Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Water Erosion in the Moulouya Watershed and its Impact on Dams' Siltation (Eastern Morocco)","authors":"Abdelkader Sbai, O. Mouadili, M. Hlal, Khadija Benrbia, Fatima Zahra Mazari, Mostafa Bouabdallah, A. Saidi","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-127-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-127-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Moulouya watershed presents high risks of water\u0000erosion. The dams built on this river lose each year, by siltation, a volume\u0000of water of about 10 M m3 (Lahlou, 1994). This worrying rate shows that water erosion can\u0000hinder the socio-economic development of the basin if soil protection and\u0000siltation measures are not taken. This study defines the areas most\u0000threatened by water erosion to protect them as a priority. Using a GIS and\u0000the Universal Earth Loss Equation (USLE), we mapped soil losses. The adopted\u0000model determines soil loss from erosivity of rainfall, soil erodibility,\u0000inclination and slope length, soil cover, and erosion control practices. The\u0000possible origins of the deposits alluviating the dams are related to the\u0000products of alteration of the Secondary's carbonate formations and the\u0000Tertiary and Quaternary formations. The modalities of the transport of\u0000deposits of banks of the network of Moulouya are mainly by a suspension. The\u0000specific degradation in the Moulouya watershed is estimated at\u0000214 t/km2/year. Precipitation intensity, steep slopes and deforestation are\u0000responsible for these losses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74563404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of water related soil erosion in the transboundary basin of the Bia (West Africa)","authors":"N'diaye Edwige Hermann Meledje, K. Kouassi, Y. N’go","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-107-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-107-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In view of the complexity of the phenomenon of water\u0000related soil erosion in the Bia catchment area, linked to a large\u0000heterogeneity of soils, to a very scattered and in some places non-existent\u0000vegetation cover, and to a poorly distributed precipitation in both space\u0000and time, a mapping test of the “specific erosion” random variable is\u0000undertaken. The mapping of the intensity of the erosion hazard was carried\u0000out using the Universal Soil Loss Model (USLE). The map shows that the basin\u0000is generally characterized by relatively moderate erosion rates with an\u0000average erosion rate of 16 t/ha/year.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75919899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiyear rainfall variability in the Mono river basin and its impacts on Nangbeto hydropower scheme","authors":"Salomon Obahoundje, E. Amoussou, M. Youan Ta, L. K. Kouassi, A. Diedhiou","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-343-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-343-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Hydropower energy, the main renewable energy source in\u0000West Africa, contributes to more than half of the Togo and Benin National\u0000electrification. This resource highly depends on water availability in\u0000rivers or reservoirs. The water availability heavily relies on climate\u0000patterns of the area. In the climate change context, the sustainability of\u0000hydropower plants is at risk. This work aims to assess the sensitivity of\u0000the Nangbeto hydropower plant to multiyear climate variability using\u0000statistical analysis. The results show that energy generation at Nangbeto\u0000hydropower is more modulated by four main variables namely inflow to\u0000reservoir, water level, rainfall of the actual and the previous year. The\u0000energy generation is found to be strongly and significantly correlated to\u0000inflow to reservoir, water level, and rainfall. Overall, the Nangbeto\u0000hydropower generation is more sensitive to inflow which is controlled by\u0000climate variables (rainfall, temperature) and land use/cover change.\u0000Therefore, the probable future change in these variables is suggested to be\u0000deeply investigated.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85440200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation par approche inverse d'un champ de transmissivité sur l'ensemble de l'aquifère du Continental Terminal (CT) d'Abidjan","authors":"K. Kouassi, Williams Kouassi, Oi Mangoua Jules Mangoua, P. Ackerer, Gountôh Aristide Douagui, I. Savané","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-49-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-49-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. La caractérisation hydraulique des systèmes\u0000aquifères est importante pour le développement de scénarios\u0000d'exploitation et de stratégies de gestion des eaux souterraines. En\u0000particulier dans les aquifères lithologiquement hétérogènes,\u0000il ne faut pas négliger les variations de transmissivité (T) à\u0000l'échelle locale. Les valeurs de transmissivité à l'échelle\u0000locale sont habituellement dérivées d'essais de pompage, mais dans\u0000la plupart des cas, leur nombre et leur disponibilité sont plutôt\u0000limités. De même, la mesure directe de la transmissivité sur\u0000l'ensemble d'un aquifère s'avère onéreux et quasi-impossible\u0000techniquement. Dans de telles situations, la modélisation hydrodynamique\u0000par approche inverse se présente comme la solution appropriée. Dans\u0000cet article, le champ de transmissivité réel de l'aquifère du\u0000Continental Terminal (CT) d'Abidjan est recherché par une\u0000paramétrisation multi-échelle qui permet de contourner le\u0000problème de changement d'échelle et de déterminer ce\u0000paramètre hydrodynamique sur l'ensemble de la nappe. Cette\u0000modélisation hydrogéologique a été réalisée à\u0000partir des modèles conceptuels Est-Ouest et Nord-Sud qui montrent que le\u0000CT est un aquifère constitué de deux couches principales n3 et n4,\u0000respectivement formées de sables grossiers de 90 m d'épaisseur et de\u0000sables fins à moyen de 80 m d'épaisseur. Le calage du modèle\u0000bicouche s'est effectué en régime transitoire de 12 pas de temps\u0000mensuels avec des données piézomètriques de 24\u0000piézomètres, des données de production de 71 forages et des\u0000valeurs de transmissivité connues de 40 forages dans un maillage\u0000élément fini constitué de 534 mailles et 320 noeuds. Ainsi, ce\u0000modèle de la nappe du CT a identifié une structure de dimension 153\u0000nœuds comme la structure la plus proche de celle de l'aquifère du CT.\u0000Les valeurs de T variant entre 5,4.10−5 et 1 m2 s−1 du champ\u0000de transmissivité associé à cette dimension optimale, ont\u0000été comparées aux valeurs de T d'autres champs de\u0000transmissivités publiées dans des études en Afrique et dans le\u0000monde. Ces valeurs identifiées sont plausibles et présentes une\u0000bonne structure dans l'ensemble.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85352133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of hydrological factors affecting shallow groundwater chemistry in the most urbanized area of the coastal sedimentary basin of Togo","authors":"Kossitse Venyo Akpataku, M. D. Gnazou, Yao Tse Agbefu Nomesi, Phintè Nambo, Komi Doni, L. Bawa, G. Djaneye-Boundjou","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-75-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-75-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The project to reduce environmental and health risks related to the activity of boreholes water sellers in Lomé (in French PRRESAF) was implemented to contribute to the guarantee of public health. One of its objectives is to improve the hydrological understanding of the shallow Continental Terminal (CT) aquifer tapped by water sellers. It is a vital water resource in the coastal sedimentary extending from Ghana to Nigeria. The results\u0000presented here are part of this project and aim at assessing the\u0000hydrological factors controlling CT groundwater quality and chemistry using\u0000principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and\u0000GIS. High-resolution sampling campaigns for major ions water quality\u0000analyses were performed to improve the accuracy of factors assessment. The\u0000results showed that groundwater is predominantly acidic with varying degrees\u0000of mineralization ranging from very soft to brackish waters. The integration of multivariate results to GIS allows classifying samples into five main groups. They revealed the probable recharge and discharge areas, associated hydrochemical evolution along flow paths, and areas under the high impact of land-use dynamics, wastewaters/sewage infiltration, and interactions with surface water systems. This study appears useful for managing boreholes' water sellers' activity relative to the integrity of groundwater resources and public health.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81856454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions communautaires du couple sécheresse/déboisement dans le sous-bassin versant de Koumagou à Boukoumbé (Nord-Ouest Bénin)","authors":"I. Yabi, Mahamoud N'tcha Tchanati, Akindélé Akibou","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-295-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-295-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Au-delà des analyses climatologiques et statistiques, la présente communication s'intéresse aux connaissances communautaires relatives au couple sécheresse-déboisement qui sont les principaux moteurs de la dynamique environnementale dans le sous bassin versant de Koumagou au Nord-Ouest du Bénin. Sur la base des investigations auprès d'un échantillon de 180 personnes, les perceptions communautaires relatives aux manifestations, causes et conséquences des deux fléaux sans oublier les mesures d'adaptation, sont analysées. Des paramètres de la statistique descriptive ont été utilisés pour le traitement des données. La sécheresse est causée par le déboisement massif et la colère des dieux alors que l'agriculture et l'exploitation forestière sont perçues comme la cause du déboisement. Les ressources en eau, les ressources végétales et les sols sont les plus affectés selon les répondants avec des conséquences socioéconomiques. Les mesures d'adaptation concernent l'ajustement des pratiques culturales, le reboisement, la création des aires protégées communautaires, la mobilisation des eaux souterraines. Abstract. Beyond climatological and statistical analyzes, this communication focuses on community knowledge relating to the combination of drought and deforestation, which are the main drivers of environmental dynamics in the Koumagou sub-watershed in north-west Benin. Based on investigations of a sample of 180 people, community perceptions relating to the manifestations, causes and consequences of the two scourges, not to mention adaptation measures, are analyzed. Descriptive statistics parameters were used for data processing. Drought is caused by massive deforestation and the wrath of the gods while agriculture and forestry are seen as the cause of deforestation. Water resources, plant resources and soils are the most affected according to the respondents with socio-economic consequences. The adaptation measures concern the adjustment of cultural practices, reforestation, the creation of community protected areas, the mobilization of groundwater.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81394069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etude de la variabilité saisonnière des précipitations sur le plateau de Mbé au Pool-Nord (Congo-Brazzaville) : impacts sur les eaux de surface et souterraines","authors":"Harmel Obami-Ondon, Médard Ngouala Mabonzo, Urbain Gampio Mbilou, B. Mabiala","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-233-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-233-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Cette étude porte sur l'impact de la variabilité\u0000saisonnière des précipitations sur les eaux du Plateau de Mbé.\u0000120 échantillons d'eau ont été prélevés dans huit (08)\u0000points d'eau (1 puits, 4 forages et 3 rivières) entre novembre 2017 et\u0000août 2018. L'analysés au laboratoire de ces échantillons,\u0000permettent de caractériser les éléments physico-chimiques des\u0000eaux. Ces résultats sont traités à partir d'une méthode\u0000hydrochimie, en utilisant les diagrammes  : de Piper, de Schoeller Berkaloff,\u0000de Stiff, et de Wilcox. Les données traitées montrent que les\u0000valeurs obtenues après les analyses des eaux des saisons ne\u0000présentent pas une variation considérable et sont toutes conformes\u0000aux normes prescrites par l'OMS pour l'eau de boisson, en dehors de la\u0000température qui est légèrement supérieure à la normale\u0000avec une moyenne de 27 ∘C. Le pH a une moyenne de 5.0; ce qui\u0000confirme le caractère acide des eaux dans toute cette zone d'étude.\u0000Abstract. This study examines the impact of seasonal rainfall\u0000variability on the Mbé Plateau waters. 120 water samples were taken from\u0000eight (08) water points (1 well, 4 boreholes and 3 rivers) between November\u00002017 and August 2018, analyzed in the laboratory, to characterize the\u0000physicochemical elements of the water. These results are processed from a\u0000hydrochemical method, using the diagrams : of Piper, Schoeller Berkaloff,\u0000Stiff, Wilcox. They show that the water values analyzed between the 4\u0000seasons do not vary considerably and all comply with the standards\u0000prescribed by the WHO for drinking water, except for the abnormal\u0000temperature with an average of 27 ∘C and average pH of 5.0 which\u0000confirms the acidity of the waters throughout this study area.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88289319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratégies d'adaptation des producteurs agricoles aux risques hydroclimatiques dans le bassin Béninois de la pendjari à l'exutoire de Porga","authors":"Pierre Ouassa, G. Atchade, D. J. Kodja, Fernand Ringo Avahounlin, E. Vissin","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-319-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-319-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. West Africa's dependence on the increased impacts of extreme\u0000hydroclimatic hazards increases the vulnerability of food production to the\u0000resulting risks. This study analyses the adaptation strategies developed by\u0000agricultural producers in the Beninese Pendjari basin to cope with\u0000hydroclimatic risks. The methodological approach adopted consisted in the\u0000use of climatological data (height of daily and monthly rainfall) from the\u0000Tanguiéta and Natitingou stations over the period from 1965 to 2017\u0000obtained in Météo-Bénin . Hydrological data consisting of the\u0000daily flows of the river calculation of the Pendjari indices at the Porga\u0000outlet, over the period 1965–2017 are extracted from the database of\u0000DG-Water and ltulization of socio-anthropological data. To better appreciate\u0000the adaptation strategies developed, a semi-structured survey that involved\u0000121 people in 21 villages of the Beninese Pendjari basin is conducted\u0000according to the CAP approach (Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices). Direct\u0000observations in the field have also made it possible to better identify\u0000peasant adaptation strategies to the effects of hydroclimatic risks in the\u0000Beninese Pendjari basin. The information collected during the surveys was\u0000processed with Sphinx software. We studied socio-anthropological data, and\u0000we showed that Pendjari watershed in Benin is under the threat of\u0000hydroclimatic risks. To reduce their vulnerability, producers in the Benin\u0000Pendjari basin are developing several risk prevention and disaster\u0000management strategies. These include transplanting crops including sorghum\u0000by 100 % of the producers met, the disposal of logs, the enhancement of\u0000the shallows. In view of the effectiveness of the strategies identified and\u0000the limitations they present, it is important that the authorities develop a\u0000policy that is more sensitive to hydroclimatic risks, in order to improve\u0000the adaptation capacity of agricultural producers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85691779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil loss vulnerability: the case study of Aghien lagoon watershed outskirts Abidjan city (Côte d'Ivoire)","authors":"A. Dao, Ehouman Serge Koffi, D. Noufé, B. Kamagaté, Lanciné Droh Goné, L. Séguis, J. Perrin","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-121-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-121-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Aghien lagoon is a source of fresh water outskirts of Abidjan city in the south of Côte d'Ivoire. For a better understanding of its functioning, we proposed to estimate its main tributaries (Bété and Djibi) soil loss during 2016 and 2017 as part of our research activities in the lagoon watershed in order to evaluate its vulnerability face to soil loss. The methodological approach is based on USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) incorporated into GIS (Geographic Information Systems). This equation takes into account five key factors: the erosivity of rainfall, the soil erodibility, the topographic factor integrating slope length and steepness, the cover-management factor and the support practice factor. The combination of these factors made it possible to obtain soil loss maps of the lagoon main tributaries. The analysis of them revealed that soil loss varying mostly between 0 and 250 t ha−1 yr−1 in 2016 and 2017. With regard to the two years, the vulnerability of the lagoon face to soil loss is “low” category. In fact, the soil loss class ranging from 0 to 20 t ha−1 yr−1 occupies more than 60 % of the two sub-basins area in 2016. This trend increased in 2017 with equivalent of 71 % of the area. On the over hand, the “very high” vulnerability ranging from 250 to 1050 t ha−1 yr−1, occupied in 2016, only 0.01 % of the area. In 2017, this category of vulnerability increased in intensity, occupying 0.05 % of it. Ultimately, the increasing observed in 2016 and 2017 seems to be related to annual rainfall of respectively 1553 and 2198 mm. The case study of Aghien lagoon, soil loss vulnerability can be improved by taking account a long time series of rainfall and land use data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86400572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of dry events duration in Northern Tunisia – Analysis of extremes trends","authors":"M. Mathlouthi, F. Lebdi","doi":"10.5194/piahs-384-195-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-195-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Modeling of extremes dry spells in Northern Tunisia, in order to\u0000detect the severity of the phenomenon, is carried out. Dry events are\u0000considered as a sequence of dry days (below a threshold) separated by\u0000rainfall events from each other. The maximum dry event duration follows the\u0000Generalized Extreme Value distribution. The data series adherence to the\u0000probability distribution was verified by the Anderson-Darling test. The\u0000positive trend and non-stationarity of dry spells was verified respectively\u0000by the Mann–Kendall test and Dickey–Fuller and augmented Dickey–Fuller\u0000tests. The irregular distribution of rainfall in the growing season for Sidi\u0000Abdelbasset station has increased the number of dry spells. The increase of\u0000rainy days in Ghézala dam and Sidi Salem gauge stations resulted in a\u0000decrease of dry spells in this area. Regarding the return period of one year\u0000(wet season), dry events occurred from 14 to 27 d in this region\u0000constitute an agricultural potential risk. The Southern region was the most\u0000vulnerable.\u0000","PeriodicalId":53381,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}