Psychology of Sport and Exercise最新文献

{"title":"The effects of self-control exertion on subsequent physical performance in an alexithymic population","authors":"Hannah L. Graham,&nbsp;Ruth Boat,&nbsp;Simon B. Cooper,&nbsp;Noel P. Kinrade","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Initial self-control exertion can impair subsequent physical performance, with perceptions of pain and motivation proposed as potential mechanisms. Examining state anxiety in this context is critical, as reductions may reflect more adaptive emotional responses to exertion in alexithymic athletes. Whilst yet to be explored, the limited emotional awareness and regulation associated with alexithymia may buffer against the performance-depleting effects of self-control exertion. This study addresses this gap and examines pain, motivation, RPE, and state anxiety as potential mechanisms. Using a within-subject crossover design, 40 participants (aged 18–45 years; 27 male, 13 female; 20 alexithymic, 20 non-alexithymic) completed a wall-sit to exhaustion twice, following either a non-self-control task (congruent Stroop) or self-control task (incongruent Stroop). Pain, motivation, and RPE were recorded at 15-s and every 30-s thereafter during the wall-sit, while state anxiety was measured pre-wall-sit, immediately post-wall-sit, and 10-min post. Self-control exertion influenced performance differently between groups. Non-alexithymic individuals exhibited significant performance decrements, quitting the wall-sit sooner following self-control exertion compared to the non-exertion condition (p = 0.007). In contrast, alexithymic individuals performed the wall-sit for significantly longer following self-control exertion compared to the non-exertion condition (p &lt; 0.001). Multilevel modelling revealed greater increases in pain and RPE over time, alongside steeper motivation declines, for alexithymic individuals compared to non-alexithymic individuals, particularly under self-control exertion conditions. Despite reporting heightened anxiety, alexithymic individuals did not experience performance declines, indicating a potential adaptive benefit in emotionally challenging situations, which warrants further exploration across different sports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102962"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of environmental pressure and inhibitory control capacity on anxiety, mental workload and shooting performance in multitasking basketball contexts","authors":"A. Gutiérrez-Capote ,&nbsp;J. Jiménez-Martínez ,&nbsp;I. Madinabeitia ,&nbsp;E. Torre ,&nbsp;A.S. Leicht ,&nbsp;M. Botía ,&nbsp;F. Alarcón ,&nbsp;D. Cárdenas","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Basketball shooting performance is crucial for match outcomes, often influenced by environmental pressure and anxiety. This study investigates how increased task demands and outcome consequences affect anxiety, mental workload, and shooting performance in multitasking basketball contexts. Additionally, it examines the moderating role of inhibitory control (IC) on these effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-nine youth basketball athletes (26 males and 13 females; age 14.9 ± 1.3 years) participated in two experimental sessions with varying levels of environmental manipulation: Low Environmental Manipulation (LEM) and High Environmental Manipulation (HEM), differing in the cognitive-motor complexity of the task and the consequences associated with performance outcomes. An intrasubject, repeated measures design was used, where participants performed multitasking activities involving dribbling and shooting under different rules and scoring systems. Anxiety, mental workload, and shooting performance were measured, along with participants' baseline IC.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The HEM condition significantly increased anxiety (p &lt; 0.001) and mental workload (p &lt; 0.001) compared to the LEM condition, leading to a notable decrease in shooting performance (p &lt; 0.001). Participants with higher IC exhibited better performance (p = 0.007 for LEM, p = 0.046 for HEM) and lower mental workload. Regression analyses indicated that cognitive-motor performance accuracy (p = 0.016) and mental activity (p = 0.004) were significant predictors of shooting performance and state anxiety (p &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Environmental pressure, through increased task demands and outcome consequences, elevates anxiety and mental workload, negatively impacting basketball shooting performance. Higher IC moderates these effects, suggesting that athletes with better inhibitory abilities can maintain performance under pressure. These findings highlight the importance of designing training programs that simulate competitive pressure and develop athletes' cognitive control capacities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How is affective well-being related to need satisfaction and frustration across rehabilitation in injured athletes? Findings from an intensive longitudinal study","authors":"Philipp Röthlin ,&nbsp;Stephan Horvath ,&nbsp;Mathias Allemand","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injuries are common in competitive sports and often lead to uncertainty about athletes' future participation. During rehabilitation, athletes face challenges that hinder their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, often associated with poorer affecting well-being. While prior research has demonstrated links between higher need frustration, lower need satisfaction, and poorer well-being, most studies have been cross-sectional, thereby missing dynamic fluctuations throughout rehabilitation. This intensive longitudinal study aimed to assess these within-person relationships between need satisfaction, need frustration, and affective well-being in injured athletes, as well as examine potential within-person cross-lagged effects.</div><div>The study involved 103 injured athletes who completed assessments three times daily over 21 days, resulting in 3074 observations. Using multilevel modeling, the analysis found that 36–45 % of variance in affective well-being, need satisfaction, and need frustration was between individuals, while 55–64 % stemmed from within-person fluctuations. Higher need satisfaction and lower need frustration were linked consistently to better affective well-being at both the within- and between-person levels. However, few significant within-person cross-lagged effects were found.</div><div>These findings emphasize the need to address both within-day variations and overall levels of psychological needs during rehabilitation. While the study confirmed the strong association between need satisfaction, need frustration, and affective well-being, further research is needed to establish causal relationships. Ideally, future studies should incorporate a higher frequency of measurements per day to examine feedback mechanisms between these variables during rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"25 years of qualitative research in sport and exercise Psychology: How did it Go? and what now?","authors":"Brett Smith ,&nbsp;Martin Roderick ,&nbsp;Hester Hockin-Boyers ,&nbsp;Javier Monforte ,&nbsp;Toni Louise Williams ,&nbsp;Patrick Jachyra ,&nbsp;Caroline Dodd-Reynolds ,&nbsp;Cassandra Phoenix","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology has grown over the last 25 years. The number of papers published in journals like <em>Psychology of Sport and Exercise</em> has increased. There has also been growth in terms of the variety and sophistication of work published. Such growth suggests qualitative research is in a good place. It is <em>and</em> it isn't. This paper aims to advance qualitative research and be a resource to guide future practice. It first celebrates qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology by offering examples of the positive qualities of work being done. The paper then highlights some problems by attending to the tokenistic engagement with epistemology and ontology plus some associated fallacies. Some thoughts about how qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology might develop are next offered. To help support the ongoing development of qualitative research we attend to interviewing, story completion, analysis, computer-assisted software, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital methods. The paper also provides a note on physical activity guidelines, qualitative research, and policy-making. It closes by reaffirming the need to approach qualitative research as a slow craft that involves people (not AI) making tough, well-thought-out ethical, theoretical, and methodological decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102958"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating brain-body-behavior data for performance optimization: Augmented technologies for the next generation of sport psychologists","authors":"Luca Bovolon ,&nbsp;Antonio De Fano ,&nbsp;Gianluca Di Pinto ,&nbsp;Salvatore A. Rosito ,&nbsp;Camilla Scaramuzza ,&nbsp;Emeline Tanet ,&nbsp;Maurizio Bertollo","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing sport performance demands a nuanced understanding of the dynamic interaction between the person, the task, and the environment. Within the framework of the Multi-States theory, the integration of brain-body data informs emotion- and action-centered self-regulatory strategies by uncovering the psychophysiological dynamics that characterize proficient information processing and superior performance effectiveness. This theoretical and practical approach offers the opportunity to track athletes’ performance states and implement real-time adjustments, while it could also support the development of interventions and training regiments that are individualized and task-specific. We also argue how brain-body-behavior technologies could be combined within virtual mixed or augmented environments to support the transfer of perceptual-cognitive-motor skills from lab-based interventions into real-world performance outcomes. We argue that such measures offer unique, objective windows into performance states and self-regulation skills, particularly in ecologically valid settings. We further discuss current trends and challenges that surround the use of technology in performance optimization interventions within the field of sport psychology, and we propose that future augmented technologies should strive to develop AI-driven brain-body-behavior data analytics to combine objective pattern recognition with subjective experiential insight, urging the next generation of sport psychologists to shift from reactive to proactive approaches to performance optimization to better align current applied practices with the complex dynamics of sport performance. Finally, we argue that research lines investigating team dynamics and e-sport performance are especially well-positioned to benefit from this integrative approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102954"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lady and the champ: The shared career experiences and retirement transition of a champion jockey and his partner","authors":"Erin Reddington,&nbsp;Stacy Winter","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elite sporting careers are made up of a succession of transitions and adjustments across multiple layers. Part of the microenvironment is an athlete's romantic partner who moves through the transitions alongside them, being impacted along the way. Though researchers are yet to explore jockeys and their partners experiences within the horse racing context. Framed through the transition environment working model (Henriksen et al., 2024) and supported by the family systems theory (Broderick, 1993), this study aimed to explore the career experiences and retirement transition of a retired Champion jockey as perceived by him and his female partner. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, four semi-structured interviews were conducted with the two participants, Richard and Lizzie Hughes (<em>M</em> age = 46.5, <em>SD</em> = 2.1) who consented to their identities being disclosed. Three themes were constructed: “It was all worth it”; “You can't have the good times without the bad”; and “It's been a journey but one I clearly wouldn't change”. Findings of this study highlighted the influence of the micro-level environment in shaping transition experiences, which ultimately impacted the partner too. Secondly, addiction and obsessive passion were found throughout transition experiences. Thirdly, despite being normative the retirement transition process presented emotional and physical challenges across jockey and partner. In all, the study provided a novel insight of the experiences and perceptions of both jockey and partner. Further research attention and applied support avenues for both parties are warranted, since their experiences are closely intertwined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effects of perfectionism on competitive golf performance: A multi-level analysis","authors":"Daniel J.M. Fleming ,&nbsp;Andrew P. Hill ,&nbsp;Luke F. Olsson ,&nbsp;Sarah H. Mallinson-Howard ,&nbsp;Travis E. Dorsch","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality characteristic comprised of two higher-order factors termed perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC). Research has typically found perfectionistic strivings to be related to better sport performance, while concerns are usually unrelated. However, many of the tests of this relationship use non-athletes, contrived tasks, and one-off performances, and have also focused on the separate, rather than interactive, effects of PS and PC. The present study was designed to address these limitations by testing the interactive effect of indicators of PS and PC in predicting performance across two rounds of competitive golf. Eighty-nine male golf athletes (<em>M</em>_<em>age</em> = 28.42 years, <em>SD</em> = 11.87) completed measures of perfectionism and then competed in a regional golf competition. Their cumulative score, relative to par, across two rounds determined their performance. Hierarchical linear modelling, nesting performances within individuals, holes, and rounds, showed a significant three-way interaction between self-oriented performance perfectionism (indicator of PS), socially prescribed performance perfectionism (indicator of PC), and round (<em>b</em> = 0.36, <em>SE</em> = 0.17, <em>p</em> = .039). At low levels of socially prescribed performance perfectionism, self-oriented performance perfectionism predicted improved performance; however, at high levels of socially prescribed performance perfectionism, self-oriented performance perfectionism predicted poorer performance. Findings highlight the importance of assessing the relationship between perfectionism and sport performance in real-world competitive contexts over time, while accounting for the interplay between indicators of PS and PC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102952"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144669150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding trauma-informed physical activity in practice: A qualitative exploration","authors":"Akusile Makawa ,&nbsp;Emily Baldwin ,&nbsp;Gemma Witcomb ,&nbsp;Hayley Jarvis ,&nbsp;Florence Kinnafick","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing appreciation of trauma and its implications on the health of those affected has led to the adoption of trauma-informed principles across different sectors where service providers interact with those who have experienced trauma. Those in the physical activity sector have begun to incorporate trauma-informed principles into programme design and delivery. However, there remains no consensus on how trauma-informed principles are operationalised and implemented within a physical activity context. The present study aims to explore what it means to be trauma-informed in physical activity, identifying the principles essential for physical activity programmes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants (10 female, 7 male) from organisations facilitating and delivering trauma-informed physical activity programmes. A critical realist-informed approach to thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Four themes were developed: (i) approaching with considerate curiosity, (ii) boundaries and scope of practice, (iii) the importance of shared lived experience, and (iv) meeting people where they are. These themes highlight principles that must be present in trauma-informed physical activity, such as physical activity providers understanding their limits of practice and referring to other services when these limits are met. They also outline the importance of understanding and empathy in trauma-informed physical activity. For trauma-informed physical activity programmes to be effective, these principles must be consistent across the programmes’ design and delivery. This study progresses understanding of trauma-informed principles and offers professionals in the physical activity sector insights of how they can ensure their programmes are appropriate for those who have experienced trauma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who rules in times of the Video Assistant Referee? On referees’ decision making in football","authors":"Harry Garretsen,&nbsp;Janka I. Stoker,&nbsp;Rob Alessie","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decision-making in high-pressure environments is a complex process influenced by individual characteristics and hierarchical dynamics. In football, the introduction of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) was intended to improve decision accuracy. However, VAR decisions involve human judgment and interaction between the VAR and the on-field referee. This study analyzes all VAR interventions (N = 515) in the Dutch top football league (2019–2021), examining how age, experience, and status asymmetries between referees influence decision-making. Results show that younger, less experienced, and lower-ranked VARs recommend more interventions and are more likely to have their advice disregarded. Status-authority asymmetry particularly affects subjective calls requiring on-field reviews (ORF). Findings highlight that officiating decisions are shaped by cognitive and social factors, contributing to research on decision-making under uncertainty. The findings contribute not only to sports science, but also more generally to the literature on decision-making by professionals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102941"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term aerobic exercise enhances interoception and reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety in physically inactive young adults: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Michał Remiszewski ,&nbsp;Gabriela Rajtar ,&nbsp;Zuzanna Komarek ,&nbsp;Tomasz Pałka ,&nbsp;Marcin Maciejczyk ,&nbsp;Tomasz S. Ligeza","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physical exercise offers many health benefits, with substantial evidence supporting its positive impact on affective symptoms. An intriguing yet underexplored mechanism associated with this effect is the enhancement of interoception—the ability to perceive internal bodily sensations. We investigated the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), interoceptive confidence (ICon) and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Physically inactive young adult participants were randomly assigned to either an Experimental (n = 32) or a passive Control group (n = 30). The Experimental group completed a 12-week cycling ergometer program, with the first 6 weeks consisting of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) followed by 6 weeks of moderate to high-intensity interval training (MIIT). IAcc and ICon was assessed through a heartbeat counting task, while symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of intervention. The results showed a significant improvement in IAcc, ICon and affective symptoms in the Experimental group after 6 weeks of MICT compared to baseline. However, the transition to MIIT did not produce further gains. No beneficial changes in IAcc, ICon or affective symptoms were observed in the passive Control group throughout the intervention. The study highlights exercise's potential to improve interoception in physically inactive young adults and to enhance emotional well-being by improving affective symptoms. Given the increasing physical inactivity among healthy individuals, our findings may contribute to preventing the adverse consequences of such a lifestyle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102939"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}