Chronic Stress最新文献

{"title":"Targeting of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors for the Development of Novel Antidepressants.","authors":"Shigeyuki Chaki,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Koike,&nbsp;Kenichi Fukumoto","doi":"10.1177/2470547019837712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019837712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since discovering that ketamine has robust antidepressant effects, the glutamatergic system has been proposed as an attractive target for the development of novel antidepressants. Among the glutamatergic system, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are of interest because mGlu receptors play modulatory roles in glutamatergic transmission, consequently, agents acting on mGlu receptors might not exert the adverse effects associated with ketamine. mGlu receptors have eight subtypes that are classified into three groups, and the roles of each mGlu receptor subtype in depression are being investigated. To date, the potential use of mGlu5 receptor antagonists and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as antidepressants has been actively investigated, and the mechanisms underlying these antidepressant effects are being delineated. Although the outcomes of clinical trials using an mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator and an mGlu2/3 receptor negative allosteric modulator have not been encouraging, these trials have been inconclusive, and additional trials using other compounds with more appropriate profiles are needed. In contrast, the roles of group III mGlu receptors have not yet been fully elucidated because of a lack of suitable pharmacological tools. Nonetheless, investigations of the use of mGlu4 and mGlu7 receptors as drug targets for the development of antidepressants have been ongoing, and some interesting evidence has been obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"2470547019837712"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019837712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38013942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Innate Alarm System and Subliminal Threat Presentation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Neuroimaging of the Midbrain and Cerebellum.","authors":"Braeden A Terpou, Maria Densmore, Janine Thome, Paul Frewen, Margaret C McKinnon, Ruth A Lanius","doi":"10.1177/2470547018821496","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2470547018821496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The innate alarm system, a network of interconnected midbrain, other brainstem, and thalamic structures, serves to rapidly detect stimuli in the environment prior to the onset of conscious awareness. This system is sensitive to threatening stimuli and has evolved to process these stimuli subliminally for hastened responding. Despite the conscious unawareness, the presentation of subliminal threat stimuli generates increased activation of limbic structures, including the amygdala and insula, as well as emotionally evaluative structures, including the cerebellum and orbitofrontal cortex. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased startle response and decreased extinction learning to conditioned threat. The role of the innate alarm system in the clinical presentation of PTSD, however, remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we compare midbrain, brainstem, and cerebellar activation in persons with PTSD (n = 26) and matched controls (n = 20) during subliminal threat presentation. Subjects were presented with masked trauma-related and neutral stimuli below conscious threshold. Contrasts of subliminal brain activation for the presentation of neutral stimuli were subtracted from trauma-related brain activation. Group differences in activation, as well as correlations between clinical scores and PTSD activation, were examined. Imaging data were preprocessed utilizing the spatially unbiased infratentorial template toolbox within SPM12.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses revealed increased midbrain activation in PTSD as compared to controls in the superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, and midbrain reticular formation during subliminal threat as compared to neutral stimulus presentation. Controls showed increased activation in the right cerebellar lobule V during subliminal threat presentation as compared to PTSD. Finally, a negative correlation emerged between PTSD patient scores on the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory for the Depersonalization/Derealization subscale and activation in the right lobule V of the cerebellum during the presentation of subliminal threat as compared to neutral stimuli.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We interpret these findings as evidence of innate alarm system overactivation in PTSD and of the prominent role of the cerebellum in the undermodulation of emotion observed in PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"2470547018821496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547018821496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37962130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Post-Traumatic Tonic Immobility Responses: The Scale for Tonic Immobility Occurring Post-Trauma.","authors":"Chantelle S Lloyd, Ruth A Lanius, Matthew F Brown, Richard J Neufeld, Paul A Frewen, Margaret C McKinnon","doi":"10.1177/2470547018822492","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2470547018822492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peri-traumatic tonic immobility has been associated with the development and course of post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite serving as an adaptive late-stage defense response, tonic immobility that continues in response to post-traumatic reminders may lead to reduced functioning and a diminished sense of well-being. At present, no validated self-report measures assess post-traumatic tonic immobility responses specifically.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the Scale for Tonic immobility Occurring Post-trauma (STOP), the first self-report measure developed to assess for the presence and severity of tonic immobility responses that persist following trauma exposure as part of post-traumatic symptomatology. Trauma-exposed clinical and non-clinical participants (<i>N</i> = 462) with a history of tonic immobility completed a demographic questionnaire, the STOP, and measures of post-traumatic symptoms, dissociation, anxiety, and depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>STOP assessed four latent constructs, which were interpreted following the human defense cascade model. Together, these factors capture the sensorimotor and perceptual alterations<i>,</i> and dissociative experiences, associated with post-traumatic tonic immobility as a trauma-related altered state. Residual symptoms and the experience of negative affect following this response (including guilt and shame) are also represented. STOP scores demonstrated excellent reliability, as well as good construct and convergent validity, with other measures of dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results from the present study suggest tonic immobility is most consistent with other dissociative post-traumatic symptomatology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>STOP demonstrates excellent preliminary psychometric properties and may be useful for researchers and clinicians wishing to assess chronic forms of tonic immobility across trauma-exposed, clinical and community samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"2470547018822492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/87/10.1177_2470547018822492.PMC7219877.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37962132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thanks to reviewers-2018","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/2470547019829361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019829361","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019829361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46909910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Is Obesity to Blame?","authors":"Jeffrey F Scherrer,&nbsp;Patrick J Lustman","doi":"10.1177/2470547019863415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019863415","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although several have shown that this association remains after controlling for measured confounding variables, few have discussed the large decrease in the magnitude of association after controlling for obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, psychiatric conditions, and demographics. In a large cohort of Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) patients, results of age-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models indicated that patients with PTSD compared to those without were significantly more likely to develop T2D (hazard ratio1⁄4 1.33; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.64). After adjusting for obesity alone, the association was reduced by 50%. No statistical relationship remained after further adjustment for medical and psychiatric comorbidities. In this model, patients with obesity were 3.5 times more likely to develop T2D than those without, a finding that is consistent with the central role of obesity in the risk of T2D development. In fact, patients with obesity were equally likely to develop T2D (21/1000 Person Years [PY]) independent of PTSD. Likewise, in patients without obesity, the incident rate for T2D was 5.8/1000 PY and 6.4/1000 PY among patients with and without PTSD, respectively. So why do patients with PTSD and other common psychiatric disorders, for example, depression, have a higher risk for T2D compared to patients without these conditions? Their liability appears to rest largely on their propensity to become physically inactive, overweight, and obese. These factors are well-recognized risks in the population. Increasingly, it is recognized that medications (antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics) impose increases in weight and glucose dysregulation that add to risk of incident diabetes. The good news is that evidence has emerged demonstrating that lifestyle interventions work, lower significantly the risk of developing diabetes, and in persons with established diabetes, slow progression of diabetes. Interventions to address obesity are central to preventing cardiometabolic disease. Lifestyle interventions, that is, changes in dietary practices and moderate intensity (moderate intensity exercise >150min/week aimed at >5% weight loss) have proven efficacy. The Diabetes Prevention Trial showed that the intensive lifestyle interventions (metformin vs. placebo) was most effective at reducing weight and a 57% decrease in incident T2D. Longitudinal follow-up data from three large studies of lifestyle intervention for diabetes prevention indicate sustained reductions in risk for T2D: 45% reduction at 7 years in the Da Qing study, 43% reduction at 7 years in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, and 27% reduction at 15 years in the US Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes Study. As a whole, this research clearly identify weight loss as the most powerful","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019863415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37925882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Dependent Ketamine Addiction-Like Behavior Profile Following Exposure to Chronic Mild Stress.","authors":"Katherine N Wright,&nbsp;Devin P Hagarty,&nbsp;Caroline E Strong,&nbsp;Kristin J Schoepfer,&nbsp;Mohamed Kabbaj","doi":"10.1177/2470547019832613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019832613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and shows great promise as a novel treatment for depression, but its limitations including its abuse potential are poorly understood. Given that the prevalence of depression is twice as high in women as in men and that depression and substance use disorders are highly comorbid, we hypothesized that a sex-specific responsivity to behavioral assays that characterize addiction-like behavior may arise in rats with prior exposure to chronic stress and therapeutically relevant ketamine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female rats that underwent chronic mild stress were treated with four 1.47 mg/kg intravenous ketamine infusions once every fourth day and underwent operant self-administration of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion ketamine. Measures of anhedonia (or lack of pleasure, a signature feature of depression), anxiety-induced neophagia, motivation to obtain ketamine, and craving were assessed using the sucrose intake test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, and incubation of craving following abstinence, respectively. Finally, dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens core was measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ketamine infusions reduced anxiety-induced neophagia in both male rats and female rats but had no effect on measures of anhedonia. Female rats with prior exposure to chronic mild stress had greater motivation to obtain ketamine compared to nonstressed female rats, an effect not observed in male rats. Additionally, female rats who received antidepressant ketamine infusions had a higher threshold for displaying ketamine addiction-like behavior than saline-treated female rats as well as increased thin spine density in the nucleus accumbens core. These effects were not observed in male rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that repeated low-dose ketamine does not increase abuse potential of subsequent ketamine. It also highlights an important female-specific effect of stress to increase ketamine addiction-like behavior, which requires further investigation for clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019832613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37323712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Feedback Modulates Neural Response Associated With Cognitive Bias in Individuals Expressing Anxious Symptoms.","authors":"Khalil Thompson, Kendrick King, Eddy Nahmias, Negar Fani, Trevor Kvaran, Erin B Tone, Jessica A Turner","doi":"10.1177/2470547019848648","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2470547019848648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social anxiety is characterized by a tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes and consequences before, during, and after interpersonal interactions with social partners. Recent evidence suggests that a network of brain regions critical for perspective-taking, threat appraisal, and uncertainty resolution may function atypically in those prone to social anxiety. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine neural activity in specific regions of interest in a sample of young adults who endorsed high or low levels of social anxiety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 31 college student volunteers (age: 18-28 years), categorized as having high or low anxiety based on their Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report scores. These participants were each scanned while playing the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with three computerized confederates, two of whom they were deceived to believe were human co-players. This study focuses on data collected during play with the presumed humans. Regions of interest were defined for the temporoparietal junction, anterior midcingulate, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Average weighted mean blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals for each subject were extracted and analyzed using mixed design analyses of variance to detect group differences in activation during decision-making, anticipation, and appraisal of round outcomes during the game.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Behavior analysis revealed that the high-anxiety group was more likely to defect than the low-anxiety group. Neuroimaging analysis showed that the high-anxiety group exhibited elevated blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity relative to the low-anxiety group in all three regions during the social feedback appraisal phase but not during decision-making or the anticipation of interaction outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide evidence that some behaviors linked to cognitive biases associated with social anxiety may be mediated by a network of regions involved in recognizing and processing directed social information. Future investigation of the neural basis of cognition and bias in social anxiety using the prisoner's dilemma and other economic-exchange tasks is warranted. These tasks appear to be highly effective, functional magnetic resonance imaging-compatible methods of probing altered cognition and behavior associated with anxiety and related conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6641571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48309719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Stress and Coping with DNA Methylation of Blood Pressure-Related Genes Among African American Women.","authors":"Kristen M Brown,&nbsp;Qin Hui,&nbsp;Yunfeng Huang,&nbsp;Jacquelyn Y Taylor,&nbsp;Laura Prescott,&nbsp;Veronica Barcelona de Mendoza,&nbsp;Cindy Crusto,&nbsp;Yan V Sun","doi":"10.1177/2470547019879088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019879088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to psychosocial stress and employment of high effort coping strategies have been identified as risk factors that may partially explain the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans. One biological mechanism through which stress and coping may affect risk of hypertension is via epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation) in blood pressure-related genes, however this area remains understudied in African Americans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the ongoing Intergenerational Blood Pressure Study (InterGEN), a longitudinal study designed to investigate factors that contribute to hypertension risk in African American women (n=120) and their young children, to investigate the association between stress overload, problem solving coping, avoidance coping, and social support coping with DNA methylation (DNAm) in 25 candidate genes related to blood pressure. Multivariable linear regression and multilevel modeling were used to conduct methylation site level and gene level analyses respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In site level analyses, stress overload, problem solving coping, social support coping, and avoidance coping were associated with 47, 63, 66, and 61 sites respectively at p<0.05. However, no associations were statistically significant after multiple testing correction. There were also no significant associations in gene level analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As human social epigenomics is an emerging, evolving area of research there is much to be learned from studies with statistically significant findings as well as studies with null findings. Factors such as characteristics of the social stressor, source of DNA, and synchronization of exposure and outcome are likely important considerations as we move the field forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019879088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37925884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Skin Conductance Response in the Immediate Aftermath of Trauma Predicts PTSD Risk.","authors":"Rebecca Hinrichs,&nbsp;Sanne Jh van Rooij,&nbsp;Vasiliki Michopoulos,&nbsp;Katharina Schultebraucks,&nbsp;Sterling Winters,&nbsp;Jessica Maples-Keller,&nbsp;Alex O Rothbaum,&nbsp;Jennifer S Stevens,&nbsp;Isaac Galatzer-Levy,&nbsp;Barbara O Rothbaum,&nbsp;Kerry J Ressler,&nbsp;Tanja Jovanovic","doi":"10.1177/2470547019844441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019844441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to a traumatic event leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 10-20% of exposed individuals. Predictors of risk are needed to target early interventions to those who are most vulnerable. The objective of the study was to test whether a noninvasive mobile device that measures a physiological biomarker of autonomic nervous system activation could predict future PTSD symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Skin conductance response (SCR) was collected during a trauma interview in the emergency department within hours of exposure to trauma in 95 individuals. Trajectories of PTSD symptoms over 12 months post-trauma were identified using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SCR was significantly correlated with the probability of being in the chronic PTSD trajectory following trauma exposure in the ED (r=0.489, p<0.000001). Lasso regression with elastic net was performed with demographic and clinical measures obtained in the ED, demonstrating that SCR was the most significant predictor of the chronic PTSD trajectory (<i>p</i><0.00001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study is the first prospective study of PTSD showing SCR in the immediate aftermath of trauma predicts subsequent development of chronic PTSD. This finding points to an easily obtained, and neurobiologically informative, biomarker in emergency departments that can be disseminated to predict the development of PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019844441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40451015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Key Noradrenergic Brainstem-Mesolimbic Circuit: Resilience to Social Stress.","authors":"Hongxing Zhang,&nbsp;Dipesh Chaudhury,&nbsp;Yu Ma,&nbsp;Sarah Montgomery,&nbsp;Jun-Li Cao,&nbsp;Ming-Hu Han","doi":"10.1177/2470547019850186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019850186","url":null,"abstract":"Commentary on: Zhang H, Chaudhury D, Nectow AR, Friedman AK, Zhang S, Juarez B, Liu H, Pfau ML, Aleyasin H, Jiang C, Crumiller M, Calipari ES, Ku SM, Morel C, Tzavaras N, Montgomery SE, He M, Salton SR, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ, Friedman JM, Cao JL, Han MH. a1and b3-Adrenergic ReceptorMediated Mesolimbic Homeostatic Plasticity Confers Resilience to Social Stress in Susceptible Mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 1;85(3):226-236. doi: 10.1016/ j.biopsych.2018.08.020. Epub 2018 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 30336931","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470547019850186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37354929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}