Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach最新文献

{"title":"Radial Tunnel Syndrome in a Collegiate Baseball Pitcher: A Case Report.","authors":"Alex McCourt, Marissa Pazik, Ryan P Roach, Toby Harkins, Giorgio Zeppieri, Robert Matthias, Kevin W Farmer","doi":"10.1177/19417381241258479","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241258479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A Division I baseball pitcher presented with chronic forearm pain in his throwing arm while pitching. Physical examination was remarkable for point tenderness over the radial tunnel. A postexertion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed edema around the posterior interosseous nerve. The patient underwent decompression of the nerve along with radial tunnel release, which resulted in full resolution of symptoms and return to full baseball activities. Radial tunnel syndrome is a rare phenomenon but can occur in throwing athletes. MRI immediately after a pitching session aided in accurate diagnosis and successful surgical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"470-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141312278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity of Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales in Relation to Movement Velocity and Exercise Intensity During Resistance-Exercise: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jorge L Petro, Guido Ferrari, Luis A Cardozo, Salvador Vargas-Molina, Leandro Carbone, Richard B Kreider, Diego A Bonilla","doi":"10.1177/19417381241260412","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381241260412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Movement velocity (MV) may be a valid tool to evaluate and control the load in resistance training (RT). The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) also enables practical load management. The relationship between RPE and MV may be used to monitor RT intensity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the validity and practicality of RPE scales related to MV and training intensity in resistance exercise. We hypothesize a positive correlation among RPE, MV, and load intensity in RT. Therefore, RPE may serve as a supplementary indicator in monitoring RT load.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Boolean algorithms were used to search several databases (SPORTDiscus, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar).</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Studies published from 2009 to 2023 included clinical trials (randomized or not) in healthy female and male subjects that analyzed the relationship between different RPE scales and MV in basic RT exercises.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 18 studies were selected using different RPE scales with reported MV training loads. Participants included RT and untrained male and female subjects (15-31 years old). Two RPE scales (OMNI-RES and repetitions in reserve) were used. The selected studies showed moderate positive correlations among these RPE scales, MV, and training load (eg, percentage of 1-repetition maximum [%1-RM]). In addition, equations have been developed to estimate %1-RM and MV loss based on the OMNI-RES scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Studies show that RPE scales and MV constitute a valid, economic, and practical tool for assessing RT load progression and complementing other training monitoring variables. Exercise professionals should consider familiarizing participants with RPE scales and factors that might influence the perception of exertion (eg, level of training, motivation, and environmental conditions).</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"621-628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current State of Baseball Interval Throwing Programs: A Systematic Review of Content, Structure, and Variability of Published Throwing Programs.","authors":"Mark T Langhans, Alexander M Boos, Sanathan Iyer, Karissa N Simon, Chad E Cherny, Andrew J Johnson, John M Zajac, Daniel J Christoffer, Aaron R Hellem, Adam N Finck, Christopher L Camp","doi":"10.1177/19417381251333402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251333402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>There is need for an up-to-date comprehensive review of baseball interval throwing programs in the literature.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To (1) understand the origin and basis of interval throwing programs; (2) evaluate the content of programs in the peer-reviewed literature including target audience, initiation criteria, throwing specifics, arm care, and performance evaluation metrics; (3) classify these variables as well defined, ambiguous, or missing; and (4) analyze variability in key aspects including starting criteria, length, progression, and completion criteria.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Medline, Embase, Cochrane Reviews, Web of Science, and ScopusStudy Selection:The full text of studies, in English, had to be available. Included studies had to contain a complete interval throwing program designed for baseball players.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Initial screening was conducted based on article title and abstract. Full text of the remaining articles was evaluated for fulfillment of inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies initially met inclusion criteria. The programs' comprehensiveness was poor, with a mean Interval Throwing Program Checklist score of 20 (range 14-23) on a scale of 0 to 30. There were a variety of components, including progressive long toss, weighted ball, and throwing mechanics exercises. The programs identified had significant heterogeneity in duration, intensity, progression, and focus. Overall, there was a significant lack of attempts at validation or formal study of efficacy for published throwing programs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current published interval throwing programs are mostly variations of an original program published many years ago and were based on principles of progressive loading with pain as sign of injury that should be monitored carefully. However, these programs have minimal clinical validation and objective measures to quantify their effectiveness. This work identifies several limitations in the current literature and can serve as a foundation for future development of evidence-based interval throwing programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251333402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initiating Testosterone Therapy Without Indication for Treatment of Low Testosterone Is Associated With Higher Risk of Tendon Tear.","authors":"Timothy L Waters, Julianna E Winter, Bela P Delvadia, David S May, Michael J O'Brien, Felix H Savoie, William F Sherman","doi":"10.1177/19417381251334083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251334083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies have demonstrated an increasing rate of testosterone supplementation in patients who do not meet criteria for testosterone deficiency, but the risks associated with testosterone supplementation are unclear.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Patients initiating testosterone therapy would be diagnosed with significantly more tendon tears and undergo significantly more tendon repairs than matched controls never on testosterone therapy.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cohort study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male patients who initiated testosterone therapy within 30 days of a primary care visit and who did not meet criteria for treatment of low testosterone were identified (n = 112,242). Propensity score matching generated a control cohort (n = 448,968) with no history of testosterone therapy and based on several comorbidities at the time of said age-matched primary care visit. Rates of tendon tears and tendon repairs within 1 and 2 years after primary care visit were compared using multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 1 and 2 years, compared with controls, the testosterone supplementation cohort demonstrated significantly higher rates of rotator cuff tear (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; OR, 1.31), patellar tendon tear (OR, 2.06; OR, 2.14), and any tendon tear (OR, 1.33; OR, 1.31). The testosterone supplementation cohort demonstrated significantly higher rates of quadriceps tendon tears within 1 year (OR, 1.59). Within 1 and 2 years, compared with controls, the testosterone supplementation cohort demonstrated significantly higher rates of rotator cuff repair (OR, 1.28; OR, 1.23), distal biceps tendon repair (OR, 1.65; OR, 1.54), patellar tendon repair (OR, 2.28; OR, 2.18), and any tendon repair (OR, 1.27; OR, 1.23).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Testosterone supplementation is associated with an increased risk of tendon tears and repairs for at least the first and second year after initiating therapy in patients with no documented laboratory testing. Patients considering testosterone therapy should be counseled on this increased risk of tendon injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251334083"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Load Strength Training Reduces Injury Incidence and Injury Burden and Improves Physical Fitness in Young Highly Trained Soccer Players.","authors":"Roberto Durán-Custodio, Javier Yanci, Javier Raya-González, Marco Beato, Daniel Castillo","doi":"10.1177/19417381251333417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251333417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is little available information on the reduction of injury incidence and injury burden after strength training programs. This study aimed to analyze the effects of a 12-week high-load strength training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and fitness in young, highly trained, soccer players.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>It was hypothesized that well-targeted high-load training focused on the gluteal and hamstring musculature could aid in injury prevention and increase physical fitness.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A randomized controlled trial design was applied, which followed the CONSORT Statement.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty players were assigned randomly to the experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a high-load strength training program, or to the control group (CG, n = 10 players), who performed only their usual soccer training. Injury incidence (injuries per 1000 hours exposure) and injury burden (days of absence per 1000 hours exposure) were recorded during the intervention, as well as the physical fitness attributes before and after the training program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) lower injury incidence was observed in the EG (CG, 11.34 vs EG, 1.31 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure) and a significant (<i>P</i> < 0.001) lower injury burden in the EG (CG, 304.66 versus EG, 19.72 days of absence per 1000 h of exposure). The analysis of covariance model revealed significant between-group differences favoring the EG, showing significantly greater improvements in jumping, change of direction ability, sprinting, and imbalance strength tests (<i>P</i> < 0.001; effect size, 3.02 to -7.23).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week high-load strength training program on injury incidence, injury burden and physical fitness, in highly trained soccer players.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study provides positive information for implementing this type of strength training in the daily training sessions of young soccer players for both performance enhancement and injury prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251333417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability Among Individual Male Runners Influences Cumulative Loading More Than Foot Strike Type.","authors":"Sarah T Ridge, Tamarie Trotter, Joshua K Sponbeck, A Wayne Johnson, Iain Hunter, Dustin A Bruening","doi":"10.1177/19417381251333415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251333415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Foot strike type affects running mechanics and may influence overuse injury occurrence. Measuring the interaction between cumulative load and foot strike type may provide additional information that could increase understanding of injury mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>There will be no differences in cumulative loading between runners using rearfoot strike (RFS) and nonrearfoot strike (NRFS) patterns. NRFS runners will have a greater stride rate. There will be differences in per stride metrics of select lower extremity mechanics.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Observational laboratory study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty male participants (age, 22.7 ± 2.9 years; height, 1.79 ± 0.07 m; mass, 70.7 ± 7.86 kg; mean ± SD) ran on an instrumented treadmill for 5 km at 3.15 m/s with their preferred foot strike type (14 RFS, 16 NRFS). Stride rate, foot strike angle, loading rate (LR), per stride and per kilometer (cumulative) vertical ground-reaction force (VGRF) impulse, impact peak, absolute peak, knee negative work, and ankle negative work were calculated and compared across time and between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Per stride differences were seen for stance time, foot strike angle, and LR (greater for RFS runners, <i>P</i> = 0.003). Per stride and cumulative ankle and knee negative work showed significant differences (greater ankle negative work for NRFS runners, <i>P</i> < 0.001 [per stride and cumulative], greater knee negative work for RFS runners, <i>P</i> = 0.01 per stride, <i>P</i> = 0.008 cumulative).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ankle and knee loading metrics showed differences in per stride and cumulative metrics between foot strike groups. Individual variability in VGRF loading patterns was more apparent than group distinctions. The common perception that NRFS runners have a higher stride rate was not supported.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Individual loading patterns, not just foot strike type, and training session characteristics related to cumulative load should be considered when assessing injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251333415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12009271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Resistance Training Variables and the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Biceps Femoris Architectural Adaptations in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Javier Pecci, Borja Sañudo, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Eduardo Saez de Villarreal","doi":"10.1177/19417381251331607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251331607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Manipulation of resistance training variables influences the structural and functional adaptations of muscle, having a great impact on sport performance and hamstring injury prevention.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze how the main resistance training variables affect the biceps femoris long head architecture in soccer players.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Five databases were searched from inception to January 2024.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Studies that included training intervention groups and measured muscle architecture adaptations before and after the training program in soccer players were included.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Systematic review with meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle were extracted from included studies as main outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six studies and 12 training groups (168 participants) were analyzed. The effects of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) against soccer interventions, volume of training, and frequency of training as independent variables were analyzed. NHE significantly improved biceps femoris long head fascicle length (<i>P</i> = 0.01). Training twice a week did not show significant differences compared with training once a week. Higher volumes of training (ie, >290 repetitions) in a period of 6 to 12 weeks with 57 repetitions per week demonstrated significant effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NHE lengthens the fascicle, especially if a sufficient volume (ie, >290 repetitions) and 2 days per week are performed. It is still unknown how the programming of some fundamental variables such as intensity, degree of effort, or exercise selection affects the muscle architecture of the biceps femoris long head.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251331607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11999990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normalization Methods for Shoulder Strength in Baseball Athletes.","authors":"Sean M Kennedy, Natalie L Myers, John E Conway, J Craig Garrison, Thomas Guffey, Lane B Bailey, Amanda J Arnold","doi":"10.1177/19417381251329929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381251329929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arm injuries in baseball continue to rise. Previous studies have confirmed relationships between shoulder strength, injury risk, and performance in baseball athletes. Shoulder strength measures vary considerably within and among baseball players and are influenced heavily by anthropometric measures. Presently, the normalization of shoulder strength measures has not been tested adequately to meet necessary statistical assumptions.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>At least 1 shoulder strength normalization method would meet 2 statistical assumptions: the intercept assumption and correlation assumption.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Isometric shoulder strength was tested in a cohort of uninjured baseball athletes on the dominant limb via handheld dynamometry: external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), and scapular plane abduction (SCAP). Five normalization methods were assessed using 2 statistical assumptions to determine the most appropriate normalization method for each shoulder strength measure: first, the regression line between a participant characteristic (body mass, height, ulnar length, and their respective combinations) and the unnormalized strength measure passes through the origin; second, normalizing shoulder strength eliminates its correlation with the participant characteristics. Statistical significance was set a priori at <i>α</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body mass normalization was the only normalization method that satisfied the intercept and correlation assumptions for ER, IR, and SCAP strength (<i>P</i> > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Normalizing shoulder ER, IR, and SCAP strength in uninjured baseball athletes using body mass satisfied both statistical assumptions. When clinicians seek to compare shoulder strength in baseball athletes of differing anthropometric make-up, using body mass as the denominator is the most appropriate method for normalization.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The utilization of a statistically supported shoulder strength normalization method is warranted to account for anthropometric differences when comparing strength between athletes. This study adds a clinically relevant and reproducible method for normalizing isometric shoulder strength in uninjured baseball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251329929"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11999986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of Fastpitch Softball Pitching: A Practitioner's Guide.","authors":"Kenzie B Friesen, Lauren S Butler, Nicole M Bordelon, Jessica L Downs-Talmage, Glenn S Fleisig, Sophia Ulman, Gretchen D Oliver","doi":"10.1177/19417381251323610","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251323610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Despite fastpitch softball's growing popularity, there is limited evidence-based guidance to aid practitioners in developing pitching-specific injury prevention and performance enhancement strategies. This commentary describes the biomechanics across each phase of the softball pitch and provides explanation of common biomechanical errors during the pitch as well as training strategies and exercise recommendations to foster optimal pitcher development.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A review of softball pitching biomechanics research available in electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, and EBSCO.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 4 primary phases of the windmill softball pitch include the wind-up, stride, acceleration, and follow-through.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Specific training strategies are recommended to combat the various flaws associated with each phase of the softball pitch. Evaluating body composition, functional characteristics like strength and range of motion of the shoulders, trunk, and hips, as well as assessing energy flow may result in improved performance and minimize risk of injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251323610"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11969493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143774987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the PhySens as a Wrist-Worn Wearable in Pitch Detection and Biomechanical Workload Estimation.","authors":"Elliot M Greenberg, Stephen J Thomas, John Kablan, John Condon, Erik Backstrom, J Todd Lawrence","doi":"10.1177/19417381251329921","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19417381251329921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The volume and frequency of throwing activity are among the most significant risk factors for developing overuse injuries in youth athletes. Despite introducing systematic guidelines for 'pitch counts,' throwing injuries continue to rise. Using technology to create enhanced measures of workload exposure in this unique population of athletes may help generate more effective and personalized injury prevention strategies.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The wrist-worn sensor system (PhySens) will: 1) accurately detect and differentiate throwing activity from other baseball movements, and 2) accurately predict ball velocity, arm slot angle, and elbow valgus torque.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Descriptive laboratory study.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 5.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Youth pitchers (n = 10) performed a standardized protocol of pitching, field-throwing, and batting. Pitching velocity and biomechanical data were simultaneously captured by the PhySens and traditional 3-dimensional motion capture. The accuracy of the pitching detection algorithm (throw vs batting) was analyzed by comparing truth data with throwing events cataloged by the device. Ball velocity, elbow valgus torque, and arm slot angle predictions were assessed with Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 230 events (pitches and bat swings) were analyzed. Pitch detection was excellent, with a sensitivity of 99.4% and specificity 97.9%. Pearson correlations were significant and excellent across all predicted variables, with ball velocity <i>r</i> = 0.96, elbow valgus torque <i>r</i> = 0.95, and arm slot angle <i>r</i> = 0.87. The system demonstrated excellent estimations of ball velocity, elbow valgus torque, and arm slot angle.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This novel single-sensor wrist worn device was highly accurate in detecting pitching events, predicting ball velocity, and estimating arm slot angle and elbow valgus torque.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Throwing volume is highly associated with overuse injuries in youth baseball players. Sensor-based measures of workload monitoring can address inherent limitations related to human error and underestimation of true throwing exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":" ","pages":"19417381251329921"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143774990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}