Journal of Carcinogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Lung cancer biomarkers: State of the art.","authors":"Sangeetha Subramaniam,&nbsp;Ram Krishna Thakur,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Ranjan Nanda,&nbsp;Shantanu Chowdhury,&nbsp;Anurag Agrawal","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.107958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.107958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, with the highest incidence and mortality amongst all cancers. While the prognosis of lung cancer is generally grim, with 5-year survival rates of only 15%, there is hope, and evidence, that early detection of lung cancer can reduce mortality. Today, only computed tomography screening has shown to lead to early detection and reduction in mortality, but is limited by being anatomic in nature, unable to differentiate between inflammatory and neoplastic pathways, and therefore, susceptible to false positives. There is increasing interest in biomarkers for lung cancer, especially those that predict metastatic risk. Some biomarkers like DNA mutations and epigenetic changes potentially require tissue from the at-risk site; some like serum proteins and miRNAs are minimally invasive, but may not be specific to the lung. In comparison, emerging biomarkers from exhaled breath, like volatile organic compounds (VOC), and exhaled breath condensate, e.g., small molecules and nucleic acids, have the potential to combine the best of both. This mini review is intended to provide an overview of the field, briefly discussing the potential of what is known and highlighting the exciting recent developments, particularly with miRNAs and VOCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"12 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.107958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31461963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine and lung cancer.","authors":"Graham W Warren,&nbsp;Anurag K Singh","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.106680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.106680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco use in cancer patients is associated with increased cancer treatment failure and decreased survival. Nicotine is one of over 7,000 compounds in tobacco smoke and nicotine is the principal chemical associated with addiction. The purpose of this article is to review the tumor promoting activities of nicotine. Nicotine and its metabolites can promote tumor growth through increased proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stimulation of autocrine loops associated with tumor growth. Furthermore, nicotine can decrease the biologic effectiveness of conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Common mechanisms appear to involve activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors leading to downstream activation of parallel signal transduction pathways that facilitate tumor progression and resistance to treatment. Data suggest that nicotine may be an important mechanism by which tobacco promotes tumor development, progression, and resistance to cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"12 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.106680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31461961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung cancer screening update.","authors":"Samjot Singh Dhillon,&nbsp;Gregory Loewen,&nbsp;Vijayvel Jayaprakash,&nbsp;Mary E Reid","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.106681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.106681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally and the American cancer society estimates approximately 226,160 new cases and 160,340 deaths from lung cancer in the USA in the year 2012. The majority of lung cancers are diagnosed in the later stages which impacts the overall survival. The 5-year survival rate for pathological st age IA lung cancer is 73% but drops to only 13% for stage IV. Thus, early detection through screening and prevention are the keys to reduce the global burden of lung cancer. This article discusses the current state of lung cancer screening, including the results of the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial, the consideration of implementing computed tomography screening, and a brief overview of the role of bronchoscopy in early detection and potential biomarkers that may aid in the early diagnosis of lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"12 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.106681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31461962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CyclinD1 protein plays different roles in modulating chemoresponses in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 cells.","authors":"Yuan Sun,&nbsp;Dianzhong Luo,&nbsp;D Joshua Liao","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.100401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CyclinD1 is an essential sensor and activator of cell cycle initiation and progression; overexpression of cyclinD1 is linked to various human cancers, including breast cancer. The elevated cyclinD1 in some types of cancers is believed to be associated with tumor progression and response to systemic treatments.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>In this study, we anticipate to address the questions in human breast cancer; the function of cyclinD1 in mediating chemoresponses; and the signaling pathway cooperating with cyclinD1 to interfere with the drug functions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using the cell clones, concurrent ectopic expression of the wild-type or K112E-mutated human cyclinD1 protein in the MCF7 and MDA-MB231 (MB231) breast cancer cells to study the function of cyclinD1 in responses to the chemotherapeutic treatments. Three drugs, cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and Gemzar were used in this study; the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell cycle and cell death analysis, clonogenic survival assay, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) staining, and Western blot assay were conducted to evaluate the drugs' effects in the cell clones.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cell clones expressing the D1 protein in MCF7 and MB231 cells result in distinct effects on the responses to chemotherapeutic treatments. Particularly with Gemzar, ectopic expression of cyclinD1 protein in MCF7 cells results in a potentiated effect, which is CDK4 kinase activity dependent, whereas in MB231 cells, an opposite effect was observed. Moreover, our results suggested that the distinct chemosensitivities among those cell clones were not resulted from accelerated cell cycle, cell proliferation driven by the cyclinD1CDK4/6-Rb-E2F signaling chain, rather, they were results of the cell cycle-independent functions led by cyclinD1 alone or in complex with CDK4.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that the functions of cyclinD1 protein in modulating chemoresponses in the MCF7 and MB231 cells are independent to its function as cell cycle initiator through activation of CDK4/6. Furthermore, the signals modulated by cyclinD1 upon treatment are determined by the drug and the cellular network.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.100401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31118829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cellular functions of RASSF1A and its inactivation in prostate cancer.","authors":"Karishma S Amin,&nbsp;Partha P Banerjee","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.93000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.93000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic events significantly impact the transcriptome of cells and often contribute to the onset and progression of human cancers. RASSF1A (Ras-association domain family 1 isoform A), a well-known tumor suppressor gene, is frequently silenced by epigenetic mechanisms such as promoter hypermethylation in a wide range of cancers. In the past decade a vast body of literature has emerged describing the silencing of RASSF1A expression in various cancers and demonstrating its ability to reverse the cancerous phenotype when re-expressed in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which RASSF1A exerts its tumor suppressive properties have not been entirely defined. RASSF1A appears to mediate three important cellular processes: microtubule stability, cell cycle progression, and the induction of apoptosis through specific molecular interactions with key factors involved in these processes. Loss of function of RASSF1A leads to accelerated cell cycle progression and resistance to apoptotic signals, resulting in increased cell proliferation. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the biological functions of RASSF1A and provide insight that the development of targeted drugs to restore RASSF1A function holds promise for the treatment of prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.93000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30519615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitutive over expression of IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, and Stat3 is a potential cause of lung tumorgenesis in urethane (ethyl carbamate) induced Balb/c mice.","authors":"Chandradeo Narayan,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.98965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.98965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. There has been found a substantial gap in the understanding of lung cancer genesis at the molecular level. We developed urethane (ethyl carbamate) induced lung tumor mice model to understand the mechanism and molecules involved in the cancer genesis. There might be many molecules involved, but we subsequently emphasized here the study of alternation in the expression of NF-κB, Stat3, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 to hypothesize that the microenvironment created by these molecules is promoting tumor formation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>7-8 week old Balb/c mice of either sex were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of urethane (1g/kgbw) for eight consecutive weeks. Histopathological analysis was done to detect abnormality or invasions occurred in the lung tissues. Automated cell counter was used to count the number of inflammatory cells. The expression of NF-κB, Stat3, and IL-1β was observed at translational level by western blot, while the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was observed at transcriptional level by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in the blood was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method at different time intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histopathological analysis showed various lung cancer stages hyperplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma. Increased population of inflammatory cells, persistant expression of NF-κB, Stat3, pStat3, and IL-1β at translational level, while at transcriptional level constitutive enhanced expression of IL-1β and IL-6 followed by increased secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in the blood were observed in urethane-injected mice in comparison to phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injected mice at 12, 24, and 36 weeks</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overexpression of key molecules such as NF-κB, Stat3, pStat3, IL-1β, and IL-6 might have caused chronic inflammation, leading to the progression of lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.98965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30856386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast cancer disparities: Frontline strategies, proceedings of the 7(th) annual texas conference on health disparities.","authors":"Marilyne Kpetemey,&nbsp;Meghana V Kashyap,&nbsp;Lee Gibbs,&nbsp;Jamboor K Vishwanatha","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.102950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.102950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are striking disparities in health status, access to health care, and risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities and the general population in Texas. The disparities are multifactorial comprising genetic, sociocultural, and environmental variables. The Texas Center for Health Disparities (TCHD), a NIMHD Center of Excellence (COE), aims to prevent, reduce, and eliminate health disparities in the communities through research, education, and community-based programs. As part of the center's outreach activities, an annual conference is organized to build awareness and knowledge on health disparities. The overall theme for the 2012 conference was \"Battling Breast Cancer Disparities: Frontline Strategies\". The scientific program consisted of three sessions: \"Breakthroughs in Breast Cancer\", \"Triple Negative Breast Cancer,\" and \"Hormone Resistant Breast Cancer\" featuring different aspects of bench-research from molecular biology, proteomics, and genetics to the clinical aspects such as detection, diagnosis, and finally to community-based approaches. This article summarizes the proceedings of the meeting providing salient strategies and best practices presented by the speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.102950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31115753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in bronchoscopy for lung cancer.","authors":"Samjot Singh Dhillon,&nbsp;Elisabeth U Dexter","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.105337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.105337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchoscopic techniques have seen significant advances in the last decade. The development and refinement of different types of endobronchial ultrasound and navigation systems have led to improved diagnostic yield and lung cancer staging capabilities. The complication rate of these minimally invasive procedures is extremely low as compared to traditional transthoracic needle biopsy and surgical sampling. These advances augment the safe array of methods utilized in the work up and management algorithms of lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.105337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31180559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastics and carcinogenesis: The example of vinyl chloride.","authors":"Paul Wesley Brandt-Rauf, Yongliang Li, Changmin Long, Regina Monaco, Gopala Kovvali, Marie-Jeanne Marion","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.93700","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1477-3163.93700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The manufacture, use and disposal of various plastics can pose numerous health risks, including the risk of cancer. A model example of carcinogenic risk from plastics is provided by polyvinyl chloride, since it is composed of the known human carcinogen vinyl chloride (VC). In recent years, much has been learned about the molecular biological pathways of VC carcinogenesis. This has led to molecular epidemiologic studies of VC carcinogenesis in exposed human populations which have identified useful biomarkers of exposure, effect and susceptibility for VC. These studies have in turn provided the basis for new molecular approaches for the prevention and treatment of VC cancers. This model could have much wider applicability for many other carcinogenic exposures and many other human cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":" ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40179941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caloric restriction reduced 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci and induces the expression of Sirtuins in colonic mucosa of F344 rats.","authors":"Mariko Tomita","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.99176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.99176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Caloric restriction (CR), a lowering of caloric intake without malnutrition, is associated with longevity. CR also decreases incidences of age-related diseases including cancer. The sirtuins (SIRTs) have been implicated as a key mediator for the beneficial effects of CR on longevity. However, the underlying mechanisms by which CR decreases cancer risk have not yet been fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present study was conducted to determine whether CR would modify the growth of preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF). We also analyzed the expression of SIRTs to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cancer-preventive effects of CR. F344 rats were fed a CR diet (60% of ad libitum diet) or a basal diet ad libitum. Then, the animals were given subcutaneous injection of either 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) that enhances cell proliferation of colonic mucosa or saline. All animals were sacrificed at 5 weeks after the beginning of the experiment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of ACF in colonic mucosa was significantly decreased in DMH-treated rats with CR as compared to in those without CR. No ACF was found in DMH-untreated animals with or without CR. Also, we found that CR decreased the cell proliferation of colonic mucosa in DMH-treated rats. The expressions of anti-apoptotic gene, Survivin, and cell cycle progression-associated gene, Cyclin D1, were increased by DMH-treatment. Both of the genes expressions were declined by CR in those of DMH-treated rats. The expressions of all SIRT1-7 mRNAs were significantly increased by CR in DMH-treated rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As previous studies demonstrated that SIRT1 down-regulates Survivin and Cyclin D1, our findings suggest that at least SIRT1 protect colonic mucosa from formation and development of ACF by increasing apoptosis and reducing excessive cell growth in colon epithelial cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"11 ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/1477-3163.99176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30856387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}