Yacouba Yira, T. C. Mutsindikwa, A. Bossa, Jean Hounkpè, S. Salack
{"title":"Assessing climate change impact on the hydropower potential of the Bamboi catchment (Black Volta, West Africa)","authors":"Yacouba Yira, T. C. Mutsindikwa, A. Bossa, Jean Hounkpè, S. Salack","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-349-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-349-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study evaluates the impact of future climate change (CC) on\u0000the hydropower generation potential of the Bamboi catchment (Black Volta) in\u0000West Africa using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model (HBV light) and\u0000regional climate models (RCMs)–global climate models (GCMs). Two climate\u0000simulation datasets MPI-ESM-REMO (CORDEX) and GFDL-ESM2M-WRF (WASCAL) under\u0000RCP4.5 were applied to the validated hydrological model to simulate the\u0000catchment runoff. Based on reference and future simulated discharges, a\u0000theoretical 1.3 MW run of river hydro power plant was designed to evaluate\u0000the hydropower generation. Hydrological and hydropower generation changes\u0000were expressed as the relative difference between two future periods\u0000(2020–2049 and 2070–2099) and a reference period (1983–2005). The climate\u0000models' ensemble projected a mean annual precipitation increase by 8.8 %\u0000and 7.3 % and discharge increase by 11.4 % and 9.735 % for the\u00002020–2049 and 2070–2099 periods respectively (for bias corrected data). On\u0000the contrary an overall decrease of hydropower generation by −9.1 % and\u0000−8.4% for the 2020–2049 and 2070–2099 periods was projected\u0000respectively. The results indicate that projected increases in discharge\u0000should not solely be considered as leading to an increase in hydropower\u0000potential when prospecting climate change impact on hydropower.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75772428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biaou Ibidun Hervé Chabi, A. Akindele, Hervé Yabi, E. Ogouwalé
{"title":"Trajectoires de l'agriculture familiale face aux changements climatiques dans la zone agro-écologique 3 du Bénin","authors":"Biaou Ibidun Hervé Chabi, A. Akindele, Hervé Yabi, E. Ogouwalé","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-325-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-325-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. La présente recherche décrit la trajectoire de l'agriculture familiale en lien avec les changements climatiques dans la Zone Agro-Ecologique 3 du Bénin (ZAE-3). Les données utilisées sont obtenues auprès des exploitants agricoles grâce à la Méthode d'Investigation Socio-Historique. L'analyse de la trajectoire de l'agriculture familiale a été faite suivant trois générations d'agriculteurs. Ainsi, la Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante et l'Analyse en Composantes Principales sont mises à contribution pour l'analyse des principales étapes d'évolution des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF). Face aux effets des changements climatiques, les exploitants agricoles ont mis en œuvre diverses mesures ayant favorisé l'adaptabilité de l'agriculture familiale. Au-delà de leurs mérites, lesdites mesures présentent de limites qui se résument à leur inefficacité face aux événements climatiques extrêmes. Des mutations et transformations (techniques et sociales) profondes sont intervenues dans le processus d'évolution de l'agriculture familiale. Ainsi, dans le cadre de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques, quatre (4) grandes étapes ont marqué l'évolution des EAF à savoir le maintien du système traditionnel de production (13 %), l'agrandissement de la taille de l'exploitation (18 %), la tendance à l'intensification et l'innovation au sein des EAF (19 %) et la diversification des activités agricoles (49 %).\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83799378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dao, Ehouman Serge Koffi, D. Noufé, B. Kamagaté, Lanciné Droh Goné, L. Séguis, J. Perrin
{"title":"Soil loss vulnerability: the case study of Aghien lagoon watershed outskirts Abidjan city (Côte d'Ivoire)","authors":"A. Dao, Ehouman Serge Koffi, D. Noufé, B. Kamagaté, Lanciné Droh Goné, L. Séguis, J. Perrin","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-121-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-121-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Aghien lagoon is a source of fresh water outskirts of Abidjan city in the south of Côte d'Ivoire. For a better understanding of its functioning, we proposed to estimate its main tributaries (Bété and Djibi) soil loss during 2016 and 2017 as part of our research activities in the lagoon watershed in order to evaluate its vulnerability face to soil loss. The methodological approach is based on USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) incorporated into GIS (Geographic Information Systems). This equation takes into account five key factors: the erosivity of rainfall, the soil erodibility, the topographic factor integrating slope length and steepness, the cover-management factor and the support practice factor. The combination of these factors made it possible to obtain soil loss maps of the lagoon main tributaries. The analysis of them revealed that soil loss varying mostly between 0 and 250 t ha−1 yr−1 in 2016 and 2017. With regard to the two years, the vulnerability of the lagoon face to soil loss is “low” category. In fact, the soil loss class ranging from 0 to 20 t ha−1 yr−1 occupies more than 60 % of the two sub-basins area in 2016. This trend increased in 2017 with equivalent of 71 % of the area. On the over hand, the “very high” vulnerability ranging from 250 to 1050 t ha−1 yr−1, occupied in 2016, only 0.01 % of the area. In 2017, this category of vulnerability increased in intensity, occupying 0.05 % of it. Ultimately, the increasing observed in 2016 and 2017 seems to be related to annual rainfall of respectively 1553 and 2198 mm. The case study of Aghien lagoon, soil loss vulnerability can be improved by taking account a long time series of rainfall and land use data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86400572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sambou, Moussé Landing Sane, Issa Leye, Didier Maria Ndione, S. Kane, M. Badji
{"title":"Calage et validation de SWAT sur le bassin versant du Bafing (Fleuve Sénégal) en amont de BAFING MAKANA : vers une application à la gestion du barrage de Manantali","authors":"S. Sambou, Moussé Landing Sane, Issa Leye, Didier Maria Ndione, S. Kane, M. Badji","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-363-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-363-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. En matière de Gestion des Ressources En Eau, il devient de plus en plus\u0000nécessaire de remonter à l'information pluviométrique. La\u0000modélisation est devenue ainsi un outil incontournable. Les modèles\u0000hydrologiques reposent sur le cycle hydrologique. Ils transforment les\u0000pluies en débits sur le réseau hydrographique. L'objectif de cet\u0000article est de décrire le fonctionnement hydrologique du bassin versant\u0000du Bafing (principal affluent amont du fleuve Sénégal) en amont de\u0000Bafing Makana. Le modèle hydrologique semi distribué à base\u0000physique SWAT a été choisi comme modèle de base pour calculer\u0000les hydrogrammes de crue à la station de Bafing Makana qui contrôle\u0000les entrées au barrage de Manantali. Pour représenter la topographie\u0000de la zone d'étude, un MNT de résolution 12.5 m×12.5 m a été\u0000retenu. Les observations de pluies et débits sur la période\u00001979–1986 (pour le calage) et 1988–1994 (pour la validation) ont été\u0000utilisées comme entrées. L'analyse de sensibilité a permis de\u0000faire apparaître les paramètres les plus significatifs du\u0000modèle. Les valeurs de ces paramètres ont été\u0000déterminées dans la phase calage puis validées dans la phase\u0000validation. La valeur du critère de Nash est de 0.71 pour la phase de\u0000calage et de 0.65 pour la phase de validation. Les résultats\u0000validés à partir du critère de Nash montrent que les valeurs\u0000prises par le critère entrent dans l'intervalle des valeurs\u0000satisfaisantes retenues pour ce critère. L'ensemble des résultats\u0000obtenus montre que le modèle hydrologique SWAT peut être utilisé\u0000dans la gestion du barrage de Manantali à l'horizon 2090.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75917246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation of dry events duration in Northern Tunisia – Analysis of extremes trends","authors":"M. Mathlouthi, F. Lebdi","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-195-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-195-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Modeling of extremes dry spells in Northern Tunisia, in order to\u0000detect the severity of the phenomenon, is carried out. Dry events are\u0000considered as a sequence of dry days (below a threshold) separated by\u0000rainfall events from each other. The maximum dry event duration follows the\u0000Generalized Extreme Value distribution. The data series adherence to the\u0000probability distribution was verified by the Anderson-Darling test. The\u0000positive trend and non-stationarity of dry spells was verified respectively\u0000by the Mann–Kendall test and Dickey–Fuller and augmented Dickey–Fuller\u0000tests. The irregular distribution of rainfall in the growing season for Sidi\u0000Abdelbasset station has increased the number of dry spells. The increase of\u0000rainy days in Ghézala dam and Sidi Salem gauge stations resulted in a\u0000decrease of dry spells in this area. Regarding the return period of one year\u0000(wet season), dry events occurred from 14 to 27 d in this region\u0000constitute an agricultural potential risk. The Southern region was the most\u0000vulnerable.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation de deux méthodes de correction de biais des sorties de modèles climatiques régionaux Cordex-Africa pour la prévision des pluies : cas du bassin côtier oranais","authors":"S. Taïbi, A. Zeroual, Naziha Melhani","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-213-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-213-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ce travail vise à évaluer les pluies simulées\u0000issues des sorties de modèles climatiques régionaux Cordex-Africa\u0000dans le bassin côtier oranais en Algérie. Pour cela les simulations\u0000du modèle RCA4 (Rossby Centre Atmosphere model, version 4) forcé par deux modèles de circulation globale (MPI-ESM-LR et CNRM-CM5) sous\u0000deux scenarios de forçages radiatifs «Representative Concentration\u0000Pathways» (RCPs) RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5 sont comparées aux pluies\u0000observées au niveau de cinq stations pluviométriques, au cours de la\u0000période de contrôle 1981–2005 à l'échelle mensuelle. Les\u0000données futures simulées sont ensuite corrigées à l'aide de\u0000deux méthodes de correction de biais, à savoir, la méthode\u0000quantile-quantile et la méthode Delta, afin de mieux analyser leur\u0000évolution au cours de la période de projection 2075–2099. Les\u0000coefficients d'échange estimés au cours de la période 2075–2099\u0000montrent que les simulations corrigées par la méthode Delta sont\u0000moins biaisées que les simulations corrigées par la méthode\u0000quantile-quantile. L'analyse de l'évolution future des pluies met en\u0000évidence une réduction de −12 % à −38 % d'ici la fin du\u000021ème siècle selon le RCP 4.5. Cette réduction qui\u0000est encore plus importante selon le scénario pessimiste RCP 8.5, risque\u0000d'affecter la disponibilité des ressources en eau dans la région qui\u0000a connu par le passé une période de sècheresse sévère et\u0000persistante. Enfin, cette étude peut être utilisée comme outil\u0000d'aide à la décision destiné aux parties prenantes de la gestion\u0000intégrée des ressources en eau et de l'agriculture. Néanmoins,\u0000pour une meilleure appréciation des impacts socio-économiques, une\u0000étude plus approfondie en considérant plusieurs modèles\u0000climatiques et d'autres paramètres climatiques, est recommandée.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yao, S. Eblin, Loukou Alexis Brou, K. Kouassi, Gla Blaise Ouédé, I. Salifou, A. Diedhiou, Bi Crépin Péné
{"title":"Characterization of the variability in climate extremes in the Ferkessédougou sugar complexes (Northern Côte d'Ivoire)","authors":"A. Yao, S. Eblin, Loukou Alexis Brou, K. Kouassi, Gla Blaise Ouédé, I. Salifou, A. Diedhiou, Bi Crépin Péné","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-203-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-203-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study aims to analyse the frequency, intensity and duration\u0000of extreme climate events in order to optimise sugarcane production in the\u0000Ferkessédougou sugar complexes. The methodological approach is based on\u0000the calculation of extreme climate indices defined by the Expert Team on\u0000Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) from daily rainfall and\u0000temperature data observed at the Ferké 2 station over the period\u00001999–2018. The results show that the rainfall indices are negative, except\u0000for the number of consecutive dry days (CDD); this shows a decreasing trend\u0000in rainfall with, however, insignificant trends. Over the period 1999–2006,\u0000the number of intense rainfall days (R10 mm) decreased from 40 to 28 d with an average decrease of 0.3 d yr−1 and the number of very\u0000intense rainfall days (R20 mm) fluctuated between 26 and 2 d, with a slope\u0000of 0.083. The extreme temperature indices show statistically significant\u0000positive trends for the warm sequences; this confirms the rising of\u0000temperatures on both a local and national scale. This study could enable the\u0000Ferkessédougou sugar complexes managers to develop strategies for\u0000adaptation to climate change.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83174217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reflections on almost a century of hydrological studies on Africa's largest lake","authors":"K. Sene, Helen Houghton- Carr, W. Tych","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-141-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-141-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and its outflows strongly influence flows in the White Nile, including the availability of water for hydropower generation, irrigation and water supply. Understanding the water balance is a major challenge since the lake is large enough to influence the local climate and its catchment spans several countries. Hydrometeorological monitoring networks are also sparse in some parts of the basin. In this paper, we consider the history of water balance estimates for the lake and how the science has developed as new information and techniques have become available, including in areas such as seasonal flow forecasting and estimating the potential impacts of dam operations and climate change. These findings are placed into a wider context including the challenges arising from a changing climate and evolving ideas from international research programmes, which lead to some suggestions for future research priorities for Lake Victoria and other sub-Saharan/Rift Valley lakes.","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83043175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Le Coz, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, J. Bricquet, A. Laraque, B. Renard
{"title":"Estimation bayésienne des courbes de tarage et des incertitudes associées : application de la méthode BaRatin au Congo à Brazzaville","authors":"J. Le Coz, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, J. Bricquet, A. Laraque, B. Renard","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-25-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-25-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. L'inférence bayésienne est une approche\u0000intéressante pour estimer les courbes de tarage hauteur-débit des\u0000stations hydrométriques et les incertitudes associées car elle\u0000permet de croiser les jaugeages et la connaissance a priori des\u0000contrôles hydrauliques dans un cadre probabiliste. Utilisable par tous\u0000à travers un logiciel gratuit et simple d'utilisation, la méthode\u0000BaRatin est ici illustrée avec une application récente à\u0000l'analyse de la courbe de tarage du fleuve Congo à l'échelle de\u0000Brazzaville. Par rapport aux ajustements conventionnels de courbes de\u0000tarage, l'approche bayésienne est basée sur des hypothèses\u0000explicites sur les contrôles hydrauliques et fournit une\u0000décomposition des sources d'incertitude sur les débits. Ceci\u0000facilite la justification et la révision future de la courbe de tarage,\u0000et permet une utilisation éclairée des données\u0000hydrométriques. La série des débits avec incertitudes du Congo\u0000à Brazzaville depuis 1902 ainsi calculée présente des\u0000incertitudes très réduites.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89758306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Saha, M. Tchindjang, J. Dzana, Djasrabé Nguemadjita
{"title":"Dynamique des extrêmes hydrologiques du système Chari-Logone et risques naturels dans la région de l'extrême-nord du Cameroun","authors":"F. Saha, M. Tchindjang, J. Dzana, Djasrabé Nguemadjita","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-241-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-241-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Le système Chari-Logone est principal cours\u0000d'eau drainant l'Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. À l'image des autres\u0000parties du bassin versant de ce cours d'eau, cette région a connu\u0000plusieurs inondations catastrophiques. Cet article examine la dynamique des\u0000extrêmes hydrologiques du Logone et du Chari à travers les stations\u0000de Bongor et N'Djamena en prenant en compte le contexte des changements\u0000climatiques et l'occurrence des risques hydro-climatiques. Les analyses\u0000portent essentiellement sur les données journalières maximum (Qmax)\u0000et minimum (Qmin) sur la période 1960–2015. Les logiciels XLStat et\u0000ChronoStat ont permis de calculer un ensemble d'indices. Il en ressort que\u0000les Qmax présentent une rupture en 1971 aux deux stations marquant la\u0000fin de la période humide. Les Qmin de Bongor ont connu deux ruptures\u0000successives en 1994 et en 2007. Les Qmin de N'Djamena par contre ont connu\u0000une rupture en 1986. Le coefficient de tarissement est globalement faible\u0000(0,020/jour en moyenne). L'occurrence des inondations catastrophiques est\u0000très contrastée, car seulement 30 % s'inscrivent dans les\u0000années excédentaires. Cela témoigne du rôle important que\u0000jouent les autres facteurs de construction du risque comme la pédologie,\u0000la pluviométrie et la vulnérabilité socioéconomique.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88905319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}