Medicine, Conflict and Survival最新文献

{"title":"Not learning the lessons of history: clinging to power and domination in the nuclear age.","authors":"Marion Birch, Leo van Bergen","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2247913","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2247913","url":null,"abstract":"On 27 of July, as this issue was being finalized, there was limited media coverage of the 70 anniversary of the Korean War Armistice. While recognizing that the Armistice Agreement had prevented further bloodshed, the UN Secretary General stated that ‘the threat of escalation is growing’ and what was needed included ‘complete and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula’ (United Nations 2023). The Korean War is often referred to as the ‘forgotten war’ but is anything but by those who fought it. It involved an air campaign that obliterated, for example, 65–100% of seven of Korea’s major cities, and involved the use of 23,557 tons of napalm (Cummings 2011). As previous conflicts remain unresolved and new ones are alarmingly unpredictable the urgency to ensure nuclear weapons are never used and eventually eliminated is evident – as it has always been. However, it appears the leaders of nuclear armed states are still not listening. The chapter on world nuclear forces from the 2023 Yearbook, that the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute has made free to download (SIPRI 2023), reports that while the number of nuclear warheads globally continues to decline this is mainly due to Russia and the United States continuing to dismantle retired warheads. Reductions in operational warheads appear to have stalled and their number is now rising. The United States and Russia are both replacing and modernizing their warheads and associated delivery systems. China’s stockpile is being modernized and expanded but expected to remain considerably smaller. The other six nuclear-armed states, while their stockpiles are smaller still, are all either developing or deploying new weapons systems or have said they intend to do so (SIPRI 2023). Two weeks before the 78 anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the film Oppenheimer was released on 21 July with generally positive reviews in the mainstream media. Criticism elsewhere centred around the lack of portrayal of the true horrors on the ground in Japan – at the time of writing the film is yet to be released in Japan – and the lack of inclusion of the health consequences of the Trinity test. Debates among scientists and their moral dilemmas portrayed in the film include Leo Szilard’s petition against the bombing signed by eminent scientist and physicists. Already in 1939 working on chain reactions Szilard is quoted as saying: ‘We turned the switch, saw the flashes, watched for ten minutes, then switched everything off and went home. That night I knew the world was headed for sorrow’ (Szilard 1939). MEDICINE, CONFLICT AND SURVIVAL 2023, VOL. 39, NO. 3, 195–198 https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2247913","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"195-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10284628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can healthcare systems become more resilient to the impacts of climate change?","authors":"Georgina Miles","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2231692","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2231692","url":null,"abstract":"A child born in 2023 faces a far more unpredictable future than we have known for decades. Since the 1960s, the number of weather-related natural disasters has tripled (“Climate Change and Health” n.d.) and the past year saw the breaking of temperature records on every continent (“2022 Saw Record Temperatures in Europe and across the World | Copernicus” n.d.). Collectively, these changes threaten the health, environment and food security of billions of people. Despite the unequivocal body of evidence for accelerating climate change, fossil fuel production continues to expand, weakening our hold on global warming targets agreed to secure future planetary health. The degree of global anxiety for the health of the next generation is plain in the publication of guidance in 2019 on how to ‘ensure that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate’ (Watts et al. 2019). The burden of climate change impacts will not be shared equally – of 250,000–400,000 predicted extra deaths from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress, 88% will be amongst children, and 99% in lowand middleincome countries (“Climate Change and Health” n.d.). Even amongst developed healthcare systems, climate change will act as a risk multiplier, strengthening intergenerational cycles of adversity by placing the most vulnerable populations at highest risk of climate-related health conditions. Without urgent and systemic intervention, existing health inequities will widen, with the potential to reverse the health and development gains of the last 50 years (“Human Development Report 2011Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All | United Nations Development Programme” n.d.).","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"281-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10584613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2238455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2238455","url":null,"abstract":"Page 1, Abstract section More than one third of the men interviewed (n = 128; 36.6%) reported having experienced sexual violence. Almost one third of the men interviewed (n = 128; 32.7%) reported having experienced sexual violence. Page 11, “Experiences of sexual violence” heading under Results section In total, 128 (36.6%) newly arrived male refugees reported having experienced sexual violence, with 79.7% (n = 102) responding to ‘sexual assault’ and/or ‘other unwanted sexual experiences’ as ‘happened to me’ and 20.3% (n = 26) ‘witnessed it’. In total, 128 (32.7%) newly arrived male refugees reported having experienced sexual violence, with 79.7% (n = 102) responding to ‘sexual assault’ and/or ‘other unwanted sexual experiences’ as ‘happened to me’ and 20.3% (n = 26) ‘witnessed it’. Page 11, “Socio-demographic and flightrelated characteristics” heading under Results section Most participants originated from Cameroon (n = 62, 16.6%), Venezuela (n = 53, 13.5%), and Eritrea (n = 38, 9.7%), and there were significant differences between the subsamples with . . . Most participants originated from Cameroon (n = 65, 16.6%), Venezuela (n = 53, 13.5%), and Eritrea (n = 38, 9.7%), and there were significant differences between the subsamples with . . .","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"319-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10559262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing dissent: How unhealthy commodity industries subvert public health action against non-communicable diseases.","authors":"Omar Al-Rawi","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2231690","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2231690","url":null,"abstract":"Non-communicable disease (NCD) is an umbrella term referring to medical conditions not directly transmissible from one person to another. Historically a concern of more economically developed nations, this group of diseases now accounts for 75% of deaths worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in low-and middle-income countries","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"271-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10220670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community engagement and adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in Northwest Syria: a systematic review.","authors":"Orwa Al-Abdulla,&nbsp;Agneta Kallström","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2198894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2198894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the burden on the collapsing health system in northwest Syria. The situation was exacerbated by the low rates of adherence to preventive measures and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. In this study, we systematically analysed studies related to Risk Communication and Community Engagement programs, and community awareness in northwest Syria in order to determine the most widespread prevention methods, the community's perspectives and knowledge of epidemic prevention, and the factors that prevent effective community engagement and uptake of COVID-19 prevention precautions in an area that has been suffering from the scourge of conflict for more than ten years. Based on the research findings, low adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures is mainly due to external factors related to socioeconomic status, scarcity of resources, and poor living conditions. Therefore, this study suggested that integrated multi-sectoral humanitarian programs that address these factors holistically are more effective than solely public health interventions in involving the community to become an active part of the Risk Communication and Community Engagement programs and ensuring their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"229-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10271553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter from Khartoum. Thinking beyond the crisis: health workers continue to care in the midst of conflict.","authors":"Mumen Abdalazim Dafallah,&nbsp;Omer Ali Mohamed Ahmed Elawad","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2228120","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2228120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"268-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10215446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rising threat of urinary tract infections among the flood-affected women of Pakistan: challenges and recommendations.","authors":"Ayesha Azhar,&nbsp;Fahad Amir,&nbsp;Amna Shakeel,&nbsp;Syed Hasan Ali","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2214954","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2214954","url":null,"abstract":"The variations in temperature and wind patterns in South Asia impact Pakistan’s monsoon season annually. Climate change brought about a 190% increase in precipitation in Pakistan in 2022, breaking a 30-year record. In August alone, the province of Sindh received 726% of its average rainfall (Anon 2023c). Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan swiftly followed, receiving 590% and 233% of their average rainfall","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"250-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10272034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change the mindset on nuclear weapons: health experts use their professions to prevent global health threats.","authors":"Koichi Sakakibara,&nbsp;Hiromi Ieda,&nbsp;Shinsaku Shiode","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2233142","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2233142","url":null,"abstract":"The accumulated knowledge of nuclear weapons’ anticipated damage shows that nuclear disarmament is the only rational option for the survival of the human species. Along with the health professionals’ ethics, they can take responsibility for preventing the primary use of nuclear weapons. This essay argues that health professionals’ role is to engage in education and advocacy to alter the mindset that has justified the existence of nuclear weapons. Leveraging their expertise in public health, their roles can be further fulfilled through comprehensive activism that includes international, national, community, and educational levels.","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"300-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10568156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Armed conflict exposure and mental health: examining the role of imperceptible violence.","authors":"Maria Teresa Restrepo,&nbsp;Diana Padilla-Medina","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2222360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2023.2222360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Armed conflict exposure is associated with multiple mental health problems. However, more needs to be known about the differential effects of particular modalities of armed conflict violence and war methods on mental health. This study a) examined the modalities of violence employed in the Colombian armed conflict and b) assessed their association with mental health problems in armed conflict survivors. Using armed conflict data from the Colombian Armed Conflict Events Information System, we identified three violence modalities: armed confrontations, indiscriminate attacks, and selective violence. Descriptive statistics showed that selective violence generated most (86%) of the 333,219 victims of the Colombian armed conflict between 1996 and 2016. A subsample of armed conflict survivors (<i>n</i> = 551) from the 2015 Colombian Mental Health Survey was used to assess the association of each modality of violence with depression and anxiety, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse. Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) (<i>p</i> < .05, 95% CI) showed that survivors of selective violence crimes such as forced disappearance of loved ones, kidnapping, sexual violence, and massacres were at increased risk of experiencing Common Mental Health Disorders, PTSD symptoms, and hazardous drinking. Identifying those at elevated risk for developing mental health problems and substance misuse among survivors of armed conflict may help to use limited resources more effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"199-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10216952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mob killing and its impact on public health in Africa.","authors":"Abdullahi Tunde Aborode,&nbsp;Abayomi Oyeyemi Ajagbe,&nbsp;Ayoola S Fasawe","doi":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2240163","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13623699.2023.2240163","url":null,"abstract":"Mob killing also called mob justice, jungle or instant justice or community assault (CA) is a process where a group of individuals disobey the law wreaking brutality on a purported suspect of crimes namely theft, robbery, kidnapping, killing, sexual assault and other physical and property offences in the absence of due process (Bekele 2022; Chalya et al. 2015; Medar, Keyes, and Stuart 2021; Ng’walali and Kitinya 2006; Shodunke et al. 2023; Traynor et al. 2020). The accused individual has no opportunity to safeguard himself/herself or attest innocence and ends up being severely wounded or beaten to death which has created a medico-legal, social and public health challenge in some developing countries (Chalya et al. 2015; Ng’walali and Kitinya 2006; Shodunke et al. 2023). Items namely iron rods, sticks, stones, machetes, gasoline, tyres, and other flammable materials are employed by the enforcer to carry out mob action (Shodunke et al. 2023). Mob killing is regarded as a system of poor governance in which diverse rationales have been listed for mob justice which stems from anomie, statelessness and the failures of different social institutions in the country (Bekele 2022). Numerous reasons have been put forward as a tipping point for these actions which fall outside rational-legal frameworks as they reduce the capacity of human beings to be in charge of themselves and their relationships to society and law-abiding citizens (Bekele 2022). Furthermore, the majority of actions that result in mob action are not only unlawful but also equal to the infringements of fundamental human rights and freedoms which are promised under national, continental and international human rights instruments (Bekele 2022).","PeriodicalId":53657,"journal":{"name":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival","volume":"39 3","pages":"258-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10273071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}