Journal of Carcinogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma through phenotypic evaluation and gene expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 biomarkers with clinical correlation.","authors":"S V Sowmya,&nbsp;Roopa S Rao,&nbsp;Kavitha Prasad","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_8_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_8_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Controversies prevail regarding the true predictive role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers in metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). There is also limited research carried on till date wherein the protein and gene expression of EMT biomarkers have been investigated simultaneously in the Indian population.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the gene expression and quantitative protein expression of EMT biomarkers using conventional method and MATLAB software and to determine if there is any difference in the expression between metastatic and nonmetastatic OSCCs with clinicopathologic correlation.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>Twenty metastatic and nonmetastatic OSCC tissue sections each were obtained from department archives. Gene expression and quantified protein expression of EMT markers were done and correlated with clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Sections immunostained for EMT biomarkers were evaluated using semi-quantitative and quantitative (MATLAB) methods. Gene expression using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was done. These findings were correlated with clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Pearson's Chi-square test, Student's <i>t</i>-test, and univariate logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The low immunoexpression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and the high expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 correlate with Stages III and IV showing high metastatic risk. Furthermore, the upregulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expressions in advanced clinical stages of OSCC have high metastatic potential.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study is the first of its kind to employ texture and color segmentation in MATLAB to objectively assess the protein expression of EMT biomarkers. This research is instrumental in studying the protein and gene expressions of EMT markers with clinical correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38470260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Ki-67 in early glottic carcinoma and its relation to oncological outcomes following CO₂ laser microsurgery.","authors":"Shweta Mittal,&nbsp;Saurabh Bansal","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_7_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_7_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The behavior of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is marked by the degree of cell proliferation and differentiation. Ki-67 is regarded as a promising proliferation marker and has been correlated as a prognostic indicator.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the present study is to determine the Ki-67 expression and its prognostic value in LSCC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of eighty patients with early glottic carcinoma stage (Tis, T₁, T₂) N₀ M₀ were included. After preoperative workup, surgery was performed using LUMINES 40C CO₂ laser and tumor resection was done which was sent for histopathological diagnosis and immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC for Ki-67 expression could be done only on 65 specimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All patients had microscopically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Forty-eight out of 65 specimens (75%) stained positive for Ki-67 and 17 (25%) stained negative. Out of total 48, 29 stained 2+, 11 stained 3+ and 8 stained 4+. No difference was found in Ki-67 expression in relation to age, sex, T stage, and histological grading. The association of Ki-67 with recurrence was found to be statistically significant. The association of Ki-67 with survival was also studied and Ki-67 positivity is associated with increased mortality rate, although it was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proliferative index as measured by immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67 correlates with the tumor aggressiveness. High Ki-67 index is associated with early relapse and poor survival outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38470259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of monoamine neurotransmitters in the cortex and cerebellum of gamma-irradiated mice: A neuromodulatory role of <i>Cynodon dactylon</i>.","authors":"Roopesh Poojary,&nbsp;Nayanatara Arun Kumar,&nbsp;Reshma Kumarchandra,&nbsp;Ganesh Sanjeev,&nbsp;D Shivananda Pai,&nbsp;N A Vinodini,&nbsp;K Bhagyalakshmi","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_13_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_13_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Radiation is an important tool in the diagnostic and curative treatment of many cancers. Ionizing radiation induces many biochemical changes in the cells. The present study was designed to estimate the level of neurotransmitters in the distinct brain tissue of Swiss albino mice before exposing gamma radiation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The mice were treated with 0.25 and 1 g/kg body weight of <i>Cynodon dactylon</i> extract (CDE) via oral gavage for 7 days and subjected to 5 Gy of gamma radiation. The estimation of monoamines was performed in the cortex and cerebellum separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mice exposed to a sublethal dose 5 Gy of gamma radiation causes a significant decrease in dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin levels compared to normal. The mice treated with 0.25 and 1 g/kg body weight of CDE via oral gavage for 7 days showed significant improvement in the level of monoamine neurotransmitters in both the cortex and cerebellum homogenate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oral administration of antioxidant-rich <i>C. dactylon</i> has shown a neuromodulatory effect against radiation-induced depletion of neurotransmitters in the brain tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38470258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of platelet distribution width as novel biomarker in gall bladder cancer.","authors":"Rohik Anjum T Siddeek,&nbsp;Amit Gupta,&nbsp;Sweety Gupta,&nbsp;Bela Goyal,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar Gupta,&nbsp;Saumya Agrawal,&nbsp;Ravi Roshan,&nbsp;Utkarsh Kumar,&nbsp;Navin Kumar,&nbsp;Manoj Gupta,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kishore,&nbsp;Ravi Kant","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_12_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_12_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gall bladder cancer (GBC) tends to present in advanced stages, therefore, early diagnosis of GBC is necessary. There is no ideal single tumor marker available presently for the diagnosis and prognosis of GBC. Platelet distribution width (PDW) is an early marker for activated platelets and has been used in a variety of tumors to assess prognosis. This study was designed to evaluate the utility of PDW in identifying GBC patients and its association with tumor markers, staging and resectability of GBC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross sectional study was done on 100 patients of GBC and 100 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. PDW was evaluated and compared between GBC and healthy controls. Receiver-operating characteristics was plotted to determine optimal cut-off for identifying GBC patients and to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of PDW. Correlation between serum tumor markers (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 125) and PDW were evaluated. Association of PDW with hyperbilirubinemia, staging and resectability of GBC was also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significantly higher PDW with a median of 18.1 was observed in GBC as compared to healthy controls with median value of 13. PDW was found to have a very high sensitivity (90%), specificity (95%), PPV (94%) and NPV (90%) in identifying GBC at cut-off of 16 with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97. An increase of PDW was observed with increasing stage and unresectable GBC. However, it was not statistically significant. Significant positive correlation was observed between PDW and all three serum tumor markers and good positive correlation with <i>r</i> = 0.61 was observed with CA 19-9.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PDW was associated with GBC and may be considered as a cost- effective marker in adjunct to other investigations for the diagnosis of GBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38470257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 125 as the predictors of resectability and survival in the patients of Carcinoma Gall Bladder.","authors":"Saumya Agrawal,&nbsp;Amit Gupta,&nbsp;Sweety Gupta,&nbsp;Bela Goyal,&nbsp;Rohik Anjum T Siddeek,&nbsp;Deepak Rajput,&nbsp;Udit Chauhan,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kishore,&nbsp;Manoj Gupta,&nbsp;Ravi Kant","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_10_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_10_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) have been reported in previous studies to assess the prognosis of gall bladder cancer (GBC) individually and in combination. However, the evidence of utility of preoperative CA 19-9, CEA and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA 125) in determining the resectability and prognosis of GBC is still lacking. In the present study we correlated the serum levels of tumor markers CA 19-9, CEA and CA 125 individually and combined to determine the resectability and prognosis of the GBC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy one diagnosed patients of GBC between January 2018 and September 2019 were included in the present study. Serum CA 19-9, CEA and CA 125 were determined by chemiluminescence. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the role of tumor markers in determining the resectability of GBC. The Kaplan Meier survival curves were made and log rank analysis was performed to assess the prognostic role of tumor markers in terms of overall median survival.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the three tumor markers CA19-9, CEA and CA 125 showed high discriminatory power in determining the resectability with respective area under curve of 0.76, 0.68 and 0.78 as determined by ROC. Median survival in patients with high serum CA 19-9, CA 125 was significantly lower than patients with normal serum CA 19-9, CA 125 whereas no significant difference was observed in case of CEA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study suggested that CA 19-9, CEA and CA 125 can predict resectability in GBC and raised levels of CA 19-9 and CA 125 can predict poor prognosis in patients with elevated levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7511893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38470256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation by allele-specific loop mediated isothermal amplification.","authors":"Srividya Arjuna, Gunimala Chakraborty, Rajesh Venkataram, Pandyanda Nanjappa Dechamma, Anirban Chakraborty","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_6_20","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_6_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Targeted therapy using specific inhibitors against tyrosine kinases (TKs) is a paradigm in non-small-cell lung cancer management. However, the success of TK inhibitor (TKI) therapy depends on certain activating or acquired mutations, which render sensitivity or resistance to TKIs in the patients. The acquisition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M point mutation is the most common mechanism of resistance to TKI in non-small cell lung cancer. A number of molecular strategies are now available for molecular testing of non-small cell lung cancers. However, almost all of them are cost-intensive and laborious and require high-end advanced equipment. Thus, assays that are rapid, simple, and cost-effective, yet sensitive, are most ideal in clinical settings for screening such therapeutically relevant mutations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Allele-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (AS-LAMP), which is a variant of the original LAMP assay, is a promising diagnostic technique for screening single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Using commercially available plasmid constructs as template DNA, AS-LAMP assay for EGFR T790M mutation was optimized with six different sets of reaction mixture containing varying concentrations of buffer and primers. The results of AS-LAMP assay were further validated by ultrasensitive droplet digital polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only one of the six sets of reaction mixture could accurately distinguish between wild type and mutated DNA, indicating that the primers and buffer are the two most critical components that determine the accuracy of AS-LAMP. The optimized AS-LAMP assay was further used to screen germ line and somatic T790M mutations in non-small cell lung cancer using blood and tissue samples collected from patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Development of an accurate and rapid diagnostic assay that can detect resistant mutations without the need for sequencing is highly useful for clinicians in deciding on the eligibility of patients for TKI therapy. Considering its several inherent advantages, AS-LAMP assay could become an effective molecular tool for screening baseline or acquired EGFR T790M mutations in non-small cell lung cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38176546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of clinico-histopathological predictive model for the assessment of metastatic risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"S V Sowmya,&nbsp;Roopa S Rao,&nbsp;Kavitha Prasad","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_16_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_16_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Oral cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death globally. The decision-making on the mode of surgical treatment in clinically negative lymph nodes is challenging.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model using clinical and histopathologic parameters that may help in the assessment of the metastatic risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>Clinical data of histopathologically confirmed primary OSCC from 2014 to 2017 were retrieved from the archives. Histopathological parameters for metastasis that were considered for evaluation in the study were tumor buds, cytoplasmic pseudofragments, tumor grade, depth of invasion, invasive tumor front (ITF) pattern, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hematoxylin and eosin and pan-cytokeratin immunostained sections of metastatic and nonmetastatic OSCC were assessed for histopathological features and correlated with clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>SPSS software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, Version 22.0 (2013) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)) was used for the statistical analysis. Pearson's Chi-square test was done to assess the grades of histopathological and clinical parameters between the study groups. Univariate analysis was performed to develop a clinicopathologic predictive model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The clinicopathologic model signifies that OSCC with clinical Stage IV, high grades of tumor buds and cytoplasmic pseudofragments, Type V ITF pattern, positive LVI, deeply invasive tumors, and poorly differentiated grades of OSCC have a high risk of developing nodal metastasis. These parameters may be used as early predictors for metastasis of OSCC both in incisional and excisional biopsy specimens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed predictive model is simple, cost-effective, and user-friendly for the early assessment of nodal metastatic risk in clinically negative lymph nodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38176545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myofibroblasts as important diagnostic and prognostic indicators of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study in normal oral mucosa, epithelial dysplasia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"Mrinal V Shete,&nbsp;Revati S Deshmukh,&nbsp;Tejas Kulkarni,&nbsp;Anagha V Shete,&nbsp;Prasad Karande,&nbsp;Pratik Hande","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_3_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_3_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cancer invasion is a critical step for tumor growth and its progression. The focus on epithelial changes is shifting to increasing recognition that the microenvironment makes significant contributions to tumor progression. Stromal myofibroblasts play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis due to its ability to modify the extracellular matrix. Based on this literary evidence, we carried out an immunohistochemical study to observe the expression of myofibroblasts in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate, compare, and correlate the presence of myofibroblasts in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia, and OSCC and to observe different patterns of myofibroblast arrangement using alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) as a marker, Thus assisting in early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of oral carcinomas.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty-six cases including 12 cases of OSCC, 12 cases of epithelial dysplasia, and 12 cases of normal oral mucosa were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to confirm the diagnosis and immunohistochemically using α-SMA antibody. The slides were evaluated for positivity and intensity of staining.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis: </strong>The result was subjected to statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>α-SMA expression in the stroma of squamous cell carcinoma was greater than its expression in epithelial dysplasia and normal oral mucosa.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"19 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7279625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38176544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances and optimal management of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive early-stage breast cancer.","authors":"Sameer Batoo,&nbsp;Soley Bayraktar,&nbsp;Eyad Al-Hattab,&nbsp;Sandeep Basu,&nbsp;Scott Okuno,&nbsp;Stefan Glück","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_14_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_14_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the introduction of anthracycline-based regimens, 5-year survival rates have significantly improved in patients with early-stage breast cancer. With the addition of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), improvements in overall survival have been observed among patients with advanced HER2-positive disease. Subsequently, lapatinib, an orally bioavailable small molecule dual HER2- and EGFR/HER1-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in combination with capecitabine for patients with advanced HER2+ breast cancer. Then, pertuzumab in 2012 and ado-trastuzumab emtansine in 2013 were approved in the US and elsewhere based on evidence showing an improvement in survival outcomes in patients with mostly trastuzumab naïve or trastuzumab-exposed metastatic disease. The FDA also approved 1 year of extended adjuvant neratinib after chemotherapy and a year of trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer on the basis of the ExteNET trial. The clinical benefit demonstrated by those drugs in advanced disease has triggered several adjuvant and neoadjuvant trials testing them in combination with chemotherapy, but also without conventional chemotherapy, using single or dual HER2-targeting drugs. In this article, we review the current data on the therapeutic management of HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting. We also review the data the efficacy and safety of anthracycline-based and nonanthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimens combined with trastuzumab, and optimum chemotherapy regimens in small HER2-positive tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"18 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6961084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37553930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective potentials of Annona muricata fruit pulp on etoposide-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in Wistar rats","authors":"S. Nayak, G. Rao, Aradhana Marathe, M. Vyshnavi","doi":"10.4103/jcar.jcar_10_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.jcar_10_19","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Mucositis, one of the devastating consequences of chemotherapy and also limits the efficacy of the treatment. At present, there are no antimucositic agents without side effects. Hence, there is a need for better adjuvant therapy using plant or food sources. Here, we have made an attempt to study the effect of Annona muricata (AM) fruit pulp on etoposide-induced mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at Central Research Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The effect of AM fruit pulp (100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight) on etoposide-induced mucositis was studied in Wistar rats (n = 36) in comparison with normal and AM controls. Intestinal tissue was collected for histology and estimation of total antioxidants (TAO), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels along with histological changes were studied. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: TAO and GSH levels were found to be significantly high in the rats which received 200 mg of AM/kg body weight than 100 mg of AM/kg body weight when compared with etoposide control. The levels of inflammatory markers - MPO and NO - were found to be decreased (P < 0.001) in the animals received 200 mg/kg body weight of AM in comparison with etoposide group and lower dosage of AM pulp. Histology of intestine also showed a protective effect of AM (200 mg/kg body weight) against etoposide toxicity. CONCLUSION: The results show that AM fruit pulp has the capacity to act as antimucositic agent and also reduced inflammation.","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89093605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}