Carbon Trends最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of graphene oxide: A refined approach","authors":"Maria Refalo Magro,&nbsp;Daniel A. Vella,&nbsp;Glenn Cassar","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional method for preparing graphene oxide (GO) relies on the use of corrosive acids namely concentrated H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and H₃PO₄ as well as aggressive oxidizing agents such as KMnO₄ and KClO₄. The application of heat further exacerbates the preparation, promoting the release of harmful acidic NO<em>_x</em> and ClO₂ fumes. The formation of the by-product Mn₂O₇ could also increase the risk of explosion. A safe(r) and shorter method of preparation of GO has been a challenge for many researchers. This study presents a method of preparing GO, that reduces risks by eliminating the need for heating and shortening the oxidation step. This method utilises mixtures of concentrated H₂SO₄ and KMnO₄ with graphite thus eliminating the release of toxic fumes.</div><div>Characterization studies revealed that the graphite precursor with an average lateral flake size of 15.06 ±1.87 µm was successfully oxidized to GO and subsequently exfoliated to thinner sheets. The resulting GO exhibited a reduced average lateral sheet size of 10.22 0.62 µm and comprised approximately 10 layers, indicating that the precursor material is polycrystalline. Comprehensive XPS analysis revealed that the oxygen content and chemical states of carbon in the synthesized GO was comparable to that of commercially available GO, with similar distribution of oxygen functionalities. In the in-house produced GO, the predominant functional group was found to be the C-O bond corresponding to the epoxy group, followed by the ester and acid anhydride functional groups. Furthermore, the decrease in the percentage of sp² hybridized carbon in GO to 45.52 %—measured using X-ray induced Auger spectroscopy—confirms the successful oxidation of the precursor, which initially exhibited 80.21 % sp² character in graphite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of methylene blue dye adsorption on activated carbon from edible fruit seeds: A case study on kinetics and adsorption models","authors":"Safaa Talib Al-Asadi ,&nbsp;Zainab Haider Mussa ,&nbsp;Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim ,&nbsp;Hesam Kamyab ,&nbsp;Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi ,&nbsp;Issa Farhan Deyab ,&nbsp;Nisreen Jawad Kadhim","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, several industries have discharged wastewater containing high quantities of dyes directly into the ecosystem, creating a significant environmental hazard due to the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water. The rapid growth of the textile industry has exacerbated this issue, as residual materials, particularly dyes, in treated wastewater contribute to environmental degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that activated carbon is highly effective in removing cationic dye, specifically methylene blue (MB), from wastewater. Adsorption has become the most widely used separation technique due to its efficiency in contaminant adsorption. This study focuses on the use of both treated and untreated adsorbents derived from discarded fruit seeds. Given the global demand for food and fruits, the use of fruit seeds to produce adsorbents has gained popularity due to their low cost, biocellulose content, and availability. The adsorbents were analyzed using FTIR, BET, SEM, and thermogravimetric (TG) methods. The relationship between the pH of the methylene blue solution and the pHpzc (point of zero charge) of the adsorbent surface was thoroughly characterized. This study provides a comprehensive examination of isothermal models, kinetic models, and thermodynamic functions. The phenomenon of adsorption, along with its relationship to surface area and pH, is also investigated. Finally, it was found that biowaste fruit seeds can serve as a low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon for the effective removal of various pollutants from the aquatic environment on a large scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar from waste coffee husk as a thermal conductivity enhancer in palm stearin BPCMs","authors":"Andrés Chico-Proano ,&nbsp;Juan Francisco Nicolalde ,&nbsp;Milagros Boada ,&nbsp;Omar Bonilla ,&nbsp;Cristina Riofrio ,&nbsp;Juan Andrés Cueva ,&nbsp;Francisco Rodríguez-Clavijo ,&nbsp;Jennyfer Bolaños-Belalcazar ,&nbsp;Carla Suárez-Beltrán ,&nbsp;Maria A. Sandoval. R ,&nbsp;Haziel Diaz ,&nbsp;Javier Martínez-Gómez","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based phase change materials (BPCM) integrate natural sources like vegetable oils. While they typically have lower phase-change enthalpy than synthetic options, they are valued for their low toxicity and environmental impact. BPCMs provide a biodegradable alternative, but their low thermal conductivity limits efficiency in heat transfer applications. This study investigates the use of biochar derived from coffee husks as an additive to enhance thermal conductivity of palm stearin Biochar, characterized by stable chemical properties, high porosity, and significant adsorption capacity, is produced via pyrolysis, which also addresses waste management in the coffee industry and promotes renewable energy solutions, converting coffee husks into biochar effectively captures carbon that would be lost during combustion. In this way, the sample was characterized through proximate analysis, higher calorific value, crystallographic structure, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate its thermal decomposition under pyrolysis conditions. Results indicate that coffee husk is an ideal candidate for pyrolysis applications; thus, biochar was produced from coffee husk in a 125 mL reactor, with a heating rate of 50 °C/min, from room temperature up to a maximum of 600 °C. TGA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to evaluate both palm stearin and the produced biochar, focusing on their thermal decomposition profiles. Results show that incorporating even small amounts of biochar (as low as 0.013 wt. %) significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the PCM. This study highlights the different pyrolysis temperature zones of coffee husks and compares them with the thermal behavior of palm stearin. Overall, this work underscores the potential of biochar as a sustainable additive to enhance the thermal properties of organic PCMs, contributing to the circular economy while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from coffee waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and green synthesis of graphitic carbon from coconut shell waste by arc plasma for high performance symmetric supercapacitors","authors":"Mohamed Apsar J ,&nbsp;Ramachandran K ,&nbsp;Nalini B","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable conversion of biomass derived from low-cost agro waste into useful products is gaining popularity as global attention shifts towards green initiatives and energy efficiency. Coconut shell is considered as a potential raw material to synthesise carbon by burning it in a controlled atmosphere followed by physical / chemical activation. Various methods have been used to produce activated carbon from coconut shell. Production of graphitic carbon, which is preferred over activated carbon in supercapacitor applications, is a time consuming process and literature on the same from coconut shell is scanty. In this work, the graphitic carbon is produced rapidly and environment friendly by processing the coconut shell in thermal plasma and its potential use in energy storage applications are explored. Chemical composition, specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter of synthesized carbons are analyzed. An electrode for the supercapacitor is prepared from this material and electrochemical studies are performed. The specific capacitance and its retention as well as power and energy densities are notable and compared with previously published results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A core-shell model for oxidation-driven evolution of porous carbon nanoparticles","authors":"A. Raiolo,&nbsp;C. Stockinger,&nbsp;U. Nieken","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gasification of soot and carbon black nanoparticles is a fluid-solid reaction in which the solid phase undergoes structural changes. As the particles are permeable to the gas phase, oxidation takes place at the outer surface as well as in the interior. During oxidation progress, the internal porosity increases, resulting in an extreme increase in surface area. Experimental findings have recently been described by a model that treats oxidation by random removal of the solid phase. While these statistical models are computationally expensive and rely on tessellation of the solid, we propose a simple analytical expression to describe the gasification on the nanoparticle scale in the kinetically controlled regime. This novel model accounts for simultaneous internal and external oxidation and considers the heterogeneity of the particle, which consists of a core and a shell region that differ in their initial internal porosity. The model can explain the experimental observations found in literature, which report a sharp increase in specific surface area with subsequent flattening as oxidation progresses. Also, the experimental observation that the absolute surface undergoes a maximum can be well reproduced. An extension of our analytical model allows to account for the shift between the maximum reaction rate and the maximum surface area, often observed in experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of reduction duration on reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor energy storage enhancement","authors":"Sanjeev Gautam ,&nbsp;Jaswinder Singh Sidhu ,&nbsp;Monika Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted significant attention in carbon-based energy storage devices due to its promising electrochemical properties. The performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in supercapacitor energy storage devices is remarkably influenced by the duration of its reduction process. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) synthesized via a modified Hummer’s method and systematically reduced over varying durations to investigate the impact of reduction time on the structural and electrochemical properties of rGO. The reduction process was monitored using <em>ex-situ</em> X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) to gain detailed insights into the evolution of rGO over time. Structural analyses employing XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy revealed that prolonged reduction led to increase crystallite size, decrease interlayer spacing, and reduced defect densities. Cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated a direct correlation between reduction duration and specific capacitance, with longer reduction times enhancing the energy storage performance of rGO. These findings, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), underscore the critical influence of reduction duration on optimizing rGO for supercapacitor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide support from spheric CaCO3 as sacrificial template applied to in-situ growth of HKUST-1 metal-organic framework","authors":"Hassani Lizbeth Camargo-Carmona ,&nbsp;Ferdinando Tristan ,&nbsp;David Meneses-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Gladis Judith Labrada-Delgado ,&nbsp;Sofía Magdalena Vega-Díaz","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) composite materials have been recently investigated due to their excellent intrinsic properties and characteristics such as a self-sustained structure, porosity, and high specific surface area. 3D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) materials can be used to improve some properties of the other materials or compounds. An attractive approach is to use rGO aerogels as support of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), leading to improvement in electrical, mechanical, adsorptive, and thermal properties. This paper presents a 3D structure made of a composite of rGO and HKUST-1 MOF where the pore morphology of the support was controlled by using spherical calcium carbonate as a sacrificial template covered with GO through a layer-by-layer method. After a thermal treatment and removal of the sacrificial template, a rGO porous monolith was obtained. This rGO monolith was used as a support in a solvothermal process to grow the HKUST-1 framework in situ within its pores and on its surface. The same procedure was repeated at three different synthesis times. The obtained materials were characterized by several techniques: infrared and Raman spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and physisorption analysis using N₂. The results confirmed the presence of HKUST-1 within the 3D rGO support. The HKUST-1 crystals in these supports maintained the characteristic octahedral shape of the MOF on the monolith's surface. However, it is important to note that the growth of the HKUST-1 was affected inside the three-dimensional porous structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved CO2 adsorption and desorption using chemically derived activated carbon from corn cob hard shell","authors":"Mirana Tahsin ,&nbsp;M. Shahinuzzaman ,&nbsp;Taslima Akter ,&nbsp;Rahim Abdur ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahriar Bashar ,&nbsp;Md. Rafiul Kadir ,&nbsp;Sirajul Hoque ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shah Jamal ,&nbsp;Mosharof Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The task of regulating global CO₂ emission control has paved the way for improving solid sorbents such as activated carbons. Adsorption depends on the preparation process and the quality of the initial material used for it. This study mainly concentrates on producing activated carbon from corn cob biomass, which is economical and widely available. The biomass was subjected to activation using KOH at a ratio of 1:1 at a temperature of 850 °C. The Modified Activated Carbon (MAC) samples, namely MAC-1, were produced by treating biochar with a 1:1 ratio of the KOH solution. In contrast, the MAC-2 method directly added solid KOH pellets to biochar in a 1:1 activation ratio. The SEM analysis revealed the porous structure of activated carbon, while the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the functional groups. The adsorption tests were conducted for 5, 10, and 20 min, with the highest adsorption observed at 20 min. Desorption was carried out at 105 °C for an hour, showing a gradual increase up to 20 min, reaching 1.227 mmol/g (0.054 g/g). The MAC-2 sample exhibited the maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity measuring 1.523 mmol/g (0.067 g/g), highlighting the promising potential of activated carbon derived from corn cob.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of multicolored photoluminescent carbon nanodots and applications to secured tags in anti-counterfeiting, traceability and digital passport product","authors":"Aïssatou Coumba Sow ,&nbsp;Etienne Palleau ,&nbsp;Isabelle Fabre–Francke ,&nbsp;Nicolas Ratel-Ramond ,&nbsp;Cécile Marcelot ,&nbsp;Laurence Ressier","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the objective of achieving better product traceability, generating digital passport product and combating counterfeiting, we demonstrate a fully bio-sourced approach featuring photoluminescent carbon nanodot-based tags. A straightforward synthesis procedure is first developed, whereby multicolored photoluminescent colloidal carbon nanodots are obtained from coffee grounds through a process of carbonization and solid-liquid extraction. Carbon-based nanoparticles are indeed renowned for their minimal cytotoxicity, photochemical stability, environmental durability and ease of surface functionalization. A versatile tagging process is then proposed, whereby a drop of synthesized carbon nanodot-based bio-resist is directly deposited onto the surface to be marked. The surface is then structured into the shape of patterns of interest by means of a technique derive from UV microprinting. In order to enhance security and tracking capabilities, the obtained marking patterns can incorporate supplementary coded information, such as alphanumeric codes, QR codes, barcodes, and so forth. The mechanical and optical robustness of the obtained bio-sourced secured tags is demonstrated through various concrete use cases, which illustrate their suitability for use as both graphic identification elements and serializable data elements, particularly in the aerospace sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of models of carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials","authors":"Juliana Gretz ,&nbsp;Sebastian Kruss","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structure of materials determines their properties. Visualizing molecular or nanoscale structures is crucial to understanding this relationship. Carbon nanomaterials are a particularly good example. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have different structures (chiralities), which translate into distinct optical colors and fluorescence properties. Nevertheless, it is difficult to comprehend why materials made only from carbon atoms have these different properties. Haptic materials can play a significant role in engaging newcomers, for public outreach as well as visualizing and explaining basic concepts of chemistry and physics for more advanced scientists. This article provides a beginner-friendly workflow to create 3D models of SWCNTs, graphene (nanoribbons/nanosheets) or modifications from scratch.</div><div>All used programs for chemical modeling are free to use, and no prior experience is required to follow the instructions. Exemplarily, a model of a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is created in Avogadro. This file is then imported into Blender to customize the layout. In a next step the generated files are processed (sliced) to translate it into the language of a 3D printer. This article provides a tutorial for 3D print SWCNTs and related materials, introduces the computational tools that are necessary, and discusses teaching examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}