Chronic Stress最新文献

{"title":"Differential Role of mGluR5 in Cognitive Processes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression.","authors":"Irina Esterlis, Sarah DeBonee, Ryan Cool, Sophie Holmes, Stephen R Baldassari, Paul Maruff, Robert H Pietrzak, Margaret T Davis","doi":"10.1177/24705470221105804","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470221105804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A robust literature supports the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) in cognitive functioning. mGluR5 is also implicated in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which are characterized by cognitive alterations. However, the relationship between mGluR5 and cognition in MDD and PTSD has not yet been directly investigated. To address this gap, we examined the relationship between <i>in vivo</i> mGluR5 availability and cognition in PTSD, MDD, and matched healthy adults (HA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals with PTSD (<i>N</i> = 28) and MDD (<i>N</i> = 21), and HA (<i>N</i> = 28) were matched for age, gender, and smoking status. Participants completed ¹⁸F-FPEB positron emission tomography (PET) scan, psychiatric and cognitive assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across models examining the relationship between mGluR5 availability and different domains of cognition across diagnostic groups, only the interaction of diagnosis*attention was significant (<i>F</i> _4,64 = 3.011, <i>P</i> = .024). Higher mGluR5 availability was associated with poorer attention in PTSD in 4 frontolimbic regions of interests (ROI's: OFC (<i>r</i> = -.441, <i>P</i> = .016), vmPFC (<i>r</i> = -.408, <i>P</i> = .028), dlPFC (<i>r</i> = -.421, <i>P</i> = .023), hippocampus (<i>r</i> = -.422, <i>P</i> = .025). By contrast, mGluR5 availability in the MDD group was positively related to Attention (ATTN) in the OFC (<i>r</i> = .590, <i>P</i> = .006), vmPFC (<i>r</i> = .653, <i>P</i> = .002), and dlPFC (<i>r</i> = .620, <i>P</i> = .004). Findings in the hippocampus for MDD followed the same pattern but did not survive correction for multiple comparisons (<i>r</i> = .480, <i>P</i> = .036). ATTN and mGluR5 availability were not significantly related in the HA group. Of note, in MANOVA analyses group*ATTN interaction results in the OFC did not survive multiple comparisons (<i>P</i> = .046). All other findings survived correction for multiple comparisons and remained significant when covarying for potential confounds (eg, depressed mood).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We observed a significant relationship between frontolimbic mGluR5 availability and performance on tests of attention in individuals with MDD and PTSD. This finding aligns with animal work showing dysregulation in mGluR5 in cognitive functioning, and differed as a function of diagnosis. Results suggest interventions targeting mGluR5 may help bolster cognitive difficulties, highlighting the importance of employing different mGluR5 directed treatment strategies in MDD and PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221105804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/80/10.1177_24705470221105804.PMC9358555.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40690117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging Correlates of Treatment Response with Psychedelics in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sarah Kuburi, Anne-Marie Di Passa, Vanessa K Tassone, Raesham Mahmood, Aleksandra Lalovic, Karim S Ladha, Katharine Dunlop, Sakina Rizvi, Ilya Demchenko, Venkat Bhat","doi":"10.1177/24705470221115342","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470221115342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preliminary evidence supports the use of psychedelics for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less attention has been given to the neural mechanisms behind their effects. We conducted a systematic review examining the neuroimaging correlates of antidepressant response following psychedelic interventions for MDD. Through MEDLINE, Embase, and APA PsycINFO, 187 records were identified and 42 articles were screened. Six published studies and one conference abstract were included. Five ongoing trials were included from subjective outcomesTrials.gov. Our search covered several psychedelics, though included studies were specific to psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide. Three psilocybin studies noted amygdala activity and functional connectivity (FC) alterations that correlated with treatment response. Two psilocybin studies reported that FC changes in the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices correlated with treatment response. Two trials from a single study reported global decreases in brain network modularity which correlated with antidepressant response. One ayahuasca study reported increased activity in the limbic regions following treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that the default mode and limbic networks may be a target for future research on the neural mechanisms of psychedelics. More data is required to corroborate these initial findings as the evidence summarized in this review is based on four datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221115342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f6/b8/10.1177_24705470221115342.PMC9350516.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40676684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parental Burnout and Parenting Practices: Analyses Using a Retrospective Pretest.","authors":"Annette K Griffith,&nbsp;Kasey E Bedard,&nbsp;Angeline Eaton,&nbsp;Julie A Ackerlund Brandt,&nbsp;Pragya Jha","doi":"10.1177/24705470221114059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221114059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many of the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic were consistent with factors shown to be predictive of parental stress and burnout. The purpose of the current study was to use a retrospective pretest method to gain an understanding of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of parental burnout and on parenting practices.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A brief survey was conducted using a retrospective pretest method to examine parental burnout (The Parental Burnout Assessment<i>,</i> Roskam et al, 2018) and parenting practices (The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, Frick, 1991). The survey asked parent participants to answer questions about their experiences before and during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings indicated that the pandemic had a significant impact on parents, increasing overall levels of parental burnout and impacting parenting practices by reducing use of positive parenting strategies and increasing use of inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment. These changes in parenting practices were even more pronounced for parents whose levels of parental burnout moved from \"normal\" levels before the pandemic to clinical levels during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of the current study suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on levels of parental burnout and parenting practices. Although additional research is needed, the results suggest that there is a need for clinicians to understand the effects that the pandemic may have had on parents and families with an understanding that families may be at ongoing risk despite a relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221114059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/71/a2/10.1177_24705470221114059.PMC9329813.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40590873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Chronic Stress among Healthy Females Using Daily-Life Physiological and Lifestyle Features from Wearable Sensors.","authors":"Noa Magal,&nbsp;Sharona L Rab,&nbsp;Pavel Goldstein,&nbsp;Lisa Simon,&nbsp;Talita Jiryis,&nbsp;Roee Admon","doi":"10.1177/24705470221100987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221100987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic stress is a highly prevalent condition that may stem from different sources and can substantially impact physiology and behavior, potentially leading to impaired mental and physical health. Multiple physiological and behavioral lifestyle features can now be recorded unobtrusively in daily-life using wearable sensors. The aim of the current study was to identify a distinct set of physiological and behavioral lifestyle features that are associated with elevated levels of chronic stress across different stress sources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For that, 140 healthy female participants completed the Trier inventory for chronic stress (TICS) before wearing the Fitbit Charge3 sensor for seven consecutive days while maintaining their daily routine. Physiological and lifestyle features that were extracted from sensor data, alongside demographic features, were used to predict high versus low chronic stress with support vector machine classifiers, applying out-of-sample model testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model achieved 79% classification accuracy for chronic stress from a social tension source. A mixture of physiological (resting heart-rate, heart-rate circadian characteristics), lifestyle (steps count, sleep onset and sleep regularity) and non-sensor demographic features (smoking status) contributed to this classification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As wearable technologies continue to rapidly evolve, integration of daily-life indicators could improve our understanding of chronic stress and its impact of physiology and behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221100987"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f4/d1/10.1177_24705470221100987.PMC9329827.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40573866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Buffering is Dependent on Mutual Experience in Adolescent Male Mice Exposed to Social Defeat Stress.","authors":"Lyonna F Parise,&nbsp;Eric M Parise,&nbsp;Omar K Sial,&nbsp;Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán","doi":"10.1177/24705470221111094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221111094","url":null,"abstract":"Background Individuals who experience emotional, physical, or sexual abuse as children suffer from higher rates of major depressive disorder, drug abuse, and suicide. Early life interventions such as peer support groups can be beneficial to adolescents who experience trauma, suggesting that social support is important in facilitating rehabilitation and promoting resiliency to stress. Although there are some animal paradigms that can model how peer-peer interactions influence stress-reactivity, less is known about how individual stress experiences influence the effectiveness of social buffering. Methods The vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) paradigm allows for the assessment of two different stress modalities, physical (PS) and emotional (ES) stress, which confer different levels of stress with similar biological and behavioral outcomes. Using a modified VSDS paradigm in which pairs of mice experience ES and PS together we can begin to evaluate how stress exposure influences the buffering efficacy of social relationships. Adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) were randomly combined into dyads and were allocated into either mutual experience or cohabitation pairs. Within each dyad, one mouse was assigned to the physically stressed (PS) condition and was repeatedly exposed to an aggressive CD1 mouse while the other mouse was designated as the partner. In the mutual experience dyads the partner mice witnessed the defeat bout (ES) while in the cohabitation dyads the partner was separated from the PS mouse and returned after the 10 min defeat bout was terminated (non-stressed). After 10 days of defeat, mice were tested in the social interaction test (SIT), the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST). Results PS-exposed mice in the cohabitation dyads, but not those in the mutual experience dyads, showed significantly more avoidance of a novel CD1 aggressor or c57BL/6 mouse, in the SIT. Surprisingly, both partner conditions showed avoidance to a CD1. Interestingly, non-stressed partner mice spent less time in the open arms of the EPM, suggesting increased anxiety; only PS-exposed mice in cohabitation dyads showed more time spent immobile in the FST, indicative of increased learned helplessness. Conclusions These data suggest that the efficacy of social buffering can be mediated by individual stress experience.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221111094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/b7/10.1177_24705470221111094.PMC9305802.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Salivary FGF2 and Physiological and Psychological Components of the Human Stress Response.","authors":"Emma M Bryant,&nbsp;Rick Richardson,&nbsp;Bronwyn M Graham","doi":"10.1177/24705470221114787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221114787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) is a neurotrophic protein that has been implicated as a biomarker for anxiety and depressive disorders, which comprise a significant component of the global burden of disease. Research using rodents has indicated that FGF2 is part of the stress response, but whether this translates to humans has yet to be investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of FGF2 in the human stress response by examining its association with physiological and psychological processes during and following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants in the active stress experiment (N  =  87) underwent the TSST, provided saliva samples to obtain levels of cortisol and FGF2, and reported on post-event rumination related to the TSST task over the following week. Participants in the no-stress experiment (N  =  25) provided saliva samples for measurement of FGF2 and cortisol across a corresponding time period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary FGF2 levels changed after the TSST and were associated with the pattern of change in salivary cortisol. Cortisol responses in the active stress condition were blunted in females (relative to males), however, sex did not interact with any other effect. FGF2 reactivity (ie, the magnitude of change over time) was not correlated with cortisol reactivity. Lower FGF2 reactivity following the TSST, but not overall FGF2 levels, or cortisol, was associated with higher fear of negative evaluation, repetitive negative thinking and post-event processing, as well as repetitive negative thinking in the week following the TSST. Participants in the no-stress experiment showed a decrease in cortisol, yet no change in their FGF2 levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that FGF2 is involved in the human stress response and higher levels of FGF2 reactivity may be associated with protective cognitive processes following stress exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221114787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a1/24/10.1177_24705470221114787.PMC9297468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Psychological Distress in Health Care Workers During the First two Waves of COVID-19: A Follow-up of a Canadian Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Marie-Michèle Dufour,&nbsp;Nicolas Bergeron,&nbsp;Stéphane Guay,&nbsp;Steve Geoffrion","doi":"10.1177/24705470221108144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221108144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health care workers (HCW) exposed to COVID-19 risk experiencing psychological distress. Little is known regarding longitudinal perspectives and evolutions of psychological distress within this population. The objective of this study is to extend the results of our previous study to the pandemic's second wave.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This prospective cohort study was conducted from May 8, 2020, to January 24, 2021, and includes 787 HCW. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics illustrated the evolution of psychological distress indicators, whereas latent class analysis helped identify trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that a lower proportion of HCW exceeded the clinical threshold during the second wave (36,5% vs. 31,1%). As in the first wave, most of our sample fell onto the resilient trajectory (67.22%). We adapted the name of the remaining trajectories to better suit their evolution: rapid recovery (15.76%), slow recovery (9.66%), and delayed (7.37%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Approximately two-thirds of the HCW did not manifest significant distress. For those who did, the distress was transient. We observed a trend of positive adaptability among HCW, considering that the proportion of HCW experiencing psychological distress exceeding clinical threshold remained lower than during the first wave. Our data highlight the dynamic nature of psychological distress. To be able to detect psychological distress as it arises, HCW should use self-monitoring as an essential tool. This vigilance would allow institutions to offer timely support and resources for those experiencing psychological distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221108144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2d/40/10.1177_24705470221108144.PMC9228638.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40401740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation.","authors":"Martin J Page,&nbsp;Douglas B Kell,&nbsp;Etheresia Pretorius","doi":"10.1177/24705470221076390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221076390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even though LPS is well described for its role in the pathology of sepsis, considerable evidence demonstrates that LPS-induced signalling and immune dysregulation are also relevant in the pathophysiology of many diseases, characteristically where endotoxaemia is less severe. These diseases are typically chronic and progressive in nature and span broad classifications, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. This Review reappraises the mechanisms of LPS-induced signalling and emphasises the crucial contribution of LPS to the pathology of multiple chronic diseases, beyond conventional sepsis. This perspective asserts that new ways of approaching chronic diseases by targeting LPS-driven pathways may be of therapeutic benefit in a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470221076390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/d4/10.1177_24705470221076390.PMC8829728.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39778061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of a New Stress-Related Personality Scale: The Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE).","authors":"David C Rettew,&nbsp;Dustin Freckleton,&nbsp;Nicholas Schork,&nbsp;Arnulf Graf,&nbsp;Zoe Morrell,&nbsp;Lucy Lincoln,&nbsp;Susan Smalley,&nbsp;James J Hudziak","doi":"10.1177/24705470211069904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470211069904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Personality traits are important factors with regard to the tendency to experience and response to stress. This study introduces and tests a new stress-related personality scale called the Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two samples totaling 5512 individuals (with 66% between the ages of 18 and 34) completed the VIBE along with other measures of personality, stress, mood, and well-being.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure for the instrument with dimensions labeled: 1) stressed; 2) energetic; 3) social; and 4) disciplined. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures on the final 23-item version showed good psychometric properties and data fit while machine learning analyses demonstrated the VIBE's ability to distinguish between groups with similar patterns of response. Strong convergent validity was suggested through robust correlations between the dimensions of the VIBE and other established rating scales.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the data suggest that the VIBE is a promising tool to help advance understanding of the relations between stress, personality, and related constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":"24705470211069904"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ae/5e/10.1177_24705470211069904.PMC8808042.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39895467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD","authors":"N. Leen, A. D. de Weijer, S.J.H. van Rooij, M. Kennis, J. Baas, E. Geuze","doi":"10.1177/24705470221107290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290","url":null,"abstract":"Background Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30–50% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. Methods Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 54) and combat controls (n = 26) before and after a 6–8 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Results Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment (p = .041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal (r = .354, p = .015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms (r = -.271, p = .048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r = .459, p = .003; 2-AG r = .423, p = .006), anxious arousal (AEA r = .351, p = .024; 2-AG r = .311, p = .048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r = .414, p = .007; 2-AG r = .374, p = .016). Conclusion Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated ‘on demand’, future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research.","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}