Nano Communication Networks最新文献

{"title":"Quad-functioning Parity Layout for Nanocomputing: A QCA Design","authors":"Angshuman Khan ,&nbsp;Ali Newaz Bahar ,&nbsp;Rajeev Arya","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is considered an alternative to conventional technologies like CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology due to its potential for lower power consumption, higher speed, and increased device density. QCA introduces a novel approach to designing nano communication circuits and systems. Nano communications data mistakes are detected via parity generators and checkers. The parity bit of each data block ensures that the number of 1’s is either even or odd. Consequently, the system requires four circuits: an even parity generator, an odd parity generator, an even parity checker, and an odd parity checker. The whole system requires more space and cell complexity. In this work, we propose a QCA architecture that serves as a generator for both even and odd parities, as well as a checker for both even and odd parities. It is a quad-functioning circuit that performs four distinct operations within a single design, utilizing 118 QCA cells and occupying an area of 0.17 μm². The recommended approach uses an efficient XOR gate, resulting in improvements across several performance metrics. QCAPro calculates energy dissipation and design parameters. The recommended QCA circuit outperformed similar QCA circuits in size, complexity, and energy dissipation. The circuit's design cost functions are also low. There has been a 17% reduction in latency and an 86% improvement in QCA-specific costs when compared to the optimal existing design. Moreover, it necessitates a 40% reduction in majority gate usage. The proposed design may compete effectively with other equivalent higher-order circuit designs by reducing the need for multiple blocks in conventional circuits to execute the same task. This architecture holds potential benefits for nano processors and nano communication networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141607760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and implementation of a nano-scale high-speed multiplier for signal processing applications","authors":"Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Nima Jafari Navimipour ,&nbsp;Noor Ul Ain ,&nbsp;Feza Kerestecioglu ,&nbsp;Senay Yalcin ,&nbsp;Danial Bakhshayeshi Avval ,&nbsp;Mehdi Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Digital signal processing (DSP) is an engineering field involved with increasing the precision and dependability of digital communications and mathematical processes, including equalization, modulation, demodulation, compression, and decompression, which can be used to produce a signal of the highest caliber. To execute vital tasks in DSP, an essential electronic circuit such as a multiplier plays an important role, continually performing tasks such as the multiplication of two binary numbers. Multiplier is a crucial component utilized to implement a wide range of DSP tasks, including convolution, Fourier transform, discrete wavelet transforms (DWT), filtering and dithering, multimedia information processing, and more. A multiplier device includes a clock and reset buttons for more flexible operational control. Each digital signal processor constitutes a multiplier unit. A multiplier unit functions entirely autonomously from the central processing unit (CPU); consequently, the CPU is burdened with a significantly reduced amount of work. Since DSP algorithms must constantly carry out multiplication tasks, the employment of a high-speed multiplier to execute fast-speed filtering processes is vital. The previous multipliers had lots of weaknesses, such as high energy, low speed, and high area, because they implemented this necessary circuit based on traditional technology such as complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and very large-scale integration (VLSI). To solve all previous drawbacks in this necessary circuit, we can use nanotechnology, which directly affects the performance of the multiplier and can overcome all previous issues. One of the alternative nanotechnologies that can be used for designing digital circuits is quantum dot cellular automata, which is high speed, low area, and low power. Therefore, this manuscript suggests a quantum technology-based multiplier for DSP applications. In addition, some vital circuits, such as half adder, full adder, and ripple carry adder (RCA), are suggested for designing a multiplier. Moreover, a systolic array, accumulator, and multiply and accumulate (MAC) unit are proposed based on the quantum technology-based multiplier. Nonetheless, each of the suggested frameworks has a coplanar configuration without rotated cells. The suggested structure is developed and verified utilizing the QCADesigner 2.0.3 tools. The findings showed that all circuits have no complicated configuration, including a higher number of quantum cells, latency, and an optimum area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using switched beam antenna with butler matrix at mm-wave frequency","authors":"Mohini Narendra Naik ,&nbsp;Hasanali Gulamali Virani","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a butler matrix-based microstrip hexagonal patch antenna with a direction of arrival (DOA) estimation approach for mm-wave application. The hexagonal-shaped patch antenna had been designed with a Z-shaped slot with an eight-port butler matrix. The DOA estimation is also done for the switched beam antenna using a novel direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm known as Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The proposed design leads to significant size reduction and loss minimization. In addition to this, the design had the advantages of being low-cost, lightweight, and small-volume. The entire proposed design provides an operating frequency range of 28 GHz to 39 GHz with a center frequency of 33 GHz. The proposed work makes use of two butler matrices with two 45° phase shifters and 120° phase shifters. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and antenna design using the Butler matrix is evaluated for various performance metrics separately. The antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880(tm) substrate, and the fabricated prototype is studied. The designed antenna attains high radiation efficiency, and it ranges between 97 and 98 % under both the measures and simulated scenarios under the operating frequency range of 28 GHz to 39 GHz.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141405032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of QCA based memory cell using a novel majority voter with physical validation","authors":"Rupali Singh ,&nbsp;Pankaj Singh ,&nbsp;Ali Nawaz Bahar","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a unique transistor less paradigm which effectively uses change in cell polarization to perform logical operations with high speed, low power and high intricacy. In recent years, the need of high performance memory cell is increased for improving the system performance. This paper presents the design of a QCA based memory cell with read write capabilities. In recent past, most of the QCA circuits are designed using the conventional three input majority voter. The conventional three input majority gate is not fault tolerant. Thus, we need an alternative design which can serve as the majority voter and also shows the fault tolerance. Moreover, the design of three input majority voter is not much addressed . In this paper, an alternative, simple structure of three input majority voter is presented which is better than the conventional one in terms of fault tolerance. In addition to this, the proposed three input majority voter is power aware and efficient to realize various digital circuits. The correctness of the proposed majority voter is validated through the physical proof. Moreover, the proposed gate is subjected to cell displacement defect to investigate the testability. The proposed gate is further used to implement rudimentary elements such as XOR gate, multiplexer and D latch. Finally, the design of Random Access Memory (RAM) cell with read, write, set and reset capabilities is proposed using the presented majority voter. The proposed circuits are further subjected to comprehensive analyses for estimation of cost functions and energy dissipation. The investigation of presented circuits manifests the use of proposed majority voter for next generation computing circuits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141302810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHLR: Central high-speed lane routing protocol for intra-body flow-guided nanonetworks in terahertz band communication","authors":"Xin-Wei Yao ,&nbsp;Lang Lin ,&nbsp;Masoud Asghari ,&nbsp;Yiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Md Mehedi Hassan Dorjoy ,&nbsp;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intra-body flow-guided nanonetworks are nanonetworks that aim to deploy the Internet of Nanothings (IoNT) into the human cardiovascular system. In these nanonetworks, nano-nodes flow in blood vessels (including arteries and veins) for detecting sensitive biological/physical data. Nano-nodes dispatch data to each other and outside devices via Terahertz (THz) waves. Monitoring of different biomarkers, detection of infectious agents, localization of cancer cells, accurate drug delivery, and other medical applications are all potential applications utilizing such networks. However, the physical limitations of the nano-nodes and the high attenuation of terahertz waves in the blood limit data transmission. Therefore, based on the characteristic of laminar blood flow in blood vessels, we proposed a central high-speed lane routing protocol in Yao et al. (2023), which utilized high-speed nano-nodes in the central layer of the blood flow to form a directional relay chain for other non-centric nano-nodes. In this paper, the proposed protocol is studied in depth, described in detail, and evaluated in the parameters of the hand vein scenario. The proposed protocol works well in new scenarios and proves its efficiency in intra-body communication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141052267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact design of MIMO antenna with split ring resonators for UWB applications","authors":"Prabhakar S Manage,&nbsp;Dr. Udaykumar Naik,&nbsp;Vijay Rayar","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent times, the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system has played a vital role in wireless communication. MIMO antenna uses multiple antennas on both the sides of the transmitter and receiver. Mutual coupling occurs between two antenna elements to reduce the performance. The passage of current in the same direction on both neighbouring sides of the antennas increases the rate of mutual coupling. To decrease the mutual coupling, Split Ring Resonators (SRR) are located on the MIMO antenna. In this research paper, a MIMO antenna with SRR for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications with different frequency notches is proposed. Also, bandwidth and isolation are considered essential metrics for MIMO antennas. In the proposed 4 × 4 MIMO antenna design, SRR is located at the antenna's two sides, and the defected ground structure is on the bottom portion with a permittivity of 4.4 (FR4 substrate). The defected ground structure is proposed with stubs to enhance the characteristics of bandwidth and create notch bands in the frequency range of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. Placing SRRs adjacent to the feed line enhances the gain performance. The experimental results show that the ECC of the proposed antenna is less than 0.25, DG is higher than 9.8 dB, and the peak realized gain for 9.38 GHz is 11.3 dB, which is more reliable than other antenna designs. Therefore, experimental outcomes of the proposed antenna design enhance the applicability of band notching for wideband communication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141026292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular communication data augmentation and deep learning based detection","authors":"Davide Scazzoli ,&nbsp;Fardad Vakilipoor ,&nbsp;Maurizio Magarini","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This manuscript presents a novel model for generating synthetic data for a biological molecular communication (MC) system to train a Neural Network (NN) for the purpose of discriminating transmitted bits. To achieve this, a deep learning algorithm was trained using the synthetic data and tested against experimentally measured data. The polynomial curve fitting coefficients are chosen as features. The featurization stage is followed by a NN that captures different aspects of the temporal correlation of the received signals. The real data was collected from an MC testbed that employed transfected Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria expressing the light-driven proton pump gloeorhodopsin from Gloeobacter violaceus. By stimulating the bacteria with externally controlled light, protons were secreted, which changed the pH level of the environment. A pH detector was then used to measure the pH of the environment. We propose the use of a deep convolutional neural network to detect the transmitted bits. This paper discusses the data augmentation, processing, and NNs that are pertinent to practical MC problems. The trained algorithm demonstrated an accuracy of over 99.9% in detecting transmitted bits from received signals at a bit rate of 1 bit/min, without requiring any specific knowledge of the underlying channel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878778924000164/pdfft?md5=18e27a8438ebe44820245bc5dbb2f797&pid=1-s2.0-S1878778924000164-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140757790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fault-tolerant QCA-based convolution encoder for robust data transmission","authors":"Utkarsh Vaish,&nbsp;Jeswin Sam Abraham,&nbsp;Vobulapuram Ramesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology has reached its maximum profitable limits due to increase in leakage current, static power dissipation, limited switching frequency. One of the better solutions to overcome these problems is the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology, it boasts the absence of physical transportation charges, relying solely on Coulombic force for interaction between the cells also it is a transistor less technology does not require any external voltage bias. In the current integrated circuits, the data being transferred more than ever, the error correction and coding techniques find significance in reliable data communication. Recognizing the increasing importance of error correction in data communication, particularly with the widespread data transfer, this research specifically focuses on the implementation of an enhanced convolutional encoder using QCA for error correction in data transmission. Comparative study with the state-of-art is also carried out to examine performance of proposed design. As a result of our study, we were able to reduce the cell count by 33.34% and power dissipation is reduced by 77% with the proposed 1/2 rate encoder and the proposed 1/3 rate encoder has 15.9% less cell count and power dissipation is reduced by 72% as compared to existing design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementations of efficient non-blocking crossbar network with novel multiplexer design in quantum-dot cellular automata","authors":"Shangnan Dai,&nbsp;Guangjun Xie,&nbsp;Hui Zhang,&nbsp;Feifei Deng,&nbsp;Yongqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As an emerging nanotechnology, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has attracted extensive attentions due to its characteristics of high density, high speed, and low energy consumption. Modern high-performance System-on-Chips (SoCs) with multiple processors require interconnection networks to connect each core for improving data throughput and reducing latency, while the crossbar network is broadly used as a non-blocking interconnection architecture with high efficiency. In this paper, a method to design an efficient QCA-based <em>N</em> × <em>N</em> crossbar network utilizing optimally designed <em>N</em>:1 multiplexers (MUXs) is proposed, followed by a multi-layer and a single-layer implementation of its <em>8</em> × <em>8</em> design. A simplified matrix model is then introduced to provide a concise and intuitive switch control strategy, and expressions for cell count, area, latency, QCA cost, and QCA complexity of the proposed crossbar networks are derived according to the size <em>N</em>. Experimental results manifest that the proposed <em>8</em> × <em>8</em> crossbar networks have significant advantages on most performance parameters compared with other existing QCA-based networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140770927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of sole layer duple substrates on GA-based optimised graphene antennas for THz applications","authors":"Gurjeevan Singh ,&nbsp;Karmjit Singh Sandha ,&nbsp;Ankush Kansal","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The widespread use of graphene patch antennas is escalating as evidence of their applicability in areas like 6 G communications and THz spectroscopy. Geometric uncertainty and fabrication issues while downsizing makes terahertz antenna design problematic. Graphene's electromagnetic and mechanical qualities make it ideal for miniaturizing antennas for Terahertz use. In the THz spectrum, a graphene antenna requires careful dielectric material selection since performance fall, especially efficiency. This paper compares dual band multi-layered genetic algorithm-based optimized antennas for the THz applications, especially spectroscopy and 6 G utilizing sole layer duple substrates concept, i.e., two distinct substrates at the same level between the ground and patch. Different antennas are designed using various substrates like Rogers RO3010, RO3210, RT5880, RT5880LZ, TMM 13i, Taconic TLY-3, RF-10, Silicon, &amp; Teflon. Two segments of four antennas are planned; one has silicon as a common substrate with four additional materials, and another has Teflon. The proposed antenna's performance is assessed in terms of bandwidth, beamwidth, directivity, efficiency, gain, radiation pattern, return loss, and VSWR. The results reveal that Silicon and Rogers RT5880 LZ substrates-based antenna perform better in a segment I, with bandwidth (GHz) of 150.1 and 156.9, directivity (dBi) of 5.93 and 4.23, efficiency (%) of 76.65 and 78.98, and gain (dB) of 4.97 and 3.3. While in segment II, Teflon and Taconic RF-10-based antenna perform better with features 158 and 198 bandwidth, 6.43 and 4.43 directivity, 74 and 83 efficiency, and 4.67 and 3.65 gain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}