Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society最新文献

{"title":"Direct Numerical Simulation of real-gas effects within turbulent boundary layers for fully-developed channel flows","authors":"Taofei Chen, Bijie Yang, Miles C. Robertson, R. Martinez-Botas","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-68","url":null,"abstract":"Real-gas effects have a significant impact on compressible turbulent flows of dense gases, especially when flow properties are in proximity of the saturation line and/or the thermodynamic critical point. Understanding of these effects is key for the analysis and improvement of performance for many industrial components, including expanders and heat exchangers in organic Rankine cycle systems.\u0000\u0000This work analyzes the real-gas effect on the turbulent boundary layer of fully developed channel flow of two organic gases, R1233zd(E) and MDM - two candidate working fluids for ORC systems. Compressible direct numerical simulations (DNS) with real-gas equations of state are used in this research. Three cases are set up for each organic vapour, representing thermodynamic states far from, close to and inside the supercritical region, and these cases refer to weak, normal and strong real-gas effect in each fluid.\u0000\u0000The results within this work show that the real-gas effect can significantly influence the profile of averaged thermodynamic properties, relative to an air baseline case. This effect has a reverse impact on the distribution of averaged temperature and density. As the real-gas effect gets stronger, the averaged centre-to-wall temperature ratio decreases but the density drop increases. In a strong real-gas effect case, the dynamic viscosity at the channel center point can be lower than at channel wall. This phenomenon can not be found in a perfect gas flow.\u0000\u0000The real-gas effect increases the normal Reynolds stress in the wall-normal direction by 7–20% and in the spanwise direction by 10–21%, which is caused by its impact on the viscosity profile. It also increases the Reynolds shear stress by 5–8%. The real-gas effect increases the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation in the viscous sublayer and buffer sublayer <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> but not in the outer layer. The turbulent viscosity hypthesis is checked in these two fluids, and the result shows that the standard two-function RANS model (<inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>ω</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>) with a constant <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.09</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> is still suitable in the outer layer <inline-formula><mml:math xm","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45465153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The required aerodynamic simulation fidelity to usefully support a gas turbine Digital Twin for manufacturing","authors":"Wen Yao Lee, W. Dawes, J. Coull","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-35","url":null,"abstract":"With the imminent digitalisation of the manufacturing processes of gas turbine components, a large volume of geometric data of as-manufactured parts is being generated. This geometric data can be used in aerodynamic simulations to predict component performance. Both the cost and accuracy of these simulations increase with their fidelity. To efficiently exploit Digital Twin technology, one must therefore understand how realistic the aerodynamic simulations need to be to give useful performance predictions. \u0000This paper considers this issue for a sample of scrapped high-pressure turbine rotor blades from a civil aero engine. The measured geometric data was used to build aerodynamic models of varying degrees of realism, ranging from quasi-three-dimensional blade sections for an Euler solver to three-dimensional, multi-passage and multi-stage Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes models. The flow near the tip of these shrouded blades is sensitive to manufacturing variability and can switch between two quasi-stable horseshoe vortex modes. In general, capacity and exit flow angle can be adequately predicted by three-dimensional, single-passage calculations: averaging single-passage calculations gives a good prediction of the multi-passage behaviour. For efficiency and stage loading, the approach of averaging single-passage calculations is less accurate as the multi-passage behaviour requires an accurate prediction of the horseshoe vortex modes.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47889400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Validation of an Analytical Seal Flutter Model","authors":"M. Greco, R. Corral","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-142","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical model to describe the flutter onset of straight-through labyrinth seals has been numerically validated using a frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes solver. A comprehensive set of simulations has been conducted to assess the stability criterion of the analytical model originally derived by Corral and Vega (2018), “Conceptual Flutter Analysis of Labyrinth Seals Using Analytical Models - Part I: Theoretical Support,” ASME J. Turbomach., 140 (12), pp. 121006. The accuracy of the model has been assessed by using a simplified geometry consisting of a two-fin straight-through labyrinth seal with identical gaps. The effective gaps and the kinetic energy carried over are retained and their effects on stability are evaluated. It turns out that is important to inform the model with the correct values of both parameters to allow a proper comparison with the numerical simulations. Moreover, the non-isentropic perturbations included in the formulations are observed in the simulations at relatively low frequencies whose characteristic time is of the same order as the discharge time of the seal. This effect is responsible for the bending of the stability limit in the 0th ND stability map obtained both in the model and the simulations. It turns out that the analytical model can predict accurately the stability of the seal in a wide range of pressure ratios, vibration mode-shapes, and frequencies provided that this is informed with the fluid dynamic gaps and the energy carried over to the downstream fin from a steady RANS simulation. The numerical calculations show for the first time that the model can be used to predict accurately not only the trends of the work-per-cycle of the seal but also quantitative results.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42567989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsteady Flow Phenomena in Turbine Shroud Cavities","authors":"Tim Kluge, Iris Lettmann, M. Oettinger, Lars Wein, J. Seume","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-64","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents those flow parameters at which coherent structures appear in the blade tip cavities of shrouded turbine blades. To the authors’ knowledge, this is reported for the first time in the open literature. The unsteady flow in a shroud cavity is analysed based on experimental data recorded in a labyrinth seal test rig. The unsteady static wall pressure in the shroud cavity inlet and outlet is measured using time-resolving pressure sensors. Sensors are located at staggered circumferential positions to allow cross-correlation between signals. The unsteady pressure signals are reduced using Fourier analysis and cross-correlation in combination with digital filters. Based on the data, a theory is formulated explaining the phenomena reflected in the measurements. The results suggest that pressure fluctuations with distinct numbers of nodes are rotating in the shroud cavity outlet. Moreover, modes with different node numbers appear to be superimposed, rotating at a common speed in circumferential direction. The pressure fluctuations are not found at all operating points. Further analysis indicates that the pressure fluctuations are present at operating points matching distinct parameters correlating with the cavity flow coefficient. Unsteady RANS simulations predict similar flow structures for the design operating point of the test rig.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44416580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of combined compressor and turbine deterioration on the overall performance of a jet engine using RANS simulation and Pseudo Bond Graph approach","authors":"Jan Goeing, H. Seehausen, V. Pak, S. Lueck, J. Seume, J. Friedrichs","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-140","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, numerical models are used to analyse the influence of isolated component deterioration as well as the combination of miscellaneous deteriorated components on the transient performance of a high-bypass jet engine. For this purpose, the aerodynamic impact of major degradation effects in a high-pressure compressor (HPC) and turbine (HPT) is modelled and simulated by using 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The impact on overall jet engine performance is then modelled using an 1D Reduced Order Model (ROM). \u0000Initially, the HPC performance is investigated with a typical level of roughness on vanes and blades and the HPT performance with an increasing tip clearance. Subsequently, the overall performance of the jet engines with the isolated and combined deteriorated domains is computed by the in-house 1D performance tool ASTOR (AircraftEngine Simulation for Transient Operation Research). Degradations have a significant influence on the system stability and transient effects. In ASTOR, a system of differential equations including the equations of motion and further ordinary differential equations is solved. Compared to common ROMs, this enables a higher degree of accuracy.\u0000 The results of temperature downstream of the high-pressure compressor and low-pressure turbine as well as the specific fuel composition and the HP rotational speed are used to estimate the degree and type of engine deterioration. However, the consideration of the system stability is necessary to analyse the characterisation in more detail. \u0000Finally, a simplified model which merges two engines with individual deteriorated domains into one combined deteriorated engine, is proposed. The simplified model predicts the performance of an engine which has been simulated with combined deteriorated components.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44263642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation Mechanism of Diffuser Stall in a Centrifugal Compressor with Vaneless Diffuser","authors":"N. Fujisawa, K. Tajima, H. Miida, Y. Ohta","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-59","url":null,"abstract":"The generation mechanism of a diffuser stall in a centrifugal compressor with a vaneless diffuser was investigated by experimental and computational analyses. The diffuser stall generated as the mass flow rate decreased. The diffuser stall cell rotated at 25-30 % of the impeller rotational speed, with diffuser stall fluctuations observed at 180° from the cutoff. The diffuser stall fluctuation magnitude gradually increased near the cutoff. According to the CFD analysis, the mass flow fluctuations at the diffuser exit showed a low mass flow region, rotating at approximately 25% of the impeller rotational speed. They began at 180° from the cutoff and developed as this region approached the cutoff. Therefore, the diffuser stall could be simulated by CFD analysis. First, the diffuser stall cell originated at 180° from the cutoff by interaction with boundary separation and impeller discharge vortex. Then, the diffuser stall cell further developed by boundary separation accumulation and the induced low velocity area The low velocity region formed a blockage across the diffuser passage span. The diffuser stall cell expanded due to boundary separation caused by a positive flow angle. Finally, the diffuser stall cell vanished when it passed the cutoff, because mass flow recovery occurred.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43524286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow instability effects related to purge through a gas turbine chute seal","authors":"A. Roy, J. Fridh, James A. Scobie, C. Sangan, G. Lock","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-82","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates flow instabilities inside the cavity formed between the stator and rotor disks of a high-speed turbine rig. The cavity rim seal is of chute seal design. The influence of flow coefficient on the sealing effectiveness at constant purge flow rate through the wheel-space is determined. The effectiveness at different radial positions over a range of purge flow conditions and flow coefficients is also studied. Unsteady pressure measurements have identified the frequency of instabilities that form within the rim seal, phenomena which have been observed in other studies. Frequencies of these disturbances, and their correlation in the circumferential direction have determined the strength and speed of rotation of the instabilities within the cavity. Large scale unsteady rotational structures have been identified, which show similarity to previous studies. These disturbances have been found to be weakly dependent on the purge flow and flow coefficients, although an increased purge reduced both the intensity and speed of rotation of the instabilities. Additionally, certain uncorrelated disturbances have been found to be inconsistent (discontinuous) with pitchwise variation.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45515777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional low-order surge model for high-speed axial compressors","authors":"Mauro Righi, V. Pachidis, L. Könözsy, F. Zhao, M. Vahdati","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-138","url":null,"abstract":"Surge in modern aero-engines can lead to violent disruption of the flow, damage to the blade structures and eventually engine shutdown. Knowledge of unsteady performance and loading during surge is crucial for compressor design, however, the understanding and prediction capability for this phenomenon is still very limited. While useful for the investigation of specific cases, costly experimental tests and high-fidelity CFD simulations cannot be used routinely in the design process of compressor systems. There is therefore an interest in developing a low-order model which can predict compressor performance during surge with sufficient accuracy at significantly reduced computational cost.\u0000This paper describes the validation of an unsteady 3D through-flow code developed at Cranfield University for the low-order modelling of surge in axial compressors. The geometry investigated is an 8-stage rig representative of a modern aero-engine IP compressor. Two deep surge events are modelled at part speed and full speed respectively. The results are compared against high-fidelity, full annulus, URANS simulations conducted at Imperial College. Comparison of massflow, pressure and temperature time histories shows a close match between the low-order and the higher-fidelity methods. The low-order model is shown capable of predicting many transient flow features which were observed in the high-fidelity simulations, while reducing the computational cost by up to two orders of magnitude.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46700654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF DOWNSTREAM POTENTIAL PERTURBATIONS ON THE NONLINEAR STABILITY OF A GENERIC FAN","authors":"D. Romera, R. Corral","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-144","url":null,"abstract":"The dependence of the aerodynamic stability of fan blades with amplitude and nodal diameter of potential perturbations associated with the presence of pylons is studied. The analysis is conducted using a novel block-wise spatial Fourier decomposition of the reduced-passages to reconstruct the full-annulus solution. The method represents very efficiently unsteady flows generated by outlet static pressure non-uniformities. The explicit spatial Fourier approximation is exploited to characterize the relevance of each nodal diameter of outlet perturbations in the fan stall process, and its nonlinear stability is studied in a harmonic by harmonic basis filtering the nonlinear contribution of the rest. The methodology has been assessed for the NASA rotor 67. The maximum amplitude of the downstream perturbation at which the compressor becomes unstable and triggers a stall process has been mapped. It is concluded that the fan stability dependence with the amplitude of the perturbation is weaker than in the case of intake distortion. For perturbations with an odd number of nodal diameters, the nonlinear stability analysis leads to the same conclusions as to the small amplitude linear stability analysis. However, if the perturbations have an even number nodal diameters, the flow exhibits a supercritical bifurcation and have a stabilizing effect.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46792894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Using Silica Aerogels as the Thermal Insulator for Combustor Liners","authors":"Yeongmin Pyo, T. Robertson, Sean Yun, Zekai Hong","doi":"10.33737/gpps20-tc-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33737/gpps20-tc-46","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental study was conducted for evaluating the feasibility of using silica aerogel as thermal insulator for combustor liners. Aerogels are a superior material for minimizing heat flux to the metal structure of the combustion liner due to their low thermal conductivity. In this study, a conical natural gas fired swirling-flame combustor was utilized for reproducing the combustion environment. The silica aerogel blanket was attached to the inner side of a perforated combustor liner. Temperature distribution on the outer side of the combustion liner was measured using a calibrated IR camera. To create a protective cooling film over the aerogel surface, cooling air was supplied from the back side of the perforated metal liner and was allowed to penetrate the silica aerogel blanket to be discharged to the combustor. As the combustor was operated at a fixed equivalence ratio of 0.83, cooling air flow rates were varied to evaluate the effectiveness of transpiration cooling on the aerogel blanket as various cooling flow rates. \u0000\u0000The measured evolution of temperature distribution confirmed thermal equilibriums for every test condition with transpiration cooling. The measured temperature distribution of metal liner demonstrated superior thermal insulation of aerogel blanket under the protection of cooling film with a temperature difference as high as 1580 K between combustion products temperature and the metal liner temperature on the back side. In addition, silica aerogel samples were examined before and after the combustion tests to understand their material degradation exposing to a typical gas turbine combustor environment using high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results suggest multiple degradation mechanisms to the silica aerogel blanket samples from the combustion tests. Improvements can be made to the silica aerogel blankets for a more resilient thermal insulator, for example, by replacing glass fibers in silica aerogels.","PeriodicalId":53002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49015917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}