{"title":"Fault condition detection for a copper flotation process based on a wavelet multi-scale binary froth image","authors":"Lu Ming, Gui Wei-hua, P. Tao, Cao Wei","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680195","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the difficulty of detecting the fault condition of copper flotation in real-time, a new fault condition detection method based on the wavelet multi-scale binary image is proposed. Firstly, the froth gray image is decomposed into approximation sub-images and detailed sub-images by wavelet transformation, whereby the approximation sub-images of different scales are restructured and binarized. Then a new feature that is directly related to froth morphology, namely the equivalent size feature, is obtained by calculating the white area of each binary image according to the space-frequency relationship of a two-dimensional wavelet transformation. After this, the equivalent size distribution of the froth image can be obtained through the equivalent size feature. At last, the equivalent size distributions of different froth images are compared in order to classify the froth images under different flotation conditions. Experiment results, together with the industrial field data, show that this method can simply and effectively detect fault conditions in the copper flotation process.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"54 1","pages":"177-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90691217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamilton José de Mello, Diego Rafael de Mello, Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar, Doriana M. D’Addona
{"title":"Rolstoel van de Overdracht van het aluminium de Hand Vouwende met de Rem van het Handvat","authors":"Hamilton José de Mello, Diego Rafael de Mello, Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar, Doriana M. D’Addona","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680070","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a great advance in the grinding process by the development of dressing, lubri-refrigeration and other methods. Nevertheless, all of these advances were gained only for continuous cutting; in other words, the ground workpiece profile remains unchanged. Hence, it becomes necessary to study grinding process using intermittent cutting (grooved workpiece – discontinuous cutting), as little or no knowledge and studies have been developed for this purpose, since there is nothing found in formal literature, except for grooved grinding wheels. During the grinding process, heat generated in the cutting zone is extremely high. Therefore, plenty of cutting fluids are essential to cool not only the workpiece but also the grinding wheel, improving the grinding process. In this paper, grinding trials were performed using a conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheel, testing samples made of AISI 4340 steel quenched and tempered with 2, 6, and 12 grooves. The cylindrical plunge grinding was performed by rotating the workpiece on the grinding wheel. This plunge movement was made at three different speeds. From the obtained results, it can be observed that roughness tended to increase for testing sample with the same number of grooves, as rotation speed increased. Roundness error also tended to increase as the speed rotation process got higher for testing the sample with the same number of grooves. Grinding wheel wear enhanced as rotation speed and number of grooves increased. Power consumed by the grinding machine was inversely proportional to the number of grooves. Subsuperficial microhardness had no significant change. Micrographs reveal an optimal machining operation as there was no significant damage on the machined surface.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"22 1","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89248530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tempering effect on the localized corrosion of 13Cr4Ni0.02C and 13Cr1Ni0.15C steels in a synthetic marine environment","authors":"R. Mendonça, N. A. Mariano","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680040","url":null,"abstract":"Primarily, tempering is used in martensitic stainless steels with low carbon in order to change their mechanical properties. However, it also modifies the corrosion properties; usually depending on the temperature and duration of the heat treatment. This work investigated the impact of tempering on the corrosion of 13Cr4Ni0.02C and 13Cr1Ni0.15C (% weight) steels. Samples were tempered at 650o, 700o and 750oC, characterized by optical microscopy and cyclic anodic polarization tests in a synthetic marine environment. The results showed differences in the microstructure of the 13Cr4Ni0.02C tempered samples, which changed from lath to lamellar with precipitates in the prior austenite grain boundaries. On the other hand, tempering did not affect the 13Cr1Ni0.15C microstructure. The anodic polarization tests showed that the pitting potential of the 13Cr4Ni0.02C samples decreased with the tempering temperature increasing. Similar values of pitting potential were found with the 13Cr1Ni0.15C tempered samples, which were lower than the 13Cr4Ni0.02C samples after tempering. It shows that even though the corrosion resistance of the 13Cr4Ni0.02C reduces when the tempering temperature was increased, it is better than that presented by 13Cr1Ni0.15C.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"21 1","pages":"201-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86691541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non linear elasto-plastic analysis of cylindrical cavity in rock mass using a Hoek-Brown criterion","authors":"Jefferson Tales Simão Simão, C. L. Nogueira","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680155","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to present an elastic, perfectly plastic, constitutive model based on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and with non-associative plasticity. The objective is to apply the model to the non-linear analysis of geotechnical problems like excavations in rock mass. The computational implementation was carried out with a computational program called ANLOG (Non-Linear Analysis of Geotechnical Problem) system based on a displacement formulation of the finite element method. Due to the non-linear nature of the constitutive model, the study adopts an incremental iterative Newton-Raphson procedure with automatic load increments to guarantee the global level equilibrium. In addition, to guarantee the consistency condition at the local level, the study adopts, for the stress integration, an explicit algorithm with automatic sub-increments of strain. To validate the computational implementation and applicability of the numerical model, the study uses theoretical results to compare with ones obtained with the numerical simulation of cylindrical cavity in rock mass.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"4018 1 1","pages":"145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86705100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of the hydration process of an industrial magnesia compound to obtain struvite crystals: a technique for recovering nutrients","authors":"S. R. Castro, M. Araújo, L. Lange","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680138","url":null,"abstract":"A cristalizacao da estruvita como uma tecnica para recuperar nutrientes a partir de correntes de efluentes tem provado ser uma alternativa atrativa aos tratamentos convencionais. O processo torna se economicamente viavel com a reducao dos custos relacionados aos reagentes quimicos, especialmente os ions de magnesio. Assim, esse estudo avaliou o processamento de um composto industrial de magnesia, de baixo custo e elevado teor, na obtencao de suspensoes de hidroxido de magnesio atraves de uma reacao de hidratacao, utilizando diferentes agentes (solucao de acetato de magnesio e de cloreto de sodio, alem de agua). A condicao otima de hidratacao foi atingida em solucao de acetato com uma taxa de conversao a hidroxido de cerca 67%. A eficiencia das suspensoes obtidas como reagente alternativo, no processo de cristalizacao da estruvita, foi avaliada em termos da remocao de nutrientes, NH4+-N e PO43-P. Em condicoes experimentais de razao Mg2+:NH4+:PO43- igual a 1,5:1,0:1,25 e pH igual a 8,5, os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelo uso da suspensao de hidroxido de magnesio obtida em solucao de acetato, que promoveu remocoes de cerca de 62% e 67% de NH4+-N e PO43--P, respectivamente. Por fim, analises instrumentais confirmaram a formacao de cristais de estruvita em um grau de pureza que possibilita seu uso como potencial fertilizante.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"199 1","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73753261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulations of Vertimill Pilot Scale tests for Itabirite","authors":"D. Mazzinghy, J. Russo, R. Galery, C. Schneider","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680014","url":null,"abstract":"The Minas-Rio Project is the biggest project from Anglo American in the world and considers Vertimill in the regrinding circuit to adequate the particle size distribution to feed slurry pipeline that will pump the ore from Conceicao do Mato Dentro in Minas Gerais State to Acu Port in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A Vertimill pilot test campaign was carried out at Metso's pilot plant facility located in York city, Pennsylvania State, USA, to provided information to sizing the industrial grinding circuit. The main objective of this work is proposing a way to simulate the industrial Vertimill using the population balance model, normally used to simulate ball mills. The simulations were based on the selection and breakage functions determined from the laboratory tests using a batch ball mill. The simulations were performed using a Vertimill model implemented in the ModsimTM plant-wide simulator. The results of simulations shows that was possible to simulate the pilot tests, with good accuracy, considering simple laboratory tests with small quantities of samples.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"47 1","pages":"109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73754889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Otimização de projeto","authors":"C. Carli, Peroni Rodrigo de Lemos","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680018","url":null,"abstract":"A mineral deposit can be exploited by underground methods or by open pit methods, defined according to their characteristics, especially in relation to depth and geometry of the ore body and the economic feasibility of the methods. However, there are cases in which the alternative that represents the best return for the project is the application of combined methods, i.e., the open pit followed by underground mining. In these situations, the major difficulty is the definition of the transition point of methods, seeking to maximize the net present value of the project and the use of mineral resources. The premature suspension of activities in the open pit, as well as advanc-ing beyond the optimum depth, can derail the implementation of the combination of methods, so it is important to analyze the project not only individually but also in an integrated way.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"18 1","pages":"97-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79094336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Rocha, L. Gomes, D. J. Moutinho, I. Ferreira, Amauri Garcia
{"title":"The columnar to equiaxed transition in the directional solidification of aluminum based multicomponent alloys","authors":"O. Rocha, L. Gomes, D. J. Moutinho, I. Ferreira, Amauri Garcia","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680237","url":null,"abstract":"In this work the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) was experimentally investigated in the unidirectional solidification of three aluminum based multicomponent alloys (Al-nSi-3Cu), with \"n\" equal to 5.5, 7.5 and 9 wt.%. The main parameters analyzed include the tip temperature gradient (GL), tip growth rate (VL), tip cooling rate (TR) and Si content. A water-cooled solidification experimental setup was developed, and specimens were solidified under unsteady state heat flow conditions. It is shown that for the alloys examined, the solute concentration influences the position of the CET, which occurs for an average cooling rate of about 1.17 0C/s. A comparative analysis between the results of this work and those from literature proposed to analyze the CET during upward vertical solidification of Al-Si alloys is reported and the results show that the end of the columnar region is abbreviated as a result of seven times higher critical cooling rate than that verified for Al-Si alloys.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"30 1","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83753700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alkmim, G. Sampaio, J. Dantas, A. T. Abreu, H. Nalini
{"title":"Geochemical fingerprint of siliceous, amphibolitic and magnetitic itabirite types of the region of Serra Azul – Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG","authors":"A. Alkmim, G. Sampaio, J. Dantas, A. T. Abreu, H. Nalini","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680104","url":null,"abstract":"Banded iron formations are important providers of information about the evolution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and lithosphere of the Earth. This study gathers data from the geochemical investigation of major, minor and trace elements (including rare earth elements) of the siliceous, amphibolitic and magnetitic types of itabirite from the Caue Formation, sampled in the Serra Azul region (Quadrilatero Ferrifero). Observing the trace elements described as tracers of detrital contamination can be inferred that the magnetitic itabirite has the highest contamination and that the siliceous type has the lowest one. Although there are differences in the total sum of REE in the three itabirite types of Serra Azul, there are no discrepancies in the REE spectrum of each type. The itabirite types have as common characteristics in their REE spectrum: i) positive Eu anomalies (Planavsky et al., 2010); ii) HREE enrichment in relation to the LREE; iii) ratios of (Sm/Yb) SN 1 (Bau & Moller, 1993). The magnetitic and the siliceous itabirites had positive Y anomalies, a common characteristic that appeared in some amphibolitic samples. On the other hand, the other amphibolitic samples had negative Y anomalies.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"51 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90770449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eder Daniel Teixeira, P. Franca, Edna M. de F. Viana, M. T. C. Faria, A. Saliba, C. B. Martinez
{"title":"Reduced hydraulic model of Forquilha IV tailings dam","authors":"Eder Daniel Teixeira, P. Franca, Edna M. de F. Viana, M. T. C. Faria, A. Saliba, C. B. Martinez","doi":"10.1590/0370-44672015680187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680187","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of a reduced hydraulic model (RHM) for the outflow operating system at the Forquilha IV (scale 1:10) tailings dam, owned by Vale S.A. The studies were performed by Centro de Pesquisas Hidraulicas e Recursos Hidricos (CPH) of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the company Vogbr Recursos Hidricos & Geotecnia Ltda. We present here a brief description of the model construction and the test battery set for the structure’s hydraulic analysis. RHM involves the hillside culvert, the dissipation box and the exit to the restitution tunnel. The RHM project represents an essential step in the first analysis of the hydraulic behavior of the prototype, considering the designed flood station (ten thousand-year flood flow), as well as the analysis of its operation with more frequent flows.","PeriodicalId":54498,"journal":{"name":"Rem-Revista Escola De Minas","volume":"7 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89145392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}