Blockchain-Research and Applications最新文献_第9页

Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner: Implementation options for supply chain optimization 区块链即服务和区块链即合作伙伴：供应链优化的实施选项

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100119

Paolo Bottoni , Claudio Di Ciccio , Remo Pareschi , Domenico Tortola , Nicola Gessa , Gilda Massa

{"title":"Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner: Implementation options for supply chain optimization","authors":"Paolo Bottoni , Claudio Di Ciccio , Remo Pareschi , Domenico Tortola , Nicola Gessa , Gilda Massa","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity, not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product innovation and overall economic returns. This article illustrates the principle of Income Sharing as a highly performing economic strategy for supply chains with a natural implementation in blockchain smart contracts. It proposes a blockchain-based architecture that uses smart contracts to implement various algorithmic versions of the Income Sharing principle among companies participating in a supply chain. The formation of the total income and its consequent redistribution are calculated taking into account the role of the technological platform automating these procedures, which therefore becomes a party to the inter-company business project of a supply chain in the alternative roles, as feasible in business practice, of Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner. The approach is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric, the most widespread platform for private and consortium blockchains. We compare and justify this design choice with the alternative given by public blockchains, with specific attention to Ethereum.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46009293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

An empirical study on the complexity, security and maintainability of Ethereum-based decentralized applications (DApps) 基于以太坊的去中心化应用程序（DApps）复杂性、安全性和可维护性的实证研究

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100120

Noama Fatima Samreen, Manar H. Alalfi

引用次数: 0

Cheap and secure metatransactions on the blockchain using hash-based authorisation and preferred batchers 使用基于哈希的授权和首选批处理程序在区块链上进行廉价安全的元交易

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100125

William Hughes , Tobias Magnusson , Alejandro Russo , Gerardo Schneider

{"title":"Cheap and secure metatransactions on the blockchain using hash-based authorisation and preferred batchers","authors":"William Hughes , Tobias Magnusson , Alejandro Russo , Gerardo Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart contracts are self-executing programs running in the blockchain allowing for decentralised storage and execution without a middleman. On-chain execution is expensive, with miners charging fees for distributed execution according to a cost model defined in the protocol. In particular, transactions have a high fixed cost.</p><p>We present MultiCall, a transaction-batching interpreter for Ethereum that reduces the cost of smart contract executions by gathering multiple users’ transactions into a batch. Our current implementation of MultiCall includes the following features: the ability to emulate Ethereum calls and create transactions, both from MultiCall itself and using an identity unique to the user; the ability to cheaply pay Ether to other MultiCall users; and the ability to authorise emulated transactions on behalf of multiple users in a single transaction using hash-based authorisation rather than more expensive signatures. This improves upon a previous version of MultiCall. Our experiments show that MultiCall provides a saving between 57% and 99% of the fixed transaction cost compared with the standard approach of sending Ethereum transactions directly.</p><p>Besides, we also show how to prevent an economic attack exploiting the metatransaction feature, describe a generic protocol for hash-based authorisation of metatransactions, and analyse how to minimise its off-chain computational and storage cost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49575067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digital exchange attributes and the risk of closure 数字交易所的属性和关闭风险

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100131

Seung Ah Lee, George Milunovich

{"title":"Digital exchange attributes and the risk of closure","authors":"Seung Ah Lee, George Milunovich","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Presently, there are over 500 cryptocurrency exchanges worldwide and more than 19,700 different cryptocurrencies. Despite the fact that cryptocurrency trading is possible via private peer-to-peer transactions, more than 90% of trading occurs on organised exchanges, which provide convenience and liquidity. However, centralised cryptocurrency exchanges are regarded as high-value targets by criminals and are often victims of cyberattacks. In this paper, we investigate the risk of cryptocurrency exchange closures and develop predictive models to forecast which markets will close down and which ones will remain active using publicly available data. Our models perform well and reach a high level of classification accuracy. Exchange trading volume, the availability of public information on exchange staff, exchange lifetime, and several cybersecurity features are identified as key attributes in predicting exchange closures. Nevertheless, our models do not account for all sources of risk, e.g., potential fraud and mismanagement of client funds committed by the exchanges themselves, and market participants are encouraged to carefully consider where and how they store their digital assets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49845635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A systematic literature review of the tension between the GDPR and public blockchain systems GDPR与公共区块链系统之间紧张关系的系统文献综述

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100129

Rahime Belen-Saglam , Enes Altuncu , Yang Lu , Shujun Li

{"title":"A systematic literature review of the tension between the GDPR and public blockchain systems","authors":"Rahime Belen-Saglam , Enes Altuncu , Yang Lu , Shujun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Blockchain technology has been rapidly growing since Bitcoin was invented in 2008. The most common type of blockchain system, public (permissionless) blockchain system, has some unique features that lead to a tension with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other similar data protection laws. In this paper, we report the results of a systematic literature review (SLR) on 114 research papers discussing and/or addressing such a tension. To the best of our knowledge, our SLR is the most comprehensive review of this tension, leading to a more in-depth and broader analysis of related research work on this important topic. Our results revealed three main types of issues: (i) difficulties in exercising data subjects’ rights such as the ‘right to be forgotten’ (RTBF) due to the immutable nature of public blockchains; (ii) difficulties in identifying roles and responsibilities in the public blockchain data processing ecosystem (particularly on the identification of data controllers and data processors); and (iii) ambiguities regarding the application of the relevant law(s) due to the distributed nature of blockchains. Our work also led to a better understanding of solutions for improving the GDPR compliance of public blockchain systems. It can help inform not only blockchain researchers and developers but also policymakers and law markers to consider how to reconcile the tension between public blockchain systems and data protection laws (the GDPR and beyond).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49845634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Blockchain-based cross-domain authorization system for user-centric resource sharing 基于区块链的跨域授权系统，实现以用户为中心的资源共享

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100126

Yuki Ezawa , Shohei Kakei , Yoshiaki Shiraishi , Masami Mohri , Masakatu Morii

{"title":"Blockchain-based cross-domain authorization system for user-centric resource sharing","authors":"Yuki Ezawa , Shohei Kakei , Yoshiaki Shiraishi , Masami Mohri , Masakatu Morii","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>User-centric data sharing is essential to encourage citizens' active participation in the digital economy. One key to smart cities, a form of the digital economy, is the promotion of public use of citizen data. Nevertheless, it is not easy to utilize data without citizens’ consent. In this study, we took a technological approach to these issues. User-managed access (UMA) is a well-known framework for delegating resource access rights to others on the Internet. In UMA, authorization mechanisms are designed to be centralized so that resource owners can centrally manage access rights for various resources stored in different domains. However, the lack of transparency in the authorization mechanism is a barrier to its implementation in large-scale systems such as smart cities. In this study, we developed a blockchain-based cross-domain authorization architecture that enables a resource-sharing ecosystem in which organizations that wish to utilize data can freely trade with each other. The proposed architecture solves the transparency problem that conventional authorization systems have had by designing the authorization mechanism on blockchain technology. We implemented the proposed architecture as smart contracts and evaluated its processing performance. The resultant time required for delegating access rights and accessing resources was less than 500 ms. Furthermore, we found that the fluctuation in the processing time overhead was small. Based on these results, we concluded that performance degradation with the proposed architecture is minor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44313807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Improving smart contract search by semantic and structural clustering for source codes 通过对源代码的语义和结构聚类改进智能合约搜索

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100117

Alkhansaa A. Abuhashim , Chiu C. Tan

引用次数: 0

WTEYE: On-chain wash trade detection and quantification for ERC20 cryptocurrencies WTEYE: ERC20加密货币的链上清洗交易检测和量化

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100108

Wei Cui , Cunnian Gao

引用次数: 5

TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts 标签:自动将BPMN模型转换为区块链智能合约

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115

Peter Bodorik , Christian Gang Liu , Dawn Jutla

{"title":"TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts","authors":"Peter Bodorik , Christian Gang Liu , Dawn Jutla","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being the automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to developing smart contracts with the objective of automating the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce the risk of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into the processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43294784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Measuring node decentralisation in blockchain peer to peer networks b区块链点对点网络中节点去中心化的测量

IF 5.6 3区计算机科学

Blockchain-Research and Applications Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100109

Andrew Howell , Takfarinas Saber , Malika Bendechache

{"title":"Measuring node decentralisation in blockchain peer to peer networks","authors":"Andrew Howell , Takfarinas Saber , Malika Bendechache","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New blockchain platforms are launching at a high cadence, each fighting for attention, adoption, and infrastructure resources. Several studies have measured the peer-to-peer (P2P) network decentralisation of Bitcoin and Ethereum (i.e., two of the largest used platforms). However, with the increasing demand for blockchain infrastructure, it is important to study node decentralisation across multiple blockchain networks, especially those containing a small number of nodes. In this paper, we propose NodeMaps, a data processing framework to capture, analyse, and visualise data from several popular P2P blockchain platforms, such as Cosmos, Stellar, Bitcoin, and Lightning Network. We compare and contrast the geographic distribution, the hosting provider diversity, and the software client variance in each of these platforms. Through our comparative analysis of node data, we found that Bitcoin and its Lightning Network Layer 2 protocol are widely decentralised P2P blockchain platforms, with the largest geographical reach and a high proportion of nodes operating on The Onion Router (TOR) privacy-focused network. Cosmos and Stellar blockchains have reduced node participation, with nodes predominantly operating in large cloud providers or well-known data centres.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42358660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8