{"title":"Complementizer doubling and subject extraction in Italo-Romance","authors":"N. Munaro","doi":"10.1075/LV.00020.MUN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LV.00020.MUN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this article I analyze the complementizer doubling construction attested in some early and modern Italo-Romance\u0000 varieties, where a preposed (clausal or non clausal) constituent associated to the selected clause appears in the embedded left\u0000 periphery preceded and followed by a subordinating complementizer. While the higher complementizer is uncontroversially\u0000 interpreted as a lexicalization of the head Force°, the lower complementizer has been taken to lexicalize either the functional\u0000 head Topic° or the functional head Fin°. Relying on previous formal analyses of subject extraction, I argue that in the varieties\u0000 in which the lower complementizer lexicalizes Fin°, its presence reflects the lexicalization of the mood features encoded by Fin°,\u0000 and is ultimately due to the extraction of the thematic subject out of the embedded clause through Spec,FinP, a movement strategy\u0000 made possible by the presence of an expletive pro in the canonical preverbal subject position.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43664247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On relative complementizers and relative pronouns","authors":"C. Poletto, Emanuela Sanfelici","doi":"10.1075/LV.16002.POL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LV.16002.POL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il)\u0000 qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and\u0000 relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It\u0000 takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne\u0000 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not\u0000 C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “complementizers” and “pronouns” have the\u0000 same categorial status, i.e. they are wh-items and are part of the relative clause-internal head.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41901485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Variation in wh-expressions asking for a reason","authors":"Y. Endô","doi":"10.1075/LV.00024.END","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LV.00024.END","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, I will discuss some types of variation in wh-expressions asking for reasons such as\u0000 why, what…for and how come with special attention to their base-generated\u0000 positions in the framework of the cartography of syntactic structures. I will first discuss why and\u0000 what…for to illustrate variation in the base-generated position of wh-expressions asking for reasons. I will\u0000 next explore a new dimension in the cartography of syntactic structures by discussing some variation in the use of how\u0000 come and the complementizer that among speakers.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/LV.00024.END","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44402455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pragmatic effects of clitic doubling","authors":"Justine Sikuku, M. Diercks, M. Marlo","doi":"10.1075/LV.00027.SIK","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LV.00027.SIK","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Object markers (OMs) in Bantu languages have long been argued to be either incorporated pronouns or agreement\u0000 morphemes, distinguished mainly by their ability (or not) to co-occur with (i.e. double) in situ objects. Lubukusu appears to be\u0000 an instance of OMs-as-incorporated pronouns, as OMs in neutral discourse contexts cannot double in situ objects in a broad range\u0000 of syntactic contexts. As we show, however, certain pragmatic contexts in fact do license OM-doubling; we demonstrate that\u0000 OM-doubling in Lubukusu is licit only on a verum (focus) interpretation. We analyze OM-doubling within a Minimalist framework as\u0000 the result of an Agree relation between the object and a verum-triggering Emphasis head (Emph°). The non-doubling OM results from\u0000 an incorporation operation. We therefore claim that Lubukusu displays two distinct syntactic derivations of OMs (generating\u0000 doubling and non-doubling) with the interpretive effects of OM-doubling arising from the semantic/pragmatic properties of\u0000 Emph°.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/LV.00027.SIK","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45198951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linguistic VariationPub Date : 2016-01-01Epub Date: 2017-01-12DOI: 10.1075/lv.16.2.06tam
Meredith Tamminga, Laurel MacKenzie, David Embick
{"title":"The dynamics of variation in individuals.","authors":"Meredith Tamminga, Laurel MacKenzie, David Embick","doi":"10.1075/lv.16.2.06tam","DOIUrl":"10.1075/lv.16.2.06tam","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper examines the factors conditioning the production of linguistic variables in real time by individual speakers: the study of what we term the <i>dynamics of variation in individuals</i>. We propose a framework that recognizes three types of factors conditioning variation: sociostylistic (s-), internal linguistic (i-), and psychophysiological (p-). We develop two main points against this background. The first is that sequences of variants produced by individuals display systematic patterns that can be understood in terms of s-conditioning and p-conditioning (with a focus on the latter). The second main point is that p-conditioning and i-conditioning are distinct in their mental implementations; this claim has implications for understanding the locality of the factors conditioning alternations, for the universality and language-specificity of variation, and for the general question of whether grammar and language use are distinct. Throughout the paper, questions about the dynamics of variation in individuals are set against the typical community-centered variationist perspective, with an eye towards showing how findings in the two domains, though differing in explanatory focus, can ultimately be mutually informative.</p>","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":"16 2","pages":"300-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6939640/pdf/nihms777092.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37508935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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