Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane","authors":"Kuniaki Takata,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Matsuzaki,&nbsp;Yuki Tajika","doi":"10.1016/j.proghi.2004.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.proghi.2004.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0–AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 1-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.proghi.2004.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24604009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ifc Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(04)00016-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6336(04)00016-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":"Page IFC"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(04)00016-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137223304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunocytochemistry of myoepithelial cells in the salivary glands","authors":"D.D.S., Ph.D. Yuzo Ogawa (Associate Professor)","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80001-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80001-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MECs are distributed on the basal aspect of the intercalated duct and acinus of human and rat salivary glands. However, they do not occur in the acinus of rat parotid glands, and sometimes occur in the striated duct of human salivary glands. MECs, as the name implies, have structural features of both epithelial and smooth muscle cells. They contract by autonomic nervous stimulation, and are thought to assist the secretion by compressing and/or reinforcing the underlying parenchyma. MECs can be best observed by immunocytochemistry. There are three types of immunocytochemical markers of MECs in salivary glands. The first type includes smooth muscle protein markers such as α-SMA, SMMHC, h-caldesmon and basic calponin, and these are expressed by MECs and the mesenchymal vasculature. The second type is expressed by MECs and the duct cells and includes keratins 14, 5 and 17, α1β1 integrin, and metallothionein. Vimentin is the third type and, in addition to MECs, is expressed by the mesenchymal cells and some duct cells. The same three types of markers are used for studying the developing gland.</p><p>Development of MECs starts after the establishment of an extensively branched system of cellular cords each of which terminates as a spherical cell mass, a terminal bud. The pluripotent stem cell generates the acinar progenitor in the terminal bud and the ductal progenitor in the cellular cord. The acinar progenitor differentiates into MECs, acinar cells and intercalated duct cells, whereas the ductal progenitor differentiates into the striated and excretory duct cells. Both in the terminal bud and in the cellular cord, the immediate precursors of all types of the epithelial cells appear to express vimentin. The first identifiable MECs are seen at the periphery of the terminal bud or the immature acinus (the direct progeny of the terminal bud) as somewhat flattened cells with a single cilium projecting toward them. They express vimentin and later α-SMA and basic calponin. At the next developmental stage, MECs acquire cytoplasmic microfilaments and plasmalemmal caveolae but not as much as in the mature cell. They express SMMHC and, inconsistently, K14. This protein is consistently expressed in the mature cell. K14 is expressed by duct cells, and vimentin is expressed by both mesenchymal and epithelial cells.</p><p>After development, the acinar progenitor and the ductal progenitor appear to reside in the acinus/intercalated duct and the larger ducts, respectively, and to contribute to the tissue homeostasis. Under unusual conditions such as massive parenchymal destruction, the acinar progenitor contributes to the maintenance of the larger ducts that result in the occurrence of striated ducts with MECs. The acinar progenitor is the origin of salivary gland tumors containing MECs. MECs in salivary gland tumors are best identified by immunocytochemistry for α-SMA. There are significant numbers of cells related to luminal tumor cells in the non-luminal t","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 343-426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80001-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40823922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis","authors":"PhD Luis M. Montuenga (Professor),&nbsp;PhD Laura Guembe,&nbsp;PhD M. Angela Burrell,&nbsp;PhD M. Elena Bodegas,&nbsp;PhD Alfonso Calvo,&nbsp;MD PhD Jesús J. Sola,&nbsp;PhD Pilar Sesma (Professor),&nbsp;PhD Ana C. Villaro (Professor)","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80004-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80004-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present review we will summarise the current knowledge about the cells comprising the Diffuse Endocrine System (DES) in mammalian organs. We will describe the morphological, histochemical and functional traits of these cells in three major systems gastrointestinal, respiratory and prostatic. We will also focus on some aspects of their ontogeny and differentiation, as well as to their relevance in carcinogenesis, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. The first chapter describes the characteristics of DES cells and some of their specific biological and biochemical traits. The second chapter deals with DES in the gastrointestinal organs, with special reference to the new data on the differentiation mechanisms that leads to the appearance of endocrine cells from an undifferentiated stem cell. The third chapter is devoted to DES of the respiratory system and some aspects of its biological role, both, during development and adulthood. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neuroendocrine lung tumors are also addressed. Finally, the last chapter deals with the prostatic DES, discussing its probable functional role and its relevance in hormone-resistant prostatic carcinomas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"38 2","pages":"Pages 153-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80004-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22393300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apoptotic detection methods — from morphology to gene","authors":"M.D. Yoshinori Otsuki (Professor),&nbsp;M.D. Zhonglian Li (Assistant professor),&nbsp;Ph.D. Masa-Aki Shibata (Associate Professor)","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80002-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80002-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To date, many terms have been given for cell death and forgotten before they became widely accepted. Most researchers studying cell death use some terms for cell death that have survived over centuries and regard apoptosis and programmed cell death (PCD), and necrosis and oncosis as synonymous. The different terminologies used for cell death depending on the preference of researchers sometimes cause confusion in the study of apoptosis. The study of apoptosis was first based on cell morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM): chromatin condensation, cellular shrinkage, budding and apoptotic body formation. Recently, marked progress in biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics provided researchers of apoptosis various tools for apoptotsis detection, such as the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method, agarose gel electrophoresis using extracted DNA, staining methods using fluorescence dyes, and flow cytometry.</p><p>This review focuses on the following topics: history of the study of cell death and its classification, apoptosis-related proteins and their signal pathways, morphological, biochemical and molecular biological methods of apoptosis detection, and the transcriptional regulation of <em>bcl</em>-2 using the real-time Southwestern method and cancer gene therapy. In addition, the merits and demerits of the above-mentioned apoptosis detection methods are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 275-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(03)80002-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22393301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the human cerebral cortex: A histochemical study","authors":"M.D., FRCP (Lond. Edin.) FHKCP, FHKAM (Medicine) Sau Cheung Tiu (Consultant Physician) ,&nbsp;Ph.D., D.Sc., Dr. med. (habil) David T. Yew (Professor) ,&nbsp;Ph.D. Wood Yee Chan (Professor)","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80002-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80002-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, improvement in diagnostic techniques has led to better recognition of “disorders of cortical development”. These disorders constitute a significant cause of epilepsy, mental retardation, developmental delay and neurological deficits in childhood, and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of psychological and neurodegenerative diseases in adults. Hitherto, however, few systematic studies of the human fetal cortex have been performed, and little is known about the ontogenetic processes of the neocortex in man.</p><p>The aim of the study is to establish an understanding of the developmental events that occur in the second and third trimesters of gestation, by investigating the biochemical patterns of development of the human neocortex during this period. The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the neuronal markers γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), dopamine β hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine receptor DR1 and synaptophysin, as well as the glial cell markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B and excitatory amino acid transporter protein GLT-1 are delineated in the fetal cortex using immunohistochemistry.</p><p>Results of this study showed that different neuronal and glial cell proteins follow different developmental patterns and many show inter- or intra-regional variations in expression. Details of these patterns are described and discussed. The early expression of these proteins suggests that they play important roles in the developmental processes of cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Both neurotransmitters and glial cell proteins probably function outside the confines of synapses in the fetal brain, as paracrine/autocrine factors. Early developmental events seem to be dictated by an innate programme, whereas late events may be more susceptible to extrinsic influences.</p><p>It is hoped that knowledge of the normal developmental process can lead to better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of “disorders of cortical development”, and to better treatments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"Pages 3-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22257874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and function of human sweat glands studied with histochemistry and cytochemistry","authors":"Kenji Saga","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80005-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80005-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The basic structure and the physiological function of human sweat glands were reviewed. Histochemical and cytochemical techniques greatly contributed the elucidation of the ionic mechanism of sweat secretion. X-ray microanalysis using freeze-dried cryosections clarified the level of Na, K, and Cl in each secretory cell of the human sweat gland. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography elucidated the localization of Na,K-ATPase. These data supported the idea that human eccrine sweat is produced by the model of N-K-2Cl cotransport. Cationic colloidal gold localizes anionic sites on histological sections. Human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands showed completely different localization and enzyme sensitivity of anionic sites studied with cationic gold. Human sweat glands have many immunohistochemical markers. Some of them are specific to apocrine sweat glands, although many of them stain both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Histochemical techniques, especially immunohistochemistry using a confocal laser scanning microscope and in situ hybridization, will further clarify the relationship of the structure and function in human sweat glands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"37 4","pages":"Pages 323-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80005-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22052679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The case for extending storage and secretion functions of human mast cell granules to include synthesis","authors":"M.D. Ann M. Dvorak (Professor of Pathology),&nbsp;B.A. Ellen S. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80006-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80006-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrastructural studies using standard procedures have for years indicated close associations of ribosomes and secretory granules in human mast cells. These descriptive studies have informed new studies, using established and new ultrastructural methods based on different principles, designed to investigate the possible role of RNA metabolism in secretory granules of human mast cells. In aggregate, these studies indicate human mast cell secretory granule associations with ribosomes, the protein synthetic machine of cells, with ribosomal proteins, with RNA, with poly(A)-positive mRNA and with various long-lived, or short-lived, uridine-rich, and poly(A)-poor RNA species with key roles in RNA processing and splicing. These studies indicate that secretory-storage granules in human mast cells may also be synthetic granules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 231-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80006-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55875177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioautographology general and special","authors":"M.D., Ph.D. Tetsuji Nagata (Prof. Emer.)","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80003-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new concept, termed “radioautographology” is advocated and its contents are reviewed. This term is the coinage synthesized from “radioautography” and “(o)logy”, expressing a new science derived from radioautography. The concept of radioautographology (RAGology) is a science to localize the radioactive substances in the biological structure of the objects and to analyze and to study the significance of these substances in the biological structure. On the other hand, the old term radioautography (RAG) or autoradiography (ARG) is the technique to demonstrate the pattern of localization of various radiolabeled compounds in biological specimens. The specimens used in biology and medicine are cells and tissues. They are fixed, sectioned and made contact with the radioautographic emulsions, exposed and developed to produce metallic silver grains. Such specimens are designated as radioautographs (or autoradiographs) and the patterns of pictures made of silver grains are named radioautograms. Those people who produced radioautographs were formerly named radioautographers (or autoradiographers) who were only technicians, while those who study RAGology are not technicians but scientists and should be called as radioautographologists.</p><p>The science of radioautographology was developed in the 20th century and can be divided into two parts, general radioautographology and special radioautographology, as most natural sciences usually can. The general radioautographolgy is the technology of RAG which consists of 3 fields of sciences, physics concerning radioactivity, histochemistry treating the cells and tissues and photochemistry dealing with the photographic emulsions.</p><p>The special radioautographology, on the other hand, consists of applications of general radioautographology to various biological and medical sciences. The applications can be classified into several scientific fields, i.e., cellular molecular biology, anatomy, histology, embryology, pathology and pharmacology. Studies carried out in our laboratory were summarized and reviewed. The results obtained from the technology includes 4-dimensional structures of the organs taking the time dimension into account by labeling cells and localizing the sites of incorporation, synthesis, discharge of the labeled compounds in connection with the time lapse and aging of animals. All the results obtained from such applications should be systematized as a new filed of science in the future in the 21st century.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"37 2","pages":"Pages 59-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80003-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55875168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collagen-binding I domain integrins — what do they do?","authors":"Ph. D. Donald E. Gullberg,&nbsp;Ph. D. Evy Lundgren-Åkerlund","doi":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80008-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80008-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collagens are the most abundant proteins in the mammalian body and it is well recognized that collagens fulfill an important structural role in the extracellular matrix in a number of tissues. Inactivation of the collagen α1(I) gene in mice results in embryonic lethality and collagen mutations in humans cause defects leading to disease. Integrins constitute a major group of receptors for extracellular matrix components, including collagens. Currently four collagen-binding I domain-containing integrins are known, namely α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1. Unlike the undisputed role of collagens as structural elements, the biological importance of integrin mediated cell-collagen interactions is far from clear. This is in part due to the limited information available on the most recent additions of the integrin family, α10β1 and α11β1. Future studies using gene inactivation of individual and multiple integrin genes will allow testing of the hypothesis that collagen-binding integrins have redundant functions but will also shed light on their importance in pathological conditions. In this review we will describe what is currently known about the collagen-binding integrins and discuss their biological functions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54550,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 3-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0079-6336(02)80008-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55875192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}