Vestnik universiteta最新文献_第2页

Problems of bias and discrimination of human capital in artificial intelligence systems 人工智能系统中人力资本的偏见和歧视问题

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-176-185

E. Kashtanova, A. Lobacheva

{"title":"Problems of bias and discrimination of human capital in artificial intelligence systems","authors":"E. Kashtanova, A. Lobacheva","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-176-185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-176-185","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the genesis of understanding the causes of bias and discrimination of human capital from traditional forms to the era of digitalisation and artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI). In this article, the authors continue their case studies in the field of studying the ethics of AI, advantages and risks of its widespread distribution and use. The main purpose of writing this work is to study the question of how the use of AI and algorithmic solutions aggravates the problem of bias and discrimination of human capital which is inevitably associated with the emergence of AI. The authors of the article present a brief overview of the retrospective, discover new modern forms of discrimination generated by the action of AI and subject them to open discussion, offering their vision of solving issues on neutralisation the risks caused by the use of AI technologies in relation to certain groups of workers. The authors consider in the article the manifestations of bias and discrimination in society in general and in the field of human resource management in particular, identify possible threats of discrimination as a result of the spread of AI and the consequences of these threats.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" April","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140989794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Consequences of using renewable energy sources 使用可再生能源的后果

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-95-101

N. Lyubimova, A. S. Flaksman

{"title":"Consequences of using renewable energy sources","authors":"N. Lyubimova, A. S. Flaksman","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-95-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-95-101","url":null,"abstract":"Developed countries offset global warming by abandoning high-carbon products in favour of low-carbon products and by introducing a transboundary carbon tax for those countries that are unable to make the transition immediately. One of the ways of the transition in developed countries is proposed generation of electricity from renewable energy sources (hereinafter referred to as RES). The purpose of the article is to assess the consequences of using RES as one of the ways to the transition to low-carbon products. RES are the object of the study, especially wind and solar power plants. Energy generation on them is considered an environmentally friendly production and does not require large operational costs. The subject of the study is economic relations that occur concerning construction and use of RES. The methodological basis of the study includes general scientific methods (generalization, systematisation) and economic-statistical methods (comparative analysis, tabular techniques for data visualisation). The main results of the study lie in justifying large investment costs in RES which are associated with provision of significant areas of land and sea and their withdrawal from agricultural turnover; with scarce and poorly developed deposits of non-energy commodities which are necessary for the creation of RES equipment; with unevenness in energy production and its low density in wind and solar power plants. That requires investments in storage and balancing systems. In pursuit of environmentally friendly production the West does not consider many components of economic efficiency: environmental protection and safety of working and living conditions of some countries in Asia, Africa and South America, and natural means of absorbing greenhouse gases. It should be ignored in the future when justifying economic efficiency of RES.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Asymmetry of the economic development of the Eurasian Economic Union: analysis and recommendations 欧亚经济联盟经济发展的不对称性：分析与建议

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-120-129

A. Urunov, A. R. Vagapova, S. I. Shirinova

{"title":"Asymmetry of the economic development of the Eurasian Economic Union: analysis and recommendations","authors":"A. Urunov, A. R. Vagapova, S. I. Shirinova","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-120-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-120-129","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the asymmetry of the development of the Eurasian Economic Union countries (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU). The objective of the work is to analyse the symmetrical development of countries within the framework of the EAEU and to formulate measures and recommendations for increase of the economic potential of the countries. In order to achieve the purpose, the objective of comparative assessment on the basis of three indicators was set and overcome. The three indicators include gross domestic product per capita, investments per capita and average accrued salary. The corresponding calculations were done for each indicator, and graphs were constructed showing the general state of the economic development. During the study, the methods of factor and system analysis were applied. The initial data for the study were the official sources of the statistical authorities of the EAEU countries, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States as well as publications and scientific articles related to this topic. The main problem is the uneven economic development of the EAEU member states which leads to negative consequences for strengthening the integration process. As a result of the study, some measures were proposed to achieve the symmetrical development of the countries within the framework of the EAEU, and recommendations were prepared for the effective development of interaction between the member countries of the integration association. Following the results of this work, a conclusion was formulated on strengthening ties between the countries by focusing on a mixed economy with government regulation, infrastructure development and increased investment activity.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering and management approach in the sphere of transport and logistics 运输和物流领域的工程和管理方法

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-69-77

A. A. Stepanov, Y. Ignatova, A. Merenkov, G. Lastochkina, A. V. Malkova

{"title":"Engineering and management approach in the sphere of transport and logistics","authors":"A. A. Stepanov, Y. Ignatova, A. Merenkov, G. Lastochkina, A. V. Malkova","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-69-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-69-77","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis (consideration) of peculiarities of management in the sphere of transport at the present stage of social and technological development. The role of transport and infrastructure projects as a key element of the country’s economic development is described. Being linked into a single comprehensive plan, infrastructure solutions become the basis for the development of a country or territory. It was concluded that with the current form of organisation of transport activities, a two-circuit management system is believed to be optimal, when the role of the state is reduced to planning of long cycles and to the role of economic administrator. The private sector, individual carriers, small companies regulate the quality of service by individualising the supply. One of the most important points of contact between these systems is the sphere of education. The authors describe the concept of engineering and management approach to education. This approach will make it possible to systematically train specialists with both technological and managerial competencies which will become an impetus for the development of economic sectors and strengthening the technological sovereignty of the state. The purpose of the article is to determine the patterns of functioning of the transport and logistics sphere in the framework of supply-side economics, and to consider the engineering and management approach to the training of specialists (for the industry).","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 62","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Customs services and ways to improve their quality in the context of digitalisation 数字化背景下的海关服务及提高服务质量的途径

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-112-119

I. Y. Sofiyannikova

{"title":"Customs services and ways to improve their quality in the context of digitalisation","authors":"I. Y. Sofiyannikova","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-112-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-112-119","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to problems of the process of rendering services in the field of customs during digitalisation of the economy. The observed mechanism of rendering state customs services, as well as improving their quality, naturally affect the entire service sector and the development of the country’s economy as a whole. The main purposes of the article are to analyse the mechanism of rendering services in the field of customs and to search for effective methods of assessing their quality. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to improve the operations performed to be able to manage the quality of provided customs services. The main objective of this article is to propose possible ways to reduce time costs without losing the quality of customs control in the process of providing the services. The article used both theoretical (analysis of the current legislation) and empirical research methods (giving practical examples of improving the efficiency of customs operations and the quality of customs services). The results of the study are the following: development of sequential operations performed by customs authorities in the process of rendering services in the field of customs; proposal of possible criteria for assessing their quality; formulation of options for managing this quality.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regional differentiation of the tax burden on personal income in Canada 加拿大个人收入税收负担的地区差异

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-102-111

I. Mitroshin

{"title":"Regional differentiation of the tax burden on personal income in Canada","authors":"I. Mitroshin","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-102-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-102-111","url":null,"abstract":"The income of citizens reflects the degree of economic development of the country, and in the regional aspect – the degree of economic development of each region. Canada is very similar to Russia in its geographical location, nature and climate, so the standard of living of the population in this country is of interest. One of its indicators is the income of citizens. The state’s approach to personal income taxation reflects the general socio-economic policy in the country. The study analysed the tax burden on personal income in the provinces of Canada in 2000–2022, determined the dynamics of this indicator for the period under review, and identified the existence of correlation between the amount of income and the tax burden on it in the regional aspect. The results obtained found that in Canada, there is a conditional division into eastern provinces with a traditionally high tax burden, western provinces with a national average tax burden, and northern territories with a relatively low tax burden. A certain inverse relationship between the amount of citizens’ income and the tax burden on it has been established. In regions with high incomes, the tax burden is usually lower, and in regions with low incomes, it is generally higher. However, there are regions that are exceptions, which shows the relative financial independence of regional authorities in Canada. The dynamics of the tax burden on personal income in the analysed period reflected the impact of the crises of 2008 and 2020 when it decreased. This fact demonstrates the sensitive response of regional governments to the changing economic situation.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development prospects for production of filtration equipment in the Russian Federation at the present stage 现阶段俄罗斯联邦过滤设备生产的发展前景

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-78-84

S. S. Gordeev

{"title":"Development prospects for production of filtration equipment in the Russian Federation at the present stage","authors":"S. S. Gordeev","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-78-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-78-84","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the challenges caused by changes in the global situation that the production of filtration equipment faced. The equipment is used for the petrochemical complex. The article assesses prospects for technological independence in the petrochemical complex, including the auxiliary market of filtration and separation equipment. The article provides a statistical analysis of the indicators of the Russian filtration sector and analyses the applied filtration and separation methods in a comparative manner. To determine the prospects of companies producing the corresponding equipment and its individual structural elements, the method of situational analysis was used, with the help of which the features of products manufactured at the present stage that influence the development of business in this economic segment are identified. With the method of economic forecasting, the perspective position of domestic manufacturers in the filtration market was determined. With consideration to the modern developments in the field of industry management and to the given basic concepts used in the management of western companies, the possible ways of introduction of advanced managerial decisions were proposed. It is done in order to improve the position of domestic producers, to develop business and to switch to a new level of product improvement, process optimisation, continuous development of companies’ approaches, and thus respond quickly to the emerging challenges.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cyclical issues of pricing of regulated services 受监管服务定价的周期性问题

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-85-94

A. Grunichev

{"title":"Cyclical issues of pricing of regulated services","authors":"A. Grunichev","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-85-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-85-94","url":null,"abstract":"The article reflects current issues of the formation and regulation of tariffs that have developed in the modern economy. A brief analysis of the historical development of tariff regulation with the assessment of the used methods and ways is conducted. The authors identified expediency of tariff formation and regulation by a single body determining functions and set tasks. The study uses descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. The article describes a positive example of applying the practice of deregulation with subsequent possible extension to other areas. The reasons of inefficiency of using the marginal indices mechanism are determined and justified, which is directly related to underfunding of the industry and lack of investment components. The question is raised about the fulfillment of the development, or social function by tariff regulation. It is proved that the current tariff system is not able to change the situation of increasing the investment base necessary to stabilise the deterioration of infrastructure. The main components of the current tariff regulation system are identified, and the directions of a new development model are proposed with consideration to the problems found by the study. According to the research results, conclusions are given that reflect the essence of the designated topic for possible solutions to issues existing in the functioning development model.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Problems and development prospects of “green” logistics of maritime transport in the Russian Federation 俄罗斯联邦海运 "绿色 "物流的问题与发展前景

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-54-62

I. Ermakov, A. A. Podoliako

{"title":"Problems and development prospects of “green” logistics of maritime transport in the Russian Federation","authors":"I. Ermakov, A. A. Podoliako","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-54-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-54-62","url":null,"abstract":"Shipping is one of the industries that lags far behind others in environmental sustainability, especially when it comes to reducing the harmful impact on the environment, which makes the problem relevant. The article presents the concept of “green” logistics and its principles used in business practices. Current key problems of maritime transport related to environmental logistics and new requirements of the International Maritime Organisation are described. The experience of applying “green” technologies by foreign companies in the maritime industry has been analysed. It shows that electrification and decarbonisation can be successfully introduced into business practice and lead to improved environmental performance. The state of seaport infrastructure and vessels in the Russian Federation was studied. Certain Russian projects following “green” logistics trends are presented with description of the implemented systems, technologies, and new equipment. Conclusions are made about the potential of “green” logistics in Russia in the future: reduction of negative environmental impact, increase of competitiveness of Russian companies and new opportunities for business development.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of China’s innovative infrastructure through public-private partnership 通过公私合作发展中国创新型基础设施

Vestnik universiteta Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-33-39

A. N. Rodionov, F. Sharipov, M. Dyakonova

{"title":"Development of China’s innovative infrastructure through public-private partnership","authors":"A. N. Rodionov, F. Sharipov, M. Dyakonova","doi":"10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-33-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2024-3-33-39","url":null,"abstract":"While determining plans for growth of gross domestic product targets in the 14th five-year plan, China outlined an infrastructure plan for the country’s development as one of the growth drivers, and thus prioritised mastery of new technologies and job creation. It is a formulated and implemented today in China dual circulation strategy. China is building an advanced digital and innovative infrastructure. Such a modern public-private partnership institution (hereinafter referred to as PPP), which became widespread in the world and in China, is the best example of the appropriateness of interaction of the public and private sectors in economic development of the state. This institution has proved its viability by combining the efforts and resources of the state and private business in the framework of specific projects and thus shaping a new quality of development. PPP is one of the most successful economic instruments for interaction of the state and private business in infrastructure development with raising capital. PPP shows its sustainability in China’s innovative economic life: civil aviation infrastructure, construction of high-speed railways, utilities in megalopolises. These are knowledge- and material-intensive projects where PPP are particularly effective in attracting capital and implementing projects. The purpose of this study is to analyse PPP development in China and participation of PPP in the development of China’s innovative infrastructure with the full support of the state.","PeriodicalId":52989,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik universiteta","volume":"100 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0