Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines最新文献

{"title":"Winners, Losers and Microsoft. Competition and Antitrust in High Technology - Stan J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis","authors":"C. Didier","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1167","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the role of network externalities in product, firm and market settings is at the top of many modern economists’ research agenda. With network externalities “the utility that a user derives from consumption of [a] good increases with the number of other agents consuming the good” (Katz and Shapiro, 1985). The downside of network externalities is that the smallest of historical accidents, perhaps a careless choice by a technology pioneer responding to some random influence, has the potential to lock in future generations to an inefficient technology. The result is a market failure. Thus, there exists the possibility that all people might use the same telephone service, or all companies might use the same ERP software for human resource or the same XML technology for e-commerce, though these technologies may not be the best-of-breed.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82661104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Ideas Conspire with Circumstances: Introducing Individual Transferable Quotas in Fisheries","authors":"H. GissurarsonHannes","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1149","url":null,"abstract":"Deux ques t ions impor tantes sont rarement posees a propos de lintroduction possible de Quotas Individuels Transferables (QIT) dans les pecheries : Pourquoi ny a-t-il que deux pays dans le monde, lIslande et la Nouvelle Zelande, qui ont introduit un systeme comprehensible de QIT dans leurs pecheries ? et : qui soccupe de la privatisation des biens dacces libre ? Lexperience de lIslande peut donner quelques reponses. Dans une premiere partie, levolution du systeme de QIT en Islande entre 1975 et 2000 est decrite comme un processus difficile de marchandage. Dune part les couts de marchandage furent abaisses par la crainte repandue de la disparition des stocks de poisson, et par la relative homogeneite dans les pecheries pelagiques. Dautre part ces couts furent augmentes, par lheterogeneite dans les pecheries demersales, avec des differences immenses entre les proprietaires de petits bateaux et ceux de grands chalutiers, ainsi que des differences entre les regions. Dans la seconde partie, est decrite la nature du systeme de QIT: alors que ceux qui detiennent des QIT jouissent de droits dextraction plutot que de la propriete, lintroduction du systeme de QIT equivaut a cloturer partiellement les stocks de poisson dans les eaux dIslande, resolvant ainsi la plupart des problemes associes a la tragedie des communs. Le systeme a plutot bien opere mis a part quelques problemes subsistants, en particulier le statut legal incertain des QIT et les prises de premier choix. La troisieme partie decrit les controverses actuelles au sujet du systeme des QIT. Nous demontrons que le seul moyen de rendre lintroduction de ce systeme acceptable pour les proprietaires dun capital de peche etait dallouer des quotas sur la base de lhistoire des prises, et quune taxe speciale sur la location des ressources serait injuste car elle frapperait ceux qui ont choisi de rester dans les pecheries et non ceux qui ont ete mis a lecart.Two important questions are rarely asked about the possible introduction of ITQs in fisheries: Why are there only two countries in the world, Iceland and New Zealand, which have introduced a comprehensive ITQ system into their fisheries? and: Who cares whether the commons is privatized? The experience in Iceland may provide some answers. In Part 1, the evolution of the ITQ system in Iceland in 1975-2000 is described as a difficult process of bargaining. Costs of bargaining were lowered by the widespread fear of the collapse of the fish stocks, and by the relative homogeneity in the pelagic fisheries. Those costs were increased, on the other hand, by the heterogeneity in the demersal fisheries, with vast differences between owners of small boats and large trawlers, and also between regions. In Part II, the nature of the ITQ system is described: while those who hold ITQs enjoy rights of extraction rather than property, the introduction of the ITQ system amounts to the partial enclosure of the fish stocks in Icelandic waters, solving most of the problems","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"1987 1","pages":"1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82277706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Essay on the Unmagic of Norms and Rules and of Markets","authors":"W. Samuels","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76560468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fool's Errand?","authors":"A. John","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1135","url":null,"abstract":"Aujourdhui, le gouvernement federal entreprend de diriger les situation durgence, un tâche si intimidante quelle fait appel a la panoplie de reglementation et de pouvoirs economiques residant dans les institutions et les bureaucraties federales. LAdministration Federale de Gestion des Situations dUrgence occupe la pole position dans cet effort massif. Mais une societe qui autorise le gouvernement a repondre face aux catastrophes naturelles et autres calamites de ce type peut-elle esperer preserver sa liberte ? Non. En fait, le gouvernement dune societe libre peut gouverner efficacement sans detruire la liberte, si et seulement si ses citoyens en ont decide ainsi.Today, the federal government undertakes to manage emergencies, a task so daunting that it must call forth all of the concentrated regulatory and economic power that resides in federal institutions and bureaucracies. The Federal Emergency Management Administration takes the point position in this massive effort. But can a society which authorizes government to respond to natural disasters and other such calamities hope to preserve its liberty? No. In fact, the government of a free society can govern effectively without destroying freedom, if and only if the citizens are willing to be so governed.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88858725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ranking of Economists and Management Scientists in Europe","authors":"B. Frey, R. Eichenberger","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1140","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article presente une analyse statistique de la position des economistes francais et des specialistes francais des sciences de gestion parmi les chercheurs europeens de haut rang. La preuve empirique revele que la France ne developpe pas fortement ses ressources humaines sur la scene internationale. La position de la France en Europe, reperee par les citations (pour les economistes) et les nominations par les pairs (pour les specialistes des sciences de gestion) des chercheurs de haut rang et normalisee par la taille de la population, est seulement au neuvieme rang en ce qui concerne les sciences economiques et au huitieme rang pour les sciences de gestion. Cela laisse penser que la politique scientifique a encore beaucoup a faire pour ameliorer la situation.This note provides a statistical analysis of the position of French economists and French management scientists among the leading European scholars. The evidence shows that France does not strongly develop its human resources in the international setting. Frances position in Europe based on citations (for economists) and peer nominations (for management scientists) of the leading scholars normalized by the size of the population is only rank 9 with respect to economics, and rank 8 with respect to management science. This suggests that there is considerable scope for science policy to improve this situation.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83816610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Government in Responding to Natural Catastrophes","authors":"Arnold N. Scott","doi":"10.1515/JEEH-2000-0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JEEH-2000-0404","url":null,"abstract":"Aux Etats-Unis les gouvernements des Etats tout autant que le gouvernement federal jouent un role important dans le traitement des effets des sinistres naturels. Le gouvernement federal subventionne lassurance-inondations pour les individus, les entreprises privees et les gouvernements dEtats et locaux, et il affecte des fonds sur une base ad hoc pour reconstruire apres de tres importants sinistres naturels tels que de fortes inondations ou des tremblements de terre. Les gouvernements des Etats reglementent lassurance-seisme (en Californie) et lassurance-ouragan (en Floride) en imposant a lensemble des assurances et a certains de leurs utilisateurs de subventionner dautres assures. Cet article analyse les diverses formes dimplications gouvernementales dans lassistance des sinistres et evalue de maniere critique les arguments normatifs pour ces formes de participations et de reglementations. Il propose que le gouvernement federal se retire du marche de lassurance-inondation et que les gouvernements des etats arretent de reglementer les marches dassurance prives qui obligent des gens a subventionner lassurance pour dautres.Government at both the state and federal level in the United States has an extensive role in dealing with the effects of natural disasters. The federal government provides subsidized flood insurance to private individuals, businesses, and state and local government, and it appropriates f unds on an ad hoc basis for rebuilding after highly visible natural disasters such as large floods and earthquakes. State governments regulate earthquake insurance (California) and hurricane insurance (in Florida) in ways that force the insurance industry and some of its customers to subsidize other policyholders. This essay details the various forms of government involvement in disaster assistance and critically evaluates the normative arguments for these forms of government involvement and regulation. It proposes that the federal government should withdraw from the flood insurance market and that state governments should stop regulating private insurance markets in such a way that some people are forced to subsidize insurance for others.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85276048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unrepentant “Old” Whig","authors":"M. RebanksJames","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1141","url":null,"abstract":"En post-scriptum de la Constitution de la Liberte, Friedrich Hayek situa le coeur de ses convictions ou il percut quetait leur place dans lhistoire des idees. Il etait, il insistait, simplement un vieux Whig impenitent, en insistant sur le vieux. Le Whiggisme, il venait de le soutenir, etait le nom du seul et unique courant de pensee qui sopposa serieusement a tout pouvoir arbitraire. En mettant en avant le fait que le vrai liberalisme navait pas de nom reconnaissable afin de le distinguer du faux liberalisme, Hayek suggera celui de vieux Whig bien quil sembla plus proche de sa validite historique que de son utilite dans le monde reel. Cet essai tente dillustrer ce quHayek voulait dire en sappelant lui meme vieux Whig ou Whig Burkeen, comme il se decrivit plus tard. Il souleve des questions quant a la validite de la conception quHayek avait de lui, et quant a la vraie nature des vieux Whig historiques. Cet article explore le modele historique cree par Hayek, centre sur levenement cle de la Revolution Francaise, pour expliquer ce quil appela une contre-renaissance en faveur du collectivisme.In is postscript to The Constitution of Liberty, Friedrich Hayek placed his core beliefs into what he perceived as their proper place in the history of ideas. He was, he insisted, simply an unrepentant Old Whig with the stress on the old. Whiggism, he went on to assert, was the name of the only set of ideals that had consistently opposed all arbitrary power. Highlighting the fact that true liberalism had no recognisable name with which to distinguish itself from false liberalism, Hayek tossed Old Whig into the ring as his suggestion though he seemed more confident of its historical validity than its real-world usefulness. This essay attempts to illustrate just what Hayek meant by calling himself an Old Whig, or Burkean Whig, as he later described himself. It raises some questions about the validity of Hayeks self-conception, and the true nature of the historical Old Whigs. It also explores the historical model that Hayek created, centred on the key event of the French Revolution, to explain what he called a counterrenaissance in favour of collectivism.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84212255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitive Processes and the Evolution of Governance Structures","authors":"Ricketts Martin","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1147","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article examine la concurrence entre des structures de gouvernance des entreprises. Il y est souligne quune panoplie de structures constitutionnelles peut etre observee dans le cadre marchand et que cette variete a servi des objectifs transactionnels importants sur un plan historique. Larticle met en contraste les approches coasienne et autrichienne de lexplication des structures de gouvernance. Nous examinons la tendance recente du deplacement de la propriete des entreprises vers les investisseurs par opposition aux arrangements cooperatifs et mutuels. L a r gument a t ion sout i ent que lintervention etatique peut etre une explication importante des tendances recentes au Royaume Uni, notamment dans le domaine des institutions financieres. Les suggestions selon lesquelles des modeles de gouvernance des entreprises par les partenaires devraient etre introduits a travers lintervention de lEtat ignorent a la fois les couts de transaction et limportance dassurer laffectation du talent entrepreneurial en direction des ressources economiques.This paper considers competition between governance arrangements for firms. It is argued that a variety of constitutional structures can be observed in the market and that historically this variety has served important transactional purposes. The Coasian and Austrian approaches to the explanation of governance arrangements are contrasted. Recent trends towards investor ownership of firms and away from co-operative and mutual arrangements are considered. It is argued that government regulatory intervention may be an important explanation for recent trends in the UK, especially in the area of financial institutions. Suggestions that stakeholder models of firm governance should be introduced through state intervention ignore considerations both of transactions costs and the importance of ensuring the allocation of entrepreneurial talent to the direction of economic resources.","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84987343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Ideas Conspire with Circumstances","authors":"H. GissurarsonHannes","doi":"10.1515/JEEH-2000-0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/JEEH-2000-0203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76512961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Principles and Monetary Institutions. Review Essay on The Theory of Monetary Institutions - Lawrence H. White","authors":"Hülsmann Jörg Guido","doi":"10.2202/1145-6396.1157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1145-6396.1157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53483,"journal":{"name":"Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines","volume":"175 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79716223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}