Research in Cold and Arid Regions最新文献

{"title":"Identification and assessment of avalanche hazards in Aerxiangou section of Duku expressway in TianShan mountainous region based on unmanned aerial vehicle photography","authors":"QiuLian Cheng ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Qiang Guo ,&nbsp;JiaHui Liu ,&nbsp;ZhiWei Yang ,&nbsp;ChangTao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, avalanches in the Aerxiangou section of the Duku Expressway in the Tianshan Mountain area of Xinjiang were taken as the research object, and 92 avalanches were accurately identified through onsite research. A high-resolution three-dimensional model was established by collecting images from unmanned aerial vehicles for an in-depth understanding of the avalanche danger of the region, according to the sample set selection of different uses of machine learning support vector machines to establish the S1-RBFKSVM, S1-PKSVM, S2-RBFKSVM, and S2-PKSVM avalanche susceptibility coupling models. On the basis of the avalanche point susceptibility, the impact velocity, impact force, avalanche volume, and throw distance constitute the hazard evaluation system. The study results revealed that slopes in the range of 26.6°–46.9° are more prone to avalanches, and sample set 2 improved the accuracy by approximately 30% compared with sample set 1 trained in the avalanche susceptibility model. Principal component analysis revealed a total of 16 high-risk avalanches, which were distributed mainly on the southern side of the route. This study provides data support for avalanche simulations as well as early warning and prevention and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the construction and operation of the Duku Expressway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 145-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two data fusion methods from Sentinel-3 and Himawari-9 data for snow cover monitoring in mountainous areas","authors":"RuiRui Yang ,&nbsp;YanLi Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Wei ,&nbsp;FengYang Liu ,&nbsp;KeGong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snow cover in mountainous areas is characterized by high reflectivity, strong spatial heterogeneity, rapid changes, and susceptibility to cloud interference. However, due to the limitations of a single sensor, it is challenging to obtain high-resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring the dynamic changes of snow cover within a day. This study focuses on two typical data fusion methods for polar-orbiting satellites (Sentinel-3 SLSTR) and geostationary satellites (Himawari-9 AHI), and explores the snow cover detection accuracy of a multi-temporal cloud-gap snow cover identification model (Loose data fusion) and the ESTARFM (Spatiotemporal data fusion). Taking the Qilian Mountains as the research area, the accuracy of two data fusion results was verified using the snow cover extracted from Landsat-8 SR products. The results showed that both data fusion models could effectively capture the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover, but the ESTARFM demonstrated superior performance. It not only obtained fusion images at any target time, but also extracted snow cover that was closer to the spatial distribution of real satellite images. Therefore, the ESTARFM was utilized to fuse images for hourly reconstruction of the snow cover on February 14–15, 2023. It was found that the maximum snow cover area of this snowfall reached 83.84% of the Qilian Mountains area, and the melting rate of the snow was extremely rapid, with a change of up to 4.30% per hour of the study area. This study offers reliable high spatiotemporal resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring snow cover changes in mountainous areas, contributing to more accurate and timely assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 159-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projected evolution of the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountains using the PyGEM with the calibration of glaciological mass balance","authors":"YiXue Huo ,&nbsp;AnAn Chen ,&nbsp;NingLian Wang ,&nbsp;YuWei Wu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;HaiChen Zhao ,&nbsp;SiYu Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to glacial retreat and associated future runoff variations, major concerns have been raised over the sustainability of water resources in the Qilian Mountains. Based on the Python Glacier Evolution Model, we present projections of the Qiyi glacier for shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) calibrated with the glaciological mass balance. The results indicate the air temperature as the dominant factor in the continuous mass loss of the Qiyi Glacier in the future. Glacier area and volume are projected to decline to 0.16 ± 0.11 km² (6.4% ± 4.4%, relative to 2015) and 0.0023 ± 0.0006 km³ (2.1% ± 1.5%, relative to 2015), respectively, by 2100, for SSP1-2.6. For SSP5-8.5, the glacier will disappear by 2088. The mass loss of the Qiyi Glacier will accelerate before 2050 for all SSPs but will decelerate after 2050 for SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5. The peak water of glacier runoff will occur between 2034 and 2045, with the duration of high water from 7 to 18 years. Thereafter, the runoff will rapidly decline till 2070–2080 and remain low afterward. Compared with the existing projections, the present projections indicate that the Qiyi Glacier will experience more drastic shrinkage and ice loss in the coming decades. Finally, the glacier runoff is expected to reach its peak water earlier with a shorter duration of high water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 172-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of snow cover variability and spatial difference in the High Mountain Asia","authors":"Lu Wang ,&nbsp;FeiLong Jie ,&nbsp;Bing He","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The High Mountain Asia (HMA) is a prominent global mountain system characterized by an average altitude exceeding 4,000 m, intricate topography, and significant spatial variability in climatic conditions. Despite its importance, there has been a relative paucity of research focusing on the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover, key controlling factors, and variability within HMA sub-basins. This study aims to address this gap by extracting snow cover percentage (SCP) and snow cover days (SCD) data from MOD10A2 snow products, integrating these with precipitation (P) and temperature (T) data from ERA5. Our objective is to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of snow cover and to use path analysis to elucidate the key climatic factors and spatial differences influencing snow cover changes. The findings indicate that, on a temporal scale, the overall SCP in HMA exhibited a declining trend from 2001 to 2021. Interannual variations in SCP across HMA sub-basins revealed a decreasing trend in the Pamir (PAM), Western Tibetan Plateau (WTS), Eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETS), Western Kunlun (WKL), Qilian Shan (QLS), and Himalaya (HDS) regions, while an increasing trend was observed in other areas. Spatially, 22.97% of the HMA regions experienced an increase in SCD, primarily in the Western Himalaya (WHL), Central Himalaya (CHL), and Southeastern Tibet (SET) regions. Conversely, 28.08% of the HMA regions showed a decrease in SCD, predominantly in the Eastern Himalaya (EHL), HDS, and WTS regions. Temperature (T) emerged as the primary influencing factor of SCD change in most HMA sub-basins. However, in the Eastern Kunlun (EKL) and WHL sub-basins, precipitation (P) was identified as the main driver of SCD change, affecting all elevation zones in these regions. Additionally, other climatic conditions can also impact snow cover beyond the primary controlling factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 184-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of seasonal snow density in the Northern Hemisphere based on in situ observation","authors":"Tao Che ,&nbsp;LiYun Dai ,&nbsp;Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The snow density is a fundamental variable of the snow physical evolution processes, which can reflect the snowpack condition due to the thermal and gravitational compaction. Snow density is a bridge to transfer snow depth to snow water equivalent (SWE) for the snow water resources research. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of snow density for the appropriate estimation of SWE. In this study, <em>in situ</em> snow densities from more than 6,000 stations in the Northern Hemisphere were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in snow density. The results displayed that snow density varied spatially and temporally in the Northern Hemisphere, with range of below 0.1 to over 0.4 g/cm³. The average snow densities in the mountainous regions of western North America, southeastern Canada, and Europe range from approximately 0.24 to 0.26 g/cm³, which is significantly greater than the values of 0.16–0.17 g/cm³ observed in Siberia, central Canada, the Great Plains of the United States, and China. The seasonal growth rates also present large spatial heterogeneity. The rates are over 0.024 g/cm³ per month in Southeastern Canada, the west mountain of North America and Europe, approximately 0.017 g/cm³ per month in Siberia, much larger than approximately 0.004 g/cm³ per month in other regions. Snow cover duration is a critical factor to determine the snow density. This study endorses the small snow density in China based on meteorological station observations, which results from that the meteorological stations are dominantly distributed in plain areas with relative short snow cover duration and shallow snow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on low temperature triaxial shear of sulfate saline silty clay in Hexi area of Gansu","authors":"ZhiYi Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Song ,&nbsp;FengXi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to explore the mechanical properties and microstructure changes of frozen saline silty clay in the Hexi region of Gansu Province, triaxial compression tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis experiment were conducted to explore the effects of moisture content, confining pressure, and temperature on the stress-strain characteristics and failure modes of frozen soil, as well as the changes in the internal microstructure of the sample. The experimental results show that the strength of frozen sulfate saline soil first increases and then decreases with the increase of moisture content, and the maximum strength corresponds to a moisture content of 15%. The changes in confining pressure and strength have the same trend. The lower the temperature, the greater the strength of the sample. During the entire loading process, the specimens undergo a gradual transition from volume shrinkage to volume expansion. Due to the strain harden behavior of the stress-strain curve throughout the entire loading process, the failure mode of the specimens is plastic failure. The internal microstructure of the sample gradually transitions from point-point contact and edge-point contact before shearing to edge-surface contact and edge-edge contact after shearing, and the pore size inside the sample increases after shearing, with a loose arrangement of the particle skeleton. The above research conclusions can lay a certain theoretical foundation for the engineering design and construction of sulfate saline soil in cold and arid areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 110-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compensation method and sensitivity analysis of DPHP frozen soil ice content measurement","authors":"YongMing Cai ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Li ,&nbsp;WenHua Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Duel-Probe-Heat-Pulse (DPHP) ice content sensor can measure the ice content of the soil, but its measurement process is not clear for the disturbance of frozen soil. In this study, the ice content measurement test was carried out for silty clay specimens. Firstly, the influence of heating power was clarified. The variation trends of the temperature rise relaxation area in the respective conditions of the three representative volumetric water content specimens and the degree of compaction of the specimen preparation was compared. Then, the influence of five kinds of heating interval time on the measurement accuracy was explored. Finally, the compensation and analysis method of the temperature relaxation area, based on the temperature of the measuring point and the phase change of ice water, is proposed. The experimental results show that: (1) There is a hysteresis in the temperature rise curve of the probe of the DPHP ice content sensor. In the measurement process, a long enough integral interval should be selected to calculate the temperature relaxation area. (2) For the specimens with the same initial water content, the measured temperature relaxation area increases with the increase of compaction degree, and this trend weakens in the specimens with the increase of water content. (3) The DPHP ice content sensor causes irreversible disturbance to the soil during the measurement process. The temperature relaxation area, obtained by continuous measurement at a short heating interval, is small, and manifests a decreasing trend with the increase of measurement times. (4) It is recommended that the heating interval time should be more than 120 min, and the temperature relaxation area should be compensated when the continuous measurement of short heating interval time is carried out, to offset the influence of the temperature rise of the measuring point. The research results reveals the influence of multiple factors on the measurement of DPHP ice content sensors, which can provide a basis for the accuracy of soil ice content measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in landfast sea ice of Alaskan Arctic: Characteristics and potential sources","authors":"YuLan Zhang ,&nbsp;ShiChang Kang ,&nbsp;Xi Luo ,&nbsp;ZhaoQing Wang ,&nbsp;ShiWei Sun ,&nbsp;ChuanJin Li ,&nbsp;TingFeng Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regarding the rapid shrinkage of the Arctic cryosphere, sea ice plays a significant role in the temporal storage, transport, and release of microplastics (an emergent pollutant) among atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. However, there are sparse studies on microplastics in the landfast sea ice and lagoon lake ice in the Alaskan Arctic region. Therefore, this study investigated characteristics and potential sources of microplastics in the landfast sea ice and lagoon lake ice in the Alaskan Arctic (Point Barrow). The results found that the average abundance of microplastics in the landfast sea ice (220.6±140.1 items/L) was comparable to that in lagoon lake ice near Point Barrow (148.9±141.8 items/L). For different layers of sea ice cores, the maximum abundance of microplastics generally occurred in the bottom layer. The overall particle sizes for the detected microplastics revealed that the abundance of microplastics decreased with increasing size for both landfast sea ice and lagoon lake ice samples. Small-sized microplastics (≤50 μm) accounted for more than 80% of the detected microplastics, with the dominant shape being fragments. The predominant polymers in sea ice were polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Meanwhile, PE and rubber dominated the polymers detected in lagoon lake ice. These differences between microplastics in Arctic sea ice and lagoon lake ice further indicated the discrepancies in microplastic transport pathways and deposition. Microplastics in landfast sea ice were mainly affected by seawater transported from the Pacific Ocean into the Chukchi Sea. In contrast, microplastics in lagoon lake ice were mostly influenced by the seawater of the Beaufort Sea and local vehicle emissions (<em>e.g.</em>, rubber). This study further highlighted that a large abundance of microplastics was widely distributed in the sea ice of the Alaska Arctic region and may pose potential risks to the local ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macro-microscopic deformation evolution of thawing frozen fine-grained soil used in heavy-haul railway subgrades in cold regions","authors":"JianBing Chen ,&nbsp;ShaoJie Liang ,&nbsp;YuZhi Zhang ,&nbsp;XiaoDong Zhu ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;MingTao Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the thawing process of a railway subgrade, bidirectional thawing complicates water-heat transfer, leading to serious thaw settlement issues under train loads. Focusing on the severely frozen section of the Shuozhou-Huanghua port heavy-haul railway, this study conducted indoor soil-column laterally-limited compression tests on thawing fine-grained soil specimens to analyze the cumulative deformation during thawing. The deformation evolution was examined from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The test results revealed a significant increase in the water content at the frozen interlayer during thawing, with minimal thaw settlement under no-load conditions. However, under dynamic loads, the thawing soil exhibited rapid settlement during the initial stages of the process. Increasing the dynamic load amplitude did not result in significant additional thaw settlement compression. Particle image velocimetry revealed substantial thaw settlement and compression at the top of thawing soil. Microscopically, the porosity at the top of the specimens significantly decreased, whereas the porosity in the frozen interlayer remained largely unchanged. Under dynamic loading, the specimens exhibited a concentrated distribution of large pores with scattered smaller pores. The phase change from ice to water, combined with dynamic loading, induced particle movement and expanded the inter-particle pore space, leading to macroscopic thaw settlement and soil compression. The findings can provide a theoretical foundation for maintaining and ensuring the safety of railway subgrades in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of entropy Weight-Grey theory-BP Network life prediction Model of unit silica fume concrete lining under the influence of carbonation-sulfate freeze-thaw cycle erosion","authors":"ZhiMin Chen ,&nbsp;MingYang Yi ,&nbsp;Meng Zhang ,&nbsp;ZhiQiang Yang ,&nbsp;JunHui Liu ,&nbsp;QianLong Yuan ,&nbsp;DianQiang Wang ,&nbsp;Hui Long ,&nbsp;HaoYong Zhang ,&nbsp;PengJi Zheng ,&nbsp;HongYan Shang ,&nbsp;ShengYi Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcar.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges posed by tunnel construction in the alpine region, silica fume mixed concrete is commonly used as a construction material. The correlation between silica fume content and the lining life requires immediate investigation. In view of this phenomenon, the durability of unit lining concrete is predicted by analyzing three key indicators: carbonation depth, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and residual quality. This prediction is achieved by integrating the Entropy Weight Method, Grey theory life prediction model and BP artificial neural networks using data from tests and predictions of these indicators. Then, the Entropy Weight-Grey theory-BP Network Model is compared with other methods to analyze the predicted life. Finally, verify the scientificity of this model, and the optimum silica fume content of unit concrete lining is verified. The results showed, 1) The addition of silica fume will accelerate the carbonization of unit concrete lining, and slow down the freeze-thaw cycle and sulfate erosion. 2) The utilization of artificial neural networks is essential for enhancing the realism of the data, as it emphasizes the significance of silica fume content. 3) Silica fume content of 10% results in the longest life and is the most suitable for lining construction. 4) A comparison between single-factor and multi-factor predictions indicates that the multi-factor approach yields a longer maximum life. This improvement can be attributed to the inclusion of additional factors, such as freeze-thaw cycles and carbonation, which enhance the predicted life when employing these methods. In conclusion, the Entropy Weight-Grey Theory-BP Network life prediction Model is well-suited for tunnel lining in the alpine sulfate area of northwest China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53163,"journal":{"name":"Research in Cold and Arid Regions","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}