Nano Communication Networks最新文献

{"title":"Highly-efficient tunable dipole-driven Yagi–Uda antenna with end-fire radiation for terahertz application","authors":"Naveen Kumar Maurya ,&nbsp;Sadhana Kumari ,&nbsp;Prakash Pareek ,&nbsp;Gaurav Varshney","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This paper presents a highly efficient tunable dipole antenna<span> with omnidirectional radiation. The main radiator of the hybrid dipole is designed using a perfect electric conductor, whereas tunability has been achieved using graphene strips in the antenna’s proximity. The dipole antenna resonates at 1.3785 THz and provides a bandwidth (BW) of 8.58% for the graphene’s chemical potential (</span></span><span><math><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) equal to 0.6 eV. The peak gain and total efficiency (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>η</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) are 1.46 dBi and 83.13%, respectively. The proposed dipole provides tunability from 1.32 to 1.411 THz by varying <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> from 0.4 to 0.7 eV. Further, a compact dipole-driven tunable Yagi–Uda antenna has been designed with end-fire radiation. The proposed Yagi–Uda antenna has a size of only 90 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 60 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m, i.e., 0.61<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>38</mn><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the guided wavelength calculated at 1.3631 THz and provides tunability from 1.328 to 1.5 THz. The peak gain, front-to-back ratio (FBR) and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>η</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> at 1.3631 THz for the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> = 0.6 eV are found to be 4.93 dBi, 17.3 dB, and 63.36%, respectively. A practical parallel plate DC biasing configuration with a common ground plane has also been proposed to independently tune the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span><span> of each element in the passive Yagi–Uda array. The proposed Yagi antenna provides reasonable gain and FBR to cater for high propagation loss in the terahertz regime.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92096540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene based filter design using triangular patch resonator for THz applications","authors":"G. Challa Ram ,&nbsp;P. Sambaiah ,&nbsp;S. Yuvaraj ,&nbsp;M.V. Kartikeyan","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In this paper, graphene based tunable bandpass and bandstop filters<span> are designed in terahertz<span> frequency regime<span><span> using a triangular microstrip patch </span>resonator. Initially, a </span></span></span></span>bandpass filter<span><span><span> is designed at an operating frequency of 1.65 THz with a bandwidth of 65 GHz. Further a dual-band bandstop filter is designed with resonance frequencies of 1.25 THz and 2.14 THz. In both designs, the triangular patch is coupled to the transmission line to achieve bandpass and bandstop characteristics. A </span>graphene layer is deposited between the </span>dielectric<span> and the conductor layer to enhance the propagation of plasmonic<span> waves. The simulation results reveal that the designed filters are capable of achieving the desired frequency response. By varying the graphene’s chemical potential, a shift in the transmission response’s resonance frequency is observed. The proposed filters have the potential to be used as key components for future terahertz band communications systems.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50198694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and ISI mitigation in mobile molecular communication system for targeted drug delivery","authors":"Amit Kumar Shrivastava ,&nbsp;Debanjan Das ,&nbsp;Rajarshi Mahapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This paper proposes a targeted drug delivery system based on mobile molecular communication (MMC). The system consists of a mobile transmitter and a mobile reactive receiver. The transmitter can sense the required drug concentration and send commands to the receiver for drug delivery in the extracellular fluid (ECF). The commands are sent in the form of bits and the received signal is prone to noise and inter-symbol interference (ISI). Hence, at the receiver, two detection techniques, differential amplitude detector (DAD) and differential energy detector (DED) with ISI mitigation are proposed for MMC. Manchester-coded bits are transmitted using modified concentration shift keying (MCSK). In the proposed detection mechanism, an adaptive threshold technique is used for estimating the number of signaling molecules using the maximum a </span>posteriori probability<span> (MAP) rule. Further in each bit interval, dynamic distance estimation, signal reconstruction, and ISI mitigation are performed. Particle-based simulation for reactive receiver is also carried out to validate the results. A low bit error rate (BER) in the MMC system signifies the promising performance of the drug delivery system.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49010713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Link quality and energy efficient optimal simplified cluster based routing scheme to enhance lifetime for wireless body area networks","authors":"V. Irine Shyja ,&nbsp;G. Ranganathan ,&nbsp;V. Bindhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring of patient’s health in the medical industry can be enabled using wireless body area networks<span><span><span> (WBANs), which are already used for various purposes, including assisting in human safety. It is imperative to use better power management strategies since the body sensors are small and the battery cannot hold a charge for a long time. Due to the vast amounts of information generated by medical sensors, resource-constrained networks face a significant challenge when guaranteeing the specified quality of service (QoS). Moreover, the WBAN regularly meets the primary hassle of QoS degradation because of congestion WBAN structure can easily compromise heterogeneous and complex networks. Either inappropriate data collection or using energy effectively to transmit medical data without the expense of travel and length has become an important one. To address this issue, the present research work ‘Link Quality and Energy Efficient Optimal Clustering-Multipath (LEOC-MP)’ scheme tries to explore an answer. The main goals of the LEOC-MP (Optimal Link Quality and Energy Efficient Optimal Clustering-Multipath) system are to guarantee node-to-node link quality, lengthen network life, and compute high-performing cluster heads to guarantee reliable </span>multi path data transfer. This work was executed in three phases. First, an optimal simplified </span>clustering technique<span> for data collection from body sensors using an improved pelican optimization (ICO) algorithm is introduced. Next, multiple design constraints for node rank computation, energy efficiency, link quality, path loss, distance, and delay are used. Besides, an Auto-Regressive Probabilistic Neural Network (AR-PNN) is introduced to optimize those design constraints and compute the cluster head (CH) of each cluster. Multipath firing is then performed using a moderated puffer-fish optimization (MPO) algorithm that finds the closest optimal and shortest node to transmit optimal drug data. The work is simulated using an NS-3 environment, and the results are obtained. The outcome of this work is analyzed with existing methodologies, and the results prove that the present work consistently outperforms the existing methodologies.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49876480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational estimation of chemical reaction rates in extracellular vesicle signaling","authors":"Martin Damrath ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zoofaghari ,&nbsp;Milica Lekić ,&nbsp;Hamid Khoshfekr Rudsari ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Pappalardo ,&nbsp;Mladen Veletić ,&nbsp;Ilangko Balasingham","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The rates of chemical reactions involved in cell-to-cell communication can serve as a powerful tool for advanced theranostics and in establishing a molecular communication link between bio-transceivers. Reaction rates are usually experimentally measured by quantifying chemical products, which is challenging when several signal transduction mechanisms are involved in the signaling pathway. Without loss of generality, we focus on extracellular vesicle (EV) cell-to-cell signaling and propose a computational method to estimate the </span>chemical reaction rates<span> which characterize a process by which EVs are taken by cells. The method is based on measuring only the time-course of environmental EVs, and eliminates the need to measure either bound or internalized EVs which is usually essential for experimental evaluation of the rates by using advanced molecular imaging modalities<span><span>. As an alternative to a proposed approximation<span> by a linear system model, our computation exploits a nonlinear system model in which the impact of limited </span></span>receptor sites<span> on the recipient cell membrane is incorporated. The reaction rates are obtained through a suggested linear and iterative approach as well as a novel way of applying Michaelis–Menten kinetics in the frequency domain. The range of validity of each technique is evaluated by varying the number of free binding sites on the cell membrane in relation to the initial number of environmental EVs. In conclusion, the proposed methods are very effective in assessing the dynamics of the EV uptake using a simple </span></span></span></span><em>in vitro</em> platform.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49876477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary generative adversarial network based end-to-end learning for MIMO molecular communication with drift system","authors":"Jiarui Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenyao Bai ,&nbsp;Yunlong Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiwen Lu ,&nbsp;Kezhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Molecular communication (MC) is a novel paradigm for nano-communication networks. Compared with diffusion-based single-input single-out (SISO) systems, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) MC with drift systems can effectively mitigate the negative effects of inter symbol interference<span> (ISI), inter link interference (ILI) and noise, further improving transmission efficiency. The modeling complexity of MIMO MC systems inspires the application of </span></span>deep learning<span> (DL) techniques to establish end-to-end architectures for signal recovery. However, training of the entire end-to-end system is limited by the unknown channel and small training sample size. In this paper, aiming at signal recovery of the newly developed mathematical MIMO MC with drift system model, a Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) evolutionary generative adversarial network (EGAN)-based end-to-end learning method is proposed. The end-to-end architecture can be trained offline with both the sampled and fake signals generated by KLD EGAN, even with a small training sample size, and then used to recover online transmitted signals directly. Besides, two traditional </span></span>detection algorithms<span> denoted as the maximum a posterior (MAP) detector and fixed threshold (FT) detector, are proposed as well for theoretical comparison. Experiments of the effect of different model parameters on the system performance have been carried out. Results validate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed method compared to other DL-based methods, including the deep neural networks (DNN)-based, the original GAN-based, and the original EGAN-based, in terms of transmission accuracy.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49876478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust quantum circuit for clique problem with intermediate qudits","authors":"Arpita Sanyal Bhaduri ,&nbsp;Amit Saha ,&nbsp;Banani Saha ,&nbsp;Amlan Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Clique problem has a wide range of applications due to its pattern matching ability. There are various formulations of clique problem like </span><span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-clique problem, maximum clique problem, etc. The <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-Clique problem determines whether an arbitrary network has a clique or not whereas maximum clique problem finds the largest clique in a graph. It is already exhibited in the literature that the <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span><span><span>-clique or maximum clique problem (NP-problem) can be solved asymptotically faster by using quantum algorithms compared to conventional computing. </span>Quantum computing<span> with higher dimensions is gaining popularity due to its large storage capacity and computation power. In this article, we have shown an improved quantum circuit implementation for the </span></span><span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-clique problem and maximum clique problem (MCP) with the help of higher-dimensional intermediate temporary qudits for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The cost of the state-of-the-art quantum circuit for the <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-clique problem is colossal due to a huge number of <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span><span>-qubit Toffoli gates. We have exhibited an improved cost and depth over the circuit by applying a generalized </span><span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-qubit Toffoli gate decomposition with intermediate ququarts (4-dimensional qudits).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49876479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Link quality and energy efficient optimal simplified cluster based routing scheme to enhance lifetime for wireless body area networks","authors":"V. I. Shyja, G. Ranganathan, V. Bindhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"37 1","pages":"100465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54884826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nano-scale n-bit ripple carry adder using an optimized XOR gate and quantum-dots technology with diminished cells and power dissipation","authors":"Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Nima Jafari Navimipour ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mosleh ,&nbsp;Ali Newaz Bahar ,&nbsp;Senay Yalcin","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>In the nano-scale era, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology has become an appealing substitute for transistor-based technologies. QCA will be the preferred technology for developing the next generation of digital systems. On the other hand, the full-adder and ripple </span>carry adder (RCA) are the crucial </span>building blocks<span> of complex circuits, the most used structures in digital operations systems, and a practical part of the most well-known complex circuits in QCA technology. In addition, this technology was used to design the full adder for several procedures, like multiplication, subtraction, and division. For this reason, the full adder is generally investigated as a central unit and </span></span>microprocessor<span> in developing QCA technology. Furthermore, most previous QCA-based adder structures have suffered from some drawbacks, such as a high number of cells, high energy consumption, the high number of gates, and the placement of inputs and outputs in a closed loop; hence, the implementation of an efficient adder with only one gate and a low number of cells, such as exclusive-OR (XOR) gate, can solve all previous problems. Therefore, in this paper, a significantly improved structure of 3-input XOR is suggested based on the promising QCA technology. In addition, a QCA clocking mechanism and explicit cell interaction form the foundation of the proposed QCA-based XOR gate configuration. This gate can be easily converted into an adder circuit while containing a small number of cells and being extremely compressed. The suggested QCA-based XOR design is focused on optimizing a single-bit adder using cellular interaction. The suggested single-bit adder contains 14 cells. Based on this adder, several different RCAs, such as 4, 8, 16, and 32-bit, are designed. The comparison of the proposed single-bit adder to the best coplanar and multi-layer ones shows a 51.72% and 36.36% reduction of cells, respectively. In addition, all suggested designs are verified through simulation using QCADesigner and QCAPro. Finally, many physical validations are provided to approve the functionality of the suggested XOR design.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50187602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient architecture for arithmetic designs using perpendicular NanoMagnetic Logic","authors":"Neeraj Kumar Misra ,&nbsp;Bandan Kumar Bhoi","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>As the process of scaling down continues at a rapid pace, there is a growing need for an alternative semiconductor device to replace CMOS. One of the alternatives that attracted a lot of attention is called nanomagnetic logic (NML). This is because NML delivers a high device density in addition to a non-volatility of stored information, beyond-CMOS technologies, and device work at room temperature. It is necessary to lower the circuit density and increase the speed of circuits like adders. Using emerging NML logic, we created a full-adder, and ripple </span>carry adder (RCA) with a minimum area. As a result, the invented multilayer-based decimal design makes use of RCA, and full-adder, for innovative 3D topology. We used an NML framework built with perpendicular nanomagnetic (pNML) layers to simulate the characteristics of these devices. With the adder designs that have been offered the latency values are relatively low while performing </span>exhaustive testing. Using pNML technology, a decimal adder has been constructed for the first time in the literature. In addition, simulations are carried out with the help of the Modelsim simulator. During the process of nanomagnetic designing consideration is given to both of these aspects as latency and area. To create an </span>NML circuit, the tool MagCAD is employed. Results are better using the pNML environment-based full adder, RCA and decimal adder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50187605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}