz Silva, Liana Bezerra Dias de Lima, Sandro Estevan Moron, Anieli Cristina Maraschi, Marisa Narciso Fernandes, Marcelo Gustavo Paulino","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36919-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36919-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fipronil is an insecticide broadly used in agriculture and flowage and has been largely detected in aquatic ecosystems, threatening the health and development of fish. This present work investigated the neurotoxic and osmoregulatory potential of acute exposure to fipronil, emphasizing alterations of enzyme, histopathological, and morphophysiological activities in the brain and gills of <i>Colossoma macropomum</i>. The fish were exposed to the control (without fipronil) and exposed conditions, added fipronil in concentrations of 40 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (F40) and 160 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (F160) for 96 h, following the collection of plasma, white muscle, brain, and gills for analysis. The muscle of F160 presented an increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whereas brain activity was constant, even with an intracellular edema shown by histopathology. The interference of the insecticide in the muscular AChE activity demonstrated a neurotoxic effect in the neuromuscular junction that caused behavior impairment, considering flaws in nervous impulse transmission. The immunohistochemical analysis did not show a difference in the density of MRC; however, an imbalance in plasmatic osmo-ionic regulation was observed. Plasmatic Na<sup>+</sup> of F160 increased, whereas K<sup>+</sup> decreased compared to control. On the other hand, in F40, the plasmatic K<sup>+</sup> decreased, and the total osmolality increased. Histopathological indexes do not show morphological damage in gills; however, fipronil presented effects on physiological processes of gills that regulate ionic and osmotic homeostasis, which can affect animal survival in the long term.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 35","pages":"21217 - 21226"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144991132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Innovation and sustainability in environmental engineering. 环境工程的创新和可持续性。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36914-2

Jai Prakash Kushwaha, Vimal Chandra Srivastava, Rajeev Mehta, Neetu Singh

引用次数: 0

Alkaline pretreatment wastewater from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and emerging management strategies. 木质纤维素生物质碱预处理废水：挑战和新兴管理策略。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36775-9

Swachchhatoya Ghosh, Subhankar Roy, Siddhartha Moulik

{"title":"Alkaline pretreatment wastewater from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and emerging management strategies.","authors":"Swachchhatoya Ghosh, Subhankar Roy, Siddhartha Moulik","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36775-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36775-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alkaline pretreatment is the most widely employed chemical process for lignocellulosic biomass, particularly at an industrial scale. However, this method generates a significant volume of complex wastewater, which contains recalcitrant organic molecules, high concentrations of biopolymers, and hazardous chemicals. These waste streams have been largely overlooked, with conventional disposal methods, such as incineration in recovery boilers, posing serious environmental and resource inefficiency concerns. This review offers a comprehensive assessment of alkaline wastewater management, with a focus on the hierarchical structure of treatment strategies and the recovery of valuable resources. The paper highlights various advanced treatment techniques, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), biological treatment, and hybrid methods, emphasizing the importance of wastewater recycling through minimal liquid discharge (MLD) technologies. A techno-economic analysis is also provided to evaluate the feasibility of these approaches within a biorefinery framework. By addressing the environmental hazards associated with alkaline pretreatment and promoting sustainable resource recovery, this study aims to establish a more efficient and eco-friendly strategy for managing complex wastewater in the pulp and paper industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the effectiveness of graphene on stored product insects 温度和相对湿度对石墨烯灭虫效果的影响。

IF 5.8 3区环境科学与生态学

Environmental Science and Pollution Research Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36899-y

Evagelia Lampiri, Dusan Losic, Christos G. Athanassiou

{"title":"Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the effectiveness of graphene on stored product insects","authors":"Evagelia Lampiri, Dusan Losic, Christos G. Athanassiou","doi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36899-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11356-025-36899-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This investigation assessed the insecticidal efficacy of two graphene formulations (Gr1 and Gr2) on wheat kernels against adults of <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in relation to temperature and relative humidity (RH) at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. These bioassays were conducted in all possible combinations of three temperature levels: 20, 25, and 30 °C, as well as two relative humidity levels (55 and 75%). Progeny production was also evaluated 65 days later. The species that emerged as the most susceptible to graphene-treated wheat kernels was <i>O. surinamensis</i> compared to <i>S. oryzae</i>, regardless of temperature, RH, dose, and graphene formulation. At high RH levels, increasing temperature led to a decrease in mortality of <i>S. oryzae</i> in both Gr1 and Gr2, whereas at low RH levels, the results were dependent on the dosage of graphene formulation. At 75% RH, mortality ranged at significantly lower rates compared to their corresponding ones at 55% RH, while RH appeared to have no effect at 20 °C regardless of graphene formulation. Total inhibition of the emergence of progeny production was recorded for <i>O. surinamensis</i>, while graphene failed to suppress the progeny of <i>S. oryzae.</i> The current study’s findings offer evidence supporting the feasibility of using graphene as an alternative to chemical-based pest control approach for protecting grain stored products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":545,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","volume":"32 35","pages":"21243 - 21252"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0