Sports最新文献

{"title":"The Shape of Success: A Scoping Review of Somatotype in Modern Elite Athletes Across Various Sports.","authors":"Ximena Martínez-Mireles, Edna Judith Nava-González, Manuel López-Cabanillas Lomelí, Debbie Samantha Puente-Hernández, Miriam Gutiérrez-López, José Omar Lagunes-Carrasco, Ricardo López-García, Erik Ramírez","doi":"10.3390/sports13020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review aimed to determine the somatotype of modern elite athletes across various sports. The literature search followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Four databases were consulted, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Clarivate InCites, as well as platforms such as Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis Online, Books Ovid, CAB eBooks, MyiLibrary, and Core Collection. Eligibility criteria included articles published between 1995 and 2024 involving athletes at the elite level, such as junior, senior, Olympic, first-division professionals, world-class competitors, national competitors, black belts, master athletes, non-professional athletes with at least 10 years of experience, those ranked in the national or international top 10, and high-level collegiate athletes. A total of 66 studies were included. Modern male elite athletes predominantly exhibited an endomorphic mesomorphic somatotype, whereas female athletes were classified as central. The present study was the first to synthesize data from 66 articles, encompassing athletes of varying elite levels, both males and females, while providing detailed information on age, weight, height, BMI, somatotype and its classification, and complemented by somatoplot references. Future research is recommended to include a greater diversity of sports and a more significant number of elite female athletes to enhance the representativeness of elite athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury Prevention Strategies in Female Football Players: Addressing Sex-Specific Risks.","authors":"George John, Ameen AlNadwi, Tiffany Georges Abi Antoun, Ildus I Ahmetov","doi":"10.3390/sports13020039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been rapid growth in women's football worldwide; however, research on injury prevention strategies and physiological considerations specific to female athletes remains insufficient. Women's football has experienced an increase in injury prevalence, despite being underrepresented in sports literature, with less than 25% of research focused on this demographic. The incidence of injuries, particularly among young elite female footballers, is notably high, impacting long-term health outcomes such as osteoarthritis and contributing to shorter playing careers. Certain injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures, occur at significantly higher rates in women compared to men, underscoring sex-specific risk factors that must be addressed in injury prevention programs (IPPs). This narrative review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of IPPs tailored for female football players and to address their heightened susceptibility to injuries compared to males. Research studies and review articles were identified using a literature search of the PubMed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to December 2024. Biological factors, including hormonal influences-such as increased ACL laxity during the menstrual cycle-and musculoskeletal differences, such as muscle strength imbalances, reduced joint stability, and hip weakness, significantly contribute to this increased risk. Despite the existence of injury prevention protocols like FIFA 11+, their consistent application and adaptation to meet the unique needs of female footballers remain limited. In addition to physical injuries, mental health is a critical concern. Female football players exhibit higher rates of depression and anxiety compared to their male counterparts, influenced by factors such as injury-related stress and menstrual cycle variations. In conclusion, the growing participation of women in football highlights the urgent need for research and implementation of injury prevention strategies specifically tailored to female players.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Sports in Building Resilience: A Machine Learning Approach to the Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Giulia Di Martino, Carlo Della Valle, Alessandra di Cagno, Giovanni Fiorilli, Giuseppe Calcagno, Daniele Conte","doi":"10.3390/sports13020037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: This study evaluated whether physical activity and sports serve as a protective factor in mitigating COVID-19 pandemic long-term consequences. (2) Methods: A survey of 1702 participants (8-18 years) used the Impact of Event Scale (IES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Participants were categorized based on their engagement in sports, cultural activities, or sedentary behaviors. Statistical analysis included non-parametric tests, CHAID models, and clustering. (3) Results: In total, 65.5% of participants experienced minimal to mild anxiety, and 34.5% reported moderate to severe anxiety. The main predictor of depression is the sample age, followed by the training experience. Depressive symptoms were identified in 71.3% of participants (75.7% adolescents; 64% children). Adolescents with longer training experience (67.6%) showed lower depression compared to those with shorter experience (77.2%). For post-traumatic stress, 38% of children and 46% of adolescents exceeded cut-off scores for significant symptoms, with age and training level identified as key predictors. Among children, sport experience with low weekly frequency was associated with the lowest depression rates (59.5%). (4) Conclusions: Four years after the pandemic, a high percentage of anxiety and depression disorders is observed in the youth population, particularly among adolescents. Sports appear to slightly alleviate this serious condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Different Neuromuscular Recovery Strategies in Elite Youth Female Football Players.","authors":"Silvia Sedano, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo","doi":"10.3390/sports13020036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various active recovery strategies in youth female soccer players during competitive tournaments with limited recovery periods (i.e., 24-48 h). Twenty-two elite under-17 female football players participated in this randomized controlled trial, which encompassed fourteen 90 min official matches. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three recovery protocols: passive stretching, foam rolling, or lumbopelvic mobility exercises, which were implemented ten minutes after each match. Countermovement jump with free arm (CMJA) height was measured pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 5 h post-intervention. Wellness perception was evaluated 24 h later. Significant enhancements in CMJA height were observed immediately after all recovery protocols and at 5 h post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The lumbopelvic mobility protocol yielded the most substantial improvement, significantly surpassing both stretching and foam rolling. Moreover, significant increases in wellness perception were observed following the foam rolling (<i>p</i> < 0.001, ES = 0.95) and mobility (<i>p</i> < 0.05, ES = 0.88) protocols, with the mobility protocol demonstrating a marginally larger effect size than stretching. Active recovery strategies significantly enhanced neuromuscular function and wellness perception in under-17 female soccer players. Lumbopelvic mobility exercises exhibited superior efficacy, suggesting that they should be prioritized in post-match recovery regimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"They're Only Human! Tension and Stress Predict Performance of Softball Umpires in National Championships.","authors":"Ronald J Houison, Andrea Lamont-Mills, Michael Kotiw, Peter C Terry","doi":"10.3390/sports13020035","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The psychology of sports officials is often overlooked in psychology research. The present study addressed this disparity by exploring relationships among the mood, stress, and performance of Australian softball umpires. Six male and two female participants aged 25-68 years (<i>M</i> = 48.95 ± 17.39 years) each completed the Brunel Mood Scale before games and provided saliva samples on multiple occasions prior to and after officiating games at two Australian National Softball Championships. Data from 65 games were analysed with performance assessed using Softball Australia's umpire assessment tool. A significant positive relationship (<i>p</i> < 0.01) was found between tension scores and umpire performance. Using a stepwise regression analysis, tension scores and baseline cortisol level collectively explained 22.6% of the variance in umpire performance scores. These findings suggest that umpires require an optimal level of tension in the period leading up to competition to perform successfully, supporting the relationship between tension and performance first proposed by the inverted-U hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Athletic Identity Formation and Development: Perceptions of Elite Gaelic Athletes.","authors":"Marion Geary, Niamh Kitching, Mark Campbell, Frank Houghton","doi":"10.3390/sports13020033","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Athletic identity (AI) is an important part of an elite athlete's self-concept and can positively impact sports performance, but over-emphasis can lead to potentially negative outcomes. Identity theory suggests that identity is shaped by individuals' roles, group affiliations, self-perceptions, and important changes in personal circumstances. Athlete transitions are changes that occur in an athletes' athletic and/or non-athletic circumstances, which can impact identity development. Using identity theory, this study aimed to explore the athletic transitions important in early AI formation and development in elite Gaelic athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine athletes were purposively sampled and participated in semi-structured interviews that were analysed using a six-step thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings indicate that the initiation, development, and mastery transitions in sport influence AI formation and align with the identity theory precepts of roles, groups, and persons in identity development. AI formation and development is individualised and shaped by perceived athlete competence, associated external validation, and the increased professionalism and personal commitment associated with higher levels of performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We call for a greater emphasis to be placed on the development of multi-faceted identity profiles in elite Gaelic athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gambling and Gaming: A Comparative Study of Professional Footballers Versus the General Population.","authors":"Rafael González-Moret, Isabel Almodóvar-Fernández, María Gimeno, Ana Blanco, Paula Sánchez-Thevenet, Héctor Usó, Gonzalo Haro, Antonio Real-Fernández","doi":"10.3390/sports13020034","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Elite sport can increase vulnerability to developing mental health pathologies. The purpose of the study is to determine the frequency at which these behavioural disorders appear in elite footballers and evaluate their relationship with other addictions. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2020 and January 2022 on 306 participants. The variables of gambling and gaming were studied. The different groups were compared using Chi-squared tests. Probabilities exceeding 95% (<i>p</i>-values < 0.05) and residuals results greater than 2 or less than -2 were considered significant. (3) Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of alcohol (<i>p</i> < 0.001), tobacco (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and cannabis (<i>p</i> = 0.016) consumption. We also found differences between those who had a history of a nervous disease (<i>p</i> = 0.015). 6.6% of the of football players had a probable diagnosis of a gambling disorder compared to 1% in the general population (<i>p</i> = 0.011). Among the pathological and non-pathological cases of gambling in the football population, significant differences were found between those with a salary of EUR 900-1500/month (<i>p</i> = 0.027) or a history of a nervous pathology (<i>p</i> = 0.021). (4) Conclusions: This study showed that professional football players were vulnerable to mental health pathologies related to gambling.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to the Singapore Integrated 24 h Activity Guidelines for Pre-Primary School Children Before, During and After the COVID-19 Lockdown in Singapore.","authors":"Seow Ting Low, Terence Buan Kiong Chua, Dan Li, Michael Chia","doi":"10.3390/sports13020032","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the lives of pre-primary school children in Singapore where increased infection rates prompted lockdown measures that altered children's daily routines. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the lifestyle behaviours and health quality of 3134 children aged 5 to 6 years across three periods: pre-COVID, COVID-19 lockdown, and COVID-19 endemicity. Data were collected using the Surveillance of Digital Media Habits in Early Childhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ^®) to measure on- and off-screen media habits of children and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PaedQL) to assess children's health quality. Adherence to physical activity (PA) guidelines dropped from 32.7% pre-COVID to 27.4% during lockdown but improved to 34.4% in endemicity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Sleep (SL) adherence followed a similar pattern, decreasing from 33.4% to 27.9% before rising to 40.6% (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Screen time (ST) adherence significantly declined during lockdown (16.7% to 10.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Weak positive correlations with all PaedQL metrics were observed across periods, except during endemicity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Concerted efforts involving key stakeholders must be made to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on children's lifestyle behaviours and QoL, ensuring they are better prepared for the transition to primary school.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of a Short-Term Supplemental Breathwork Protocol on the Aerobic Performance of Recreational Runners.","authors":"Adrian T Wolff, Sara R Sherman, Craig A Horswill","doi":"10.3390/sports13020031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the effects of a functional breathing program on the aerobic performance of recreational runners. Runners participated in an aerobic endurance training program with functional breathing (FBP; <i>n</i> = 8, 34.8 ± 5.1 yrs, 25.3 ± 2.5 kg·m²) or without functional breathing (CON; <i>n</i> = 8, 29 ± 5 yrs, 23 ± 2 kg·m²). The treatment group underwent daily breathing exercises, and nasal-only breathing during low-intensity sessions of the training program. The primary outcome variables measured before and after the program included the following: the breath-hold time at rest, the duration and VO_2max with nasal-only breathing, and the VO_2max with normal breathing during a graded running test. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (<i>p</i> < 0.05). We found a significant group x time interaction for breath-hold time (∆ from PRE: +1.9 s [CON], +11.7 s [FBP]; <i>p</i> = 0.04; d = 1.13). However, the changes in the time and VO_2max with nasal-only breathing, and in the VO_2max with normal breathing, did not differ between the FBP and CON groups. A small but significant time (main) effect for the increase in VO_2max (~3.0%, <i>p</i> < 0.05) suggested that both groups had adequate stimuli for physiological adaptations. The four-week supplementary functional breathing protocol increased the breath-hold time, but not the maximum nasal-only breathing time, nasal-only breathing VO_2max, or VO_2max, in recreational runners.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Athleticism and Sports Profiles Throughout Machine Learning Applied to Heart Rate Variability.","authors":"Tony Estrella, Lluis Capdevila","doi":"10.3390/sports13020030","DOIUrl":"10.3390/sports13020030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive health and fitness indicator, and machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for analysing large HRV datasets. This study aims to identify athletic characteristics using the HRV test and ML algorithms. Two models were developed: Model 1 (M1) classified athletes and non-athletes using 856 observations from high-performance athletes and 494 from non-athletes. Model 2 (M2) identified an individual soccer player within a team based on 105 observations from the player and 514 from other team members. Three ML algorithms were applied -Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)- and SHAP values were used to interpret the results. In M1, the SVM algorithm achieved the highest performance (accuracy = 0.84, ROC AUC = 0.91), while in M2 Random Forest performed best (accuracy = 0.92, ROC AUC = 0.94). Based on these results, we propose an athleticism index and a soccer identification index derived from HRV data. The findings suggest that ML algorithms, such as SVM and RF, can effectively generate indices based on HRV for identifying individuals with athletic characteristics or distinguishing athletes with specific sports profiles. These insights underscore the importance of integrating HRV assessments systematically into training regimens for enhanced athletic evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":53303,"journal":{"name":"Sports","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}