Journal of Carcinogenesis最新文献

{"title":"Serum ceruloplasmin as cancer marker in oral pre-cancers and cancers.","authors":"Manisha B Patil,&nbsp;T Lavanya,&nbsp;C Meena Kumari,&nbsp;Shishir Ram Shetty,&nbsp;Khalid Gufran,&nbsp;Vipin Viswanath,&nbsp;C Swarnalatha,&nbsp;J Suresh Babu,&nbsp;Abhishek Singh Nayyar","doi":"10.4103/jcar.jcar_10_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.jcar_10_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Oxidative stress leads to a compensatory increase in levels of serum ceruloplasmin in patients with such imbalances. Greater than normal serum ceruloplasmin levels are noticed in numerous cancers including the leukemias and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The purpose of the present study was to estimate and evaluate the efficacy of serum ceruloplasmin levels as a potential biomarker in the early detection of oral potentially malignant epithelial lesions (PMELs) including leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present observational study was conducted over a period of 2 years wherein 100 subjects aged between 18 to 60 years were divided into four groups with Group A consisting of 25 healthy controls, Group B and C with 25 patients each, clinically diagnosed with oral leukoplakia and OSMF and Group D with 25 patients clinically diagnosed and histopathologically proven OSCC. The patients were subjected to incisional biopsy after routine hematological investigation while the same sera samples were used for analysis of serum ceruloplasmin levels.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis used: </strong>Comparison of serum ceruloplasmin levels between the groups was performed using one way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) test while <i>P</i> < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean serum ceruloplasmin levels were found to be 43.19 ± 1.90mg/dl in subjects of group A, 47.68 ± 1.51mg/dl in group B, 47.74 ± 1.45mg/dl in group C and 47.73 ± 0.74mg/dl in group D. Using one-way ANOVA, statistically significant variations were found in the values of mean serum ceruloplasmin levels in subjects of the four groups (F-value = 59.58, <i>P</i> = 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The observations of the present study revealed that serum ceruloplasmin levels were found to be raised in all 3 study groups including oral leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC as compared to the controls while the results were found to be statistically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39689889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of dosimetry and clinical factors for assessment of xerostomia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy: A prospective study.","authors":"Vrinda Singla,&nbsp;Vipul Nautiyal,&nbsp;Meenu Gupta,&nbsp;Viney Kumar,&nbsp;Shivani Mehra,&nbsp;Mushtaq Ahmad","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_5_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_5_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Clinical and dosimetric factors related to toxicity in terms of xerostomia in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients older than 18 years, with the WHO Performance Status Score <2 with primary diagnosis of HNSCC Stage II, III, and IV who had undergone primary or postoperative radiotherapy (RT) treated by IMRT at the center, from November 2015 to November 2016 were included in the study. Patients were assessed by physical examination and questioned to score their quality of life for dryness (HNDR) and stickiness (HNSS) by EORTC-HN-35 (Hindi or English version) at baseline (before treatment), at 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment. The validation of EORTC-HN-35 for HNDR and HNSS in patients was handed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty patients were included in the study. The mean symptom score values for HNSS at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months' post-RT treatment were 17.8, 62.2, 64.4, and 20.8, respectively. Dryness and stickiness also increased over 3-6 months in follow-up but slightly relieved at 12 months, but it could not reach to baseline. In subgroup analysis, at baseline mean score of dryness of mouth in elderly patients (≥60 years) (<i>P</i> = 0.248), poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 2) (<i>P</i> = 0.80) and patients with advanced stage (Stage III and IVA) (<i>P</i> = 0.185) was higher. Correlation of normal tissue complication probability for xerostomia with contralateral mean parotid gland showed insignificant linearity with shallow curve.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients remained symptomatic for xerostomia chiefly till 6 months' postirradiation, but it was slightly relieved in 12 months but could not reach the baseline. Dosimetric sparing ofcontralateral parotid resulted in decreased probability of developing xerostomia.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8511834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39689888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and comparison of performance of low-dose 128-slice CT scanner with different mAs values: A phantom study.","authors":"Shilpa Singh,&nbsp;Rajesh Sukkala","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_25_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_25_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Radiation dose in computed tomography (CT) has been the concern of physicists ever since the introduction of CT scan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of low-dose 128-slice CT scanner with different mAs values.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Quantitative study was carried out at different values of mAs. Philips brilliance CT phantom with Philips ingenuity 128-slice low-dose CT scanner was chosen for this study. CT number linearity, CT number accuracy, slice thickness accuracy, high-contrast resolution, and low-contrast resolution were calculated and estimated computed tomography dose index volume (CTDI_vol) for all the mAs values were recorded. Noise was calculated for all mAs values for comparison.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data analysis shows that image quality was acceptable for all protocols. High-contrast resolution for all protocols was 20 line pairs per centimeter. Low-contrast resolution for 50 mAs images was 4 mm and 3 mm for other mAs protocols. Images acquired using 100 mAs revealed ring artifacts. CTDI_vol using 50 mAs was 33% of the CTDI_vol using 150 mAs. The dose-length product at 100 mAs was reduced to 66% of the dose-length product at 150 mAs, and the same at 50 mAs was reduced to 33%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is evident here that mAs has direct impact on the radiation dose to patient. With iDose4, mAs can be reduced to 50 mAs in multislice low-dose CT scan to reduce the radiation dose with minimal effect on image quality for slice thickness 4 mm. However, noise would dominate at tube current lower than 50 mAs for 120 kVp.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8511832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39689887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of cancer stem cells in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma - A systematic review.","authors":"Preeti Singh,&nbsp;Dominic Augustine,&nbsp;Roopa S Rao,&nbsp;Shankargouda Patil,&nbsp;Kamran Habib Awan,&nbsp;Samudrala Venkatesiah Sowmya,&nbsp;Vanishri C Haragannavar,&nbsp;Kavitha Prasad","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_14_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_14_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Targeting cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation within the tumor remains an obstacle for specific therapy in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Few studies in the literature describe a panel of stem cell makers, however a distinct panel has not been put forth. This systematic review aims to enhance the knowledge of additional markers to accurately relate their expression to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Databases, including <i>PubMed, Google Scholar, Ebsco,</i> and <i>Science Direct,</i> were searched from 2010 to 2017 using various combinations of the following keywords: \"Stem cell markers in HNSCC\" and \"chemoresistance and radioresistence in HNSCC.\" Original experimental studies (both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>) published in English considering stem cell markers in HNSCC, were considered and included. We excluded articles on tumors other than HNSCC, reviews, editorial letters, book chapters, opinions, and abstracts from the analyses. Forty-two articles were included, in which 13 types of stem cell markers were identified. The most commonly expressed CSC markers were CD44, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and CD133, which were responsible for tumorigenesis, self-renewal, and therapy resistance, whereas NANOG, SOX-2, and OCT-4 were involved in metastasis and invasion. Identification of an accurate panel of CSC markers is the need of the hour as nonspecificity of the current markers poses a problem. Further studies with a large sample size would help validate the role of these CSC markers in HNSCC. These CSC proteins can be developed as therapeutic targets for HNSCC therapy, making future treatment modality more specific and effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8511833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39689886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and clinicopathological correlation of Ki-67 in gallbladder carcinoma.","authors":"Amit Gupta,&nbsp;Sweety Gupta,&nbsp;Deepak Rajput,&nbsp;Prashant Durgapal,&nbsp;Jaine John Chennatt,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kishore,&nbsp;Shalinee Rao,&nbsp;Puneet Dhar,&nbsp;Manoj Gupta,&nbsp;Ravi Kant","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_9_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_9_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gallbladder cancer is an aggressive cancer with short median survival from the time of diagnosis. Improved understanding of the pathological molecular mechanisms of gallbladder carcinogenesis is important to refine the diagnosis, prognosis, and also to develop novel targeted therapies for patients with advanced Gallbladder cancer (GBC) malignancy. Ki-67 is a marker of cell proliferation and its detection by immunohistochemistry is considered to be an effective method for the detection of prognosis in several tumors. In the present study, we have analyzed expression of immunohistochemical marker Ki-67 in gallbladder carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological and radiological parameters.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective observational study was conducted from December 2017 to July 2020. The patients of newly diagnosed gallbladder cancer were enrolled as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined in the study protocol. Contrast-enhanced computer tomography of the chest and abdomen and serum tumor markers such as carbohydrate antigen (CA)-19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA 125 were done. Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 was evaluated on biopsy tissue from the gallbladder mass.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty newly diagnosed patients of carcinoma gallbladder were included in the present study. The correlation was studied between clinicodemographic parameters and Ki-67, but no association was found with age, gender, and symptoms. There was a weak positive correlation between Ki-67 and direct bilirubin, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase (<i>P</i> = 0.094; 0.126; 0.542; and 0.328, respectively). There was a weak positive correlation between body mass index (Kg/m²) and Ki-67, but this correlation was not statistically significant (<i>P</i> = 0.304).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ki-67 is a marker of proliferation and it correlated with histological differentiation, jaundice and liver function tests, presence of stones, and location of metastases but did not correlate with stage and extent of disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8511828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39852029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the molecular mechanism associated with reversal of oral submucous fibrosis targeting hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived collagen cross-links.","authors":"Smitha Sammith Shetty,&nbsp;Mohit Sharma,&nbsp;Shama Prasada Kabekkodu,&nbsp;Nv Anil Kumar,&nbsp;Kapaettu Satyamoorthy,&nbsp;Raghu Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_24_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_24_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibrosis is a pathological state characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix components leading to impaired tissue function in the affected organ. It results in scarring of the affected tissue akin to an over-healing wound as a consequence of chronic inflammation and repair in response to injury. Persistent trauma of susceptible oral mucosa due to habitual chewing of betel quid resulting in zealous healing of the mucosal tissue is one plausible explanation for the onset of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The irreversibility and resistance of collagen to degradation and its high potential to undergo malignant change are a major reason for morbidity in OSF. Hence, early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of OSF to malignancy. This review focuses on the mechanistic insight into the role of collagen cross-links in advancing fibrosis and possible therapeutic targets that bring about a reversal of fibrosis. These options may be beneficial if attempted as a specific therapeutic modality in OSF as is in organ fibrosis. The upregulation of lysyl oxidase and lysyl hydroxylase has been shown to exhibit the higher levels of the hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived cross-links in fibrosis and tumor stroma promoting the tumor cell survival, resistance, and invasion. The <i>in silico</i> analysis highlights the potential drugs that may target the genes regulating collagen crosslinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8411980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39419810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the role of estrogens and androgens in glial tumorigenesis.","authors":"Bhavna Daswani,&nbsp;Yasmin Khan","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_2_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_2_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gliomas are more common in males than in females. Emerging evidence from several studies <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> have shown the role of estrogens and androgens in glial tumorigenesis. In recent times, studies have also shed light on the actions of estrogen receptors, alpha and beta, and androgen receptor. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research hitherto on estrogens and androgens along with an emphasis on their receptors in glioma pathophysiology. Studies with conflicting results are discussed and future possibilities are put forward. A collective understanding of the studies on these steroid hormones in glioma may serve to create an amalgamated therapeutic approach; and thereby, augment the efforts in tackling this deadly disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8411981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39419811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiopoietin-like protein 4 is a chromatin-bound protein that enhances mammosphere formation <i>in vitro</i> and experimental triple-negative breast cancer brain and liver metastases <i>in vivo</i>.","authors":"Jodi Simeon,&nbsp;Jessica Thrush,&nbsp;Tameka A Bailey","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_20_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_20_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metastatic progression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients occurs primarily because of nuclear reprogramming that includes chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications. The existing and most successful chemotherapies available for metastatic TNBC target nuclear proteins or damage DNA. The objectives here are to investigate an undescribed role for the molecular biology of nuclear angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and to characterize the effect of ectopic overexpression of ANGPTL4 in the metastatic biology of TNBC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Lentiviral-mediated transduction was used to overexpress ANGPTL4 in the TNBC cell line MD Anderson-metastatic breast cancer 231. The overexpression of ANGPTL4 was confirmed by western blot and ELISA. Subcellular fractionation, western blot, and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to characterize the intracellular localization of ANGPTL4. Mammosphere culture and the anchorage-independent growth assay analyzed the metastatic potential of the cell line. Xenograft assays assessed the effect of ANGPTL4 overexpression on TNBC metastases <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ANGPTL4 overexpressing cell line formed larger mammospheres and anchorage-independent colonies <i>in vitro</i> and developed larger primary tumors, more liver metastases, and brain metastatic outgrowth <i>in vivo</i> in comparison to a cell line that expressed endogenous levels of ANGPTL4. ANGPTL4, aurora kinase A (AURKA), a mitotic kinase, and Tat-interacting protein p60 kDa (Tip60), a lysine acetyltransferase, associated with chromatin in the ANGPTL4 overexpressing cells but not in cells that expressed endogenous levels of ANGPTL4.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ANGPTL4 overexpressing cell line showed <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> activities that suggest that nuclear ANGPTL4, AURKA, and Tip60 may cooperatively modulate TNBC metastases within chromatin-remodeling complexes or DNA-associated machinery.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8356708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39355924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic and clinicopathological Profile of Gall Bladder Cancer Patients: Study from a tertiary care center of the Sub-Himalayan region in Indo-Gangetic Belt.","authors":"Amit Gupta,&nbsp;Sweety Gupta,&nbsp;Rohik Anjum T Siddeek,&nbsp;Jaine John Chennatt,&nbsp;Tanuj Singla,&nbsp;Deepak Rajput,&nbsp;Navin Kumar,&nbsp;Amit Sehrawat,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kishore,&nbsp;Manoj Gupta","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_3_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_3_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gall bladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 80%-95% of biliary tract malignancies in the world. There is however striking variability in the global incidence of gallbladder cancer, reaching epidemic levels for some regions and ethnicities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic and clinicopathological profile of the gallbladder cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>All patients of carcinoma gall bladder presenting to department of surgery in hepatopancreaticobiliary unit from July 2017 to November 2020 were included in this study. A proforma containing all the relevant details including history, examination, blood, radiology, and pathological investigations was filled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 326 patients of GBC were analyzed. The majority (75%) were found to be females with a mean age of 55 years. Pain abdomen was the most common presenting symptom in 81% of patients. The most common stage of presentation was stage IV and only 6 were in stage I. Two hundred and thirty three (71.4%) patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Liver infiltration at the time of diagnosis was present in 89% of patients. The most common site of metastasis was found in the liver (23.3%). GBC was more common in patients with A blood group. Baseline serum albumin levels were found to be significantly associated with the staging of GBC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Due to the non specific symptoms patients of GBC present at very advanced stages, high index of suspicion and health education seems to play an important role in early detection and improvement of survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8312375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39254174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Survivin, Enhancer of zeste homolog -2, Cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and p16 molecular markers in Gall bladder carcinoma.","authors":"Amit Gupta,&nbsp;Sweety Gupta,&nbsp;Rishit Mani,&nbsp;Prashant Durgapal,&nbsp;Bela Goyal,&nbsp;Deepak Rajput,&nbsp;Shalinee Rao,&nbsp;Puneet Dhar,&nbsp;Manoj Gupta,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kishore,&nbsp;Ravi Kant","doi":"10.4103/jcar.JCar_4_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcar.JCar_4_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gallbladder cancer exhibits striking variability in the global rates, reaching epidemic levels for some regions and ethnicities. The basis of its variability resides in differences in environmental exposure and intrinsic genetic predisposition to carcinogenesis. There is little information present regarding genetic and molecular alterations in gall bladder cancer (GBC). We, therefore, have evaluated the molecular marker expression in GBC and studied their correlation with clinicopathological staging.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective observational study was conducted on newly diagnosed GBC patients from July 2017 to July 2020. After complete staging workup, the GBC biopsy samples paraffin block was tested for molecular markers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, p16, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2-neu), Survivin, Enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty newly diagnosed patients of carcinoma gall bladder were included in the present study. Age was ranged from 29 - 69 years (mean 53.42). p53 was the most common positive marker in 74% of patients, survivin in 58%, COX-2 in 44%, and p16 in 42% whereas Her 2 neu and EZH-2 were positive in 16% of patients each. None of the patients of GBC were ER or PR positive. There was a significant difference between the various groups in terms of the distribution of histological grade and Her 2 neu (χ² = 9.886, <i>P</i> = 0.014) but not with other markers. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in terms of distribution of p16 and p53 with stage (χ² = 7.017, <i>P</i> = 0.037 and χ² = 5.861, <i>P</i> = 0.033) respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study shows the expression of molecular markers Her2 neu, p53, p16, survivin, COX-2, and EZH-2 in GBC. Now the time has come, and it is also the need of the day to establish early biomarkers of this highly lethal malignancy. It can be used in future for the detection of disease in the early phase and targeted therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":52464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Carcinogenesis","volume":"20 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8312376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39254175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}