Built Environment最新文献

{"title":"Post-Pandemic Home-Based Work in Cities of the South Lessons from Enugu, Nigeria","authors":"Nkeiru Hope Ezeadichie","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.464","url":null,"abstract":"Income-generating activities in residential zones known as Home-Based Enterprises (HBEs) are becoming more prevalent as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The informal sector, including HBEs, started expanding in cities of the Global South in the 1980s during the Structural Adjustment Programme and has engendered debates among practitioners and researchers. The International Labour Organization Home Work Convention, C177 of 1996, and the inclusion of home work in national accounting because of its contribution to Gross Domestic Product have emboldened researchers to argue for a supportive policy framework. Yet, this phenomenon is still opposed by contemporary planning practices in many Global South cities. The lockdown during the pandemic which aff ected every aspect of life across the world revealed the indispensability of home-based enterprises: 'work' that had to be kept functional was done from home. Will the implications of lockdown and post-pandemic home-based work lead to a paradigm shift in the Global South from the rigid colonial planning standards to eff ective and dynamic planning standards that are based on contemporary urban realities? The aim of this study is, therefore, to examine the implications of post-pandemic home-based enterprise for the built environment in Global South cities using Enugu, Nigeria as a case study. The mixed research design was adopted for the study, while data were collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Stratified random sampling was employed to select three (one low, medium, and high density) from the existing thirty-three formal neighbourhoods in the study city – Enugu. Systematic sampling was adopted to select the sample size among the residents and the professionals were selected purposively. The result of the principal component analysis reveals that there are six major impacts of HBEs on the built environment in Enugu, namely: entrepreneurship skills; pressure on infrastructure; improved living standards; discrimination; in fluence on work–life balance; and limited growth potential. Major lessons from the study include:adaptation of innovative urban planning; enhancement of local economic development; gender and policy issues.This research is signi ficant as it will contribute to the literature on COVID-19 in the Global South and connect the post-COVID-19 recovery experience from a core Global South city to possible, effective actions that can mitigate future challenges in comparable cities and contexts.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of Working from Home for the Design of Healthy Work Environments in the Post-Pandemic City","authors":"Matthew Zenkteler, Francisca Rodriguez Leonard, Debra Cushing, Greg Hearn, Marcus Foth, Veronica Garcia Hansen, Glenda Caldwell","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.423","url":null,"abstract":"Remote work in cities is growing in popularity, fuelled by ongoing technological advances, the globalized knowledge economy, changing lifestyle preferences, the need to empower individuals, and – more recently – the eff ects of COVID-19. Social distancing measures introduced during the pandemic have inadvertently shown that a substantial proportion of work can be done from home or from third spaces such as co-working spaces. This paper off ers a critical appraisal of the implications of this trend for neighbourhood planning and workplace design. The appraisal is in three parts. First, to set the scene, we review recent scholarship on changing work practices in the post-pandemic city. Second, we offer a summative account based on empirical data from a survey conducted by the City of Gold Coast in Australia. This survey explored the spatial distribution of remote, nomadic, and home-based workers in cities in order to discover certain socio-economic, design and built environment features that relate to this distribution. This illustrates the impact that an uptake of home-based work has for urban planning and community design. Third, we look at some of the working from home implications for career progression and productivity, as well as physical and mental health. Based on perspectives from architectural science, environmental psychology and design, this part of the paper employs human-building interaction design scholarship to argue for the design of healthy work environments – both at home and in neighbourhoods – that increase productivity, reduce sick days, and yield be er health outcomes for the home-based workforce.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Characteristics of Home as Workplace: Investigation of Home-Based Enterprise in Several Housing Typologies in Indonesia","authors":"Susinety Prakoso, Julia Dewi","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.397","url":null,"abstract":"Home-based enterprises, which have grown considerably, use homes as microindustries, and are commonly run by families with the help of one to three workers. One challenge that home-based enterprises face is related to spatial conflicts between work and living areas, which can affect the quality of living spaces. This study investigates the spatial characteristics of homes with home-based enterprises to understand how they are used for income-generating activities and how the spatial characteristics of these homes vary between different industry sectors. This investigation is conducted to find a reasonable concept of flexibility at home that allows for income-generating activities that minimize the spatial conflicts between activities, while maintaining sufficient living space quality. This study used a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with homeowners and quantitative surveys of twenty-nine homes used as workplaces in three cities in Indonesia. The samples represented some housing typologies used in various sectors of home-based industries. The results showed that the spatial characteristics of indeterminant spaces, such as slack, neutral, and joined spaces, as well as the disposition of kitchens with other spaces in the same zone, provided opportunities for juxtaposing the two activities during both day and night. The findings suggest that integrating indeterminant spaces in a housing design can offer more flexibility and adaptability to residential spaces for both dwelling and working, while mitigating the negative impacts of using homes as workplaces.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135891238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mumbai's Tool-House","authors":"Matias Echanove, Rahul Srivastava","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.370","url":null,"abstract":"Across Mumbai, millions of people, with insufficient capital to purchase or rent property at market rates, occupy space in the most economical ways possible. In the process of optimizing the li le space they have they often mix and merge living and working functions. We refer to this typology as the 'tool-house'. While similar live–work conditions have been identi fied under various avatars all over the world, we look at its particularities in the context of Mumbai and show how its emergence is both context induced and context generating. Entire neighbourhoods, such as Dharavi in the heart of Mumbai are shaped by the presence of tiny tool-houses which, taken together, represent a fantastic productive network. We argue that tool-houses should be recognized as legitimate urban forms, not just in Mumbai but everywhere. In this paper, we show how tool-houses (and more generally live–work structures) have been essential building blocks of urban economies in various moments and times and, along with focusing on Dharavi in Mumbai, we also describe the speci fic case of postwar Tokyo.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinking Spatially about Home-Based Work and Workhomes","authors":"Nidhi Sohane, Gautam Bhan","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.355","url":null,"abstract":"Working at home is a ubiquitous practice across the globe with varying degrees of recognition and visibility subject to the context in which it is undertaken. In the Global South, even as home-based work is a dominant mode of informal urban employment, there is limited recognition and scholarship on the sites where it is undertaken and the inadequacies in which these sites are embedded. This essay seeks to provide a framework to think about the spatiality of the workhomes which are sites where users undertake activities related both to their work and the home. We argue that the particularities of cities in the Global South, which are marked by its spatial and economic informality, have specific implications on workhomes. The framework is provided by examining the spatial, material, tenurial, and infrastructural aspects across three scales – that of the individual workhome, at the settlement scale, and at the meso-level spatial aggregations in the city. Through this, we present implications for planning and policy making to improve conditions for workhomes and those who use their homes for work.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135891236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work from Home and Urban Structure","authors":"Matthew J. Delventhal, Eunjee Kwon, Andrii Parkhomenko","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.503","url":null,"abstract":"The sustained increase in working from home in the wake of Covid has the potential to reshape the US urban landscape. This article describes the big picture of pre2020 remote work in the US and summarizes how that picture changed during the subsequent three years. It then introduces a mathematical model designed to calculate the possible long-run impacts of increased remote work on where and how Americans work and live. This model predicts that the increased prevalence of remote and hybrid work arrangements will induce workers with remote-capable jobs to find housing farther away from their job locations, increasing the length of the average commute while cutting the time actually spent commuting. Jobs that produce goods and services which must be consumed locally will follow the bulk of the population to suburbs and smaller cities, while jobs producing tradable output will increase both in low-cost and high-productivity locations, at the expense of the middle. In the long run, the reallocation of demand to lower density locations with fewer legal restrictions on housing development should reduce the real price of housing by at least 1 per cent, but these changes depend on adjustments to the housing stock, both through new construction and through re-purposing commercial real estate in city centres. The model predicts a partial reversal of the decades-long concentration of talent and income in the centres of the biggest cities. Data on changes 2019–2022 suggest that some of this reversal is already happening.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135891237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homes that Work: Editorial","authors":"Frances Holliss, Howard Davis, Shalini Sinha","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Editors and Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No House is Just a House: House Interviews, Space-Use Intensity, and City-Making","authors":"Maria Carrizosa","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.3.440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.440","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that to understand housing as domestic only is a misconception. People intensify the use of their homes in ways that create substantial economic opportunities, urban services, and a range of social protections for themselves and their communities. The research presented here introduces the concept of 'space-use intensity', in fluenced by time-use surveys, Jane Jacobs's ideas on mixed-use, and the continuum approach to the informal economy, as conceptualized by Elinor Ostrom. Further, it describes the 'house interview' methodology devised to document spaceuse intensity and presents findings from houses in informal se lements in Bogotá, Kampala, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar. The data reveal that houses are less than a third residential (29 per cent), almost half of the uses are economic (47 per cent), and they provide a fair share of urban or community services (24 per cent). This visual methodology demonstrates that local governments are overlooking 83.8 per cent of the activities taking place within homes. In sum, the evidence discussed here shows that homes contribute signi ficantly to the urban economy and public services, making space-use intensity analysis instrumental in the design of eff ective housing, urban, and social protection policies.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135891239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration and 'Placemaking' without Governance in a Grey field Context: The Transformation of Salisbury, Queensland, Australia","authors":"Sébastien Darchen","doi":"10.2148/benv.49.1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.1.115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how the concept of 'place' could be integrated in the regeneration process for the industrial suburb of Salisbury in Queensland, Australia and how the three Bs can be used as a framework to study the evolution and the possible futures of the suburb. The paper draws\u0000 on data collected from interviews with stakeholders as well as the outcomes of a Design Studio course as well as a panel organized for a University of Queensland event on placemaking in 2018 as a practical way of exploring potential scenarios for place-based regeneration of the suburb. The\u0000 aim of the paper is both to understand the current transformation process of this suburb and to develop recommendations for a regeneration process integrating the concept of 'place' in the South East Queensland (SEQ) context where regeneration principles are not well integrated into local\u0000 plans for the suburb of Salisbury. The paper highlights two conflicting views about the regeneration process and placemaking. The conclusion outlines recommendations to promote a regeneration process that could be adapted for both the Salisbury and the grey fields context for South East Queensland\u0000 and would reconcile the two visions of what the regeneration of Salisbury should be.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45297622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}