Fungal Biology and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Antimicrobial activities of metabolites isolated from endophytic Aspergillus flavus of Sarcophyton ehrenbergi supported by in-silico study and NMR spectroscopy.","authors":"Abdel Nasser B Singab,&nbsp;Yasmin A Elkhawas,&nbsp;Eman Al-Sayed,&nbsp;Ahmed M Elissawy,&nbsp;Iten M Fawzy,&nbsp;Nada M Mostafa","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00161-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00161-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endophytic Aspergillus species produce countless valuable bioactive secondary metabolites. In the current study, Aspergillus flavus an endophyte from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi was chemically explored and the extracted phytoconstituents were subsequently evaluated for antimicrobial activity. This is accomplished by employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and computational techniques. Additionally, An in vitro anticancer analysis of A. flavus total extract against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was investigated.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Six compounds were separated from the crude alcohol extract of the endophytic Aspergillus flavus out of which anhydro-mevalonolactone was reported for the first time. The anti-fungal and anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of two distinct compounds (Scopularides A and B) were assessed. Additionally, computational research was done to identify the binding mechanisms for all compounds. Both the compounds were found to be active against H. pylori with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 7.81 to 15.63 µg/ mL as compared with clarithromycin 1.95 µg/ mL. Scopularides A was potent against both Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 31.25 µg/ mL, while scopularides B only inhibits Candida albicans with MIC value of 15.63 µg/ mL and weak inhibitory activity against A. niger (MIC = 125 µg/ mL). Furthermore, cytotoxic activity showed a significant effect (IC₅₀: 30.46 mg/mL) against MCF-7 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings report that cytotoxic activity and molecular docking support the antimicrobial activity of Aspergillus flavus, which could be a promising alternative source as a potential antimicrobial agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10394880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9929822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and robust squashed spore/colony PCR of industrially important fungi.","authors":"Guoliang Yuan,&nbsp;Jeffrey J Czajka,&nbsp;Ziyu Dai,&nbsp;Dehong Hu,&nbsp;Kyle R Pomraning,&nbsp;Beth A Hofstad,&nbsp;Joonhoon Kim,&nbsp;Ana L Robles,&nbsp;Shuang Deng,&nbsp;Jon K Magnuson","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00163-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00163-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fungi have been utilized for centuries in medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. Development of systems biology techniques has enabled the design and metabolic engineering of these fungi to produce novel fuels, chemicals, and enzymes from renewable feedstocks. Many genetic tools have been developed for manipulating the genome and creating mutants rapidly. However, screening and confirmation of transformants remain an inefficient step within the design, build, test, and learn cycle in many industrial fungi because extracting fungal genomic DNA is laborious, time-consuming, and involves toxic chemicals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study we developed a rapid and robust technique called \"Squash-PCR\" to break open the spores and release fungal genomic DNA as a template for PCR. The efficacy of Squash-PCR was investigated in eleven different filamentous fungal strains. Clean PCR products with high yields were achieved in all tested fungi. Spore age and type of DNA polymerase did not affect the efficiency of Squash-PCR. However, spore concentration was found to be the crucial factor for Squash-PCR in Aspergillus niger, with the dilution of starting material often resulting in higher PCR product yield. We then further evaluated the applicability of the squashing procedure for nine different yeast strains. We found that Squash-PCR can be used to improve the quality and yield of colony PCR in comparison to direct colony PCR in the tested yeast strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed technique will enhance the efficiency of screening transformants and accelerate genetic engineering in filamentous fungi and yeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10329332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10166712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifurcate evolution of quinone synthetases in basidiomycetes.","authors":"Paula Sophie Seibold, Stefanie Lawrinowitz, Ihar Raztsou, Markus Gressler, Hans-Dieter Arndt, Pierre Stallforth, Dirk Hoffmeister","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00162-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40694-023-00162-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The terphenylquinones represent an ecologically remarkable class of basidiomycete natural products as they serve as central precursors of pigments and compounds that impact on microbial consortia by modulating bacterial biofilms and motility. This study addressed the phylogenetic origin of the quinone synthetases that assemble the key terphenylquinones polyporic acid and atromentin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The activity of the Hapalopilus rutilans synthetases HapA1, HapA2 and of Psilocybe cubensis PpaA1 were reconstituted in Aspergilli. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the culture extracts identified all three enzymes as polyporic acid synthetases. PpaA1 is unique in that it features a C-terminal, yet catalytically inactive dioxygenase domain. Combined with bioinformatics to reconstruct the phylogeny, our results demonstrate that basidiomycete polyporic acid and atromentin synthetases evolved independently, although they share an identical catalytic mechanism and release structurally very closely related products. A targeted amino acid replacement in the substrate binding pocket of the adenylation domains resulted in bifunctional synthetases producing both polyporic acid and atromentin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results imply that quinone synthetases evolved twice independently in basidiomycetes, depending on the aromatic α-keto acid substrate. Furthermore, key amino acid residues for substrate specificity were identified and changed which led to a relaxed substrate profile. Therefore, our work lays the foundation for future targeted enzyme engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10127967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome analysis of Cephalotrichum gorgonifer and identification of the biosynthetic pathway for rasfonin, an inhibitor of KRAS dependent cancer.","authors":"Andreas Schüller, Lena Studt-Reinhold, Harald Berger, Lucia Silvestrini, Roman Labuda, Ulrich Güldener, Markus Gorfer, Markus Bacher, Maria Doppler, Erika Gasparotto, Arianna Gattesco, Michael Sulyok, Joseph Strauss","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00158-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40694-023-00158-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fungi are important sources for bioactive compounds that find their applications in many important sectors like in the pharma-, food- or agricultural industries. In an environmental monitoring project for fungi involved in soil nitrogen cycling we also isolated Cephalotrichum gorgonifer (strain NG_p51). In the course of strain characterisation work we found that this strain is able to naturally produce high amounts of rasfonin, a polyketide inducing autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis in human cell lines and showing anti-tumor activity in KRAS-dependent cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In order to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of rasfonin, the strain was genome sequenced, annotated, submitted to transcriptome analysis and genetic transformation was established. Biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) prediction revealed the existence of 22 BGCs of which the majority was not expressed under our experimental conditions. In silico prediction revealed two BGCs with a suite of enzymes possibly involved in rasfonin biosynthesis. Experimental verification by gene-knock out of the key enzyme genes showed that one of the predicted BGCs is indeed responsible for rasfonin biosynthesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified a biosynthetic gene cluster containing a key-gene responsible for rasfonin production. Additionally, molecular tools were established for the non-model fungus Cephalotrichum gorgonifer which allows strain engineering and heterologous expression of the BGC for high rasfonin producing strains and the biosynthesis of rasfonin derivates for diverse applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9714149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocatalysis of triglycerides transesterification using fungal biomass: a biorefinery approach.","authors":"Nadeem I Elhussiny,&nbsp;Ahmed M A Mohamed,&nbsp;Heba A El-Refai,&nbsp;Sayeda S Mohamed,&nbsp;Yousseria M Shetaia,&nbsp;Hala A Amin,&nbsp;Gerd Klöck","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00160-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00160-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of microbial biomasses, such as fungal biomass, to catalyze the transesterification of triglycerides (TG) for biodiesel production provides a sustainable, economical alternative while still having the main advantages of expensive immobilized enzymes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biomasses of Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifera were used to catalyze the transesterification of TG in waste frying oil (WFO). Isopropanol as an acyl-acceptor reduced the catalytic capability of the biomasses, while methanol was the most potent acyl-acceptor with a final fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentration of 85.5 and 89.7%, w/w, for R. stolonifer and A. flavus, respectively. Different mixtures of the fungal biomasses were tested, and higher proportions of A. flavus biomass improved the mixture's catalytic capability. C. sorokiniana cultivated in synthetic wastewater was used as feedstock to cultivate A. flavus. The biomass produced had the same catalytic capability as the biomass produced in the control culture medium. Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted using central composite design (CCD) to optimize the A. flavus biomass catalytic transesterification reaction, where temperature, methanol concentration, and biomass concentration were selected for optimization. The significance of the model was verified, and the suggested optimum reaction conditions were 25.5 °C, 250 RPM agitation with 14%, w/w, biomass, 3 mol/L methanol, and a reaction duration of 24 h. The suggested optimum conditions were tested to validate the model and a final FAME concentration of 95.53%. w/w was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Biomasses cocktails might be a legitimate possibility to provide a cheaper technical solution for industrial applications than immobilized enzymes. The use of fungal biomass cultivated on the microalgae recovered from wastewater treatment for the catalysis of transesterification reaction provides an additional piece of the puzzle of biorefinery. Optimizing the transesterification reaction led to a valid prediction model with a final FAME concentration of 95.53%, w/w.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10262576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9636085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light in the box-photobiological examination chamber with light trap ventilation system for studying fungal surface cultures illustrated with Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria brongniartii.","authors":"Pamela Vrabl, Maria Zottele, Lucia Colleselli, Christoph Walter Schinagl, Laura Mayerhofer, Bianka Siewert, Hermann Strasser","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00159-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40694-023-00159-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to their versatile way of life as saprophytes, endophytes, and entomopathogens, fungi of the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria are exposed to varying illumination conditions in their natural habitats, which makes a thorough adaptation to light very likely. While the few available studies for these genera support this assumption, research in this field is still in its infancy and the data material restricted to only a few fungal species. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore how light influences growth, conidial production and secondary metabolite formation of two industrial relevant strains of M. brunneum (MA 43, formerly M. anisopliae var. anisopliae BIPESCO 5/F52) and B. brongniartii (BIPESCO 2). To achieve this, we constructed an easily adjustable illumination device for highly standardized photophysiological studies of fungi on Petri dishes, the so-called LIGHT BOX. With the aid of this device, M. brunneum and B. brongniartii were grown on S4G or S2G agar at 25 °C for 14 days either in complete darkness or under constant illumination with red light (λ_peak = 635 nm), green light (λ_peak = 519 nm) or blue light (λ_peak = 452 nm). In addition, for each wavelength the effect of different illumination intensities was tested, i.e., intensities of red light ranging from 22.1 ± 0.1 to 136.5 ± 0.3 µW cm^-2, green light from 16.5 ± 0.1 to 96.2 ± 0.1 µW cm^-2, and blue light from 56.1 ± 0.2 to 188.9 ± 0.6 µW cm^-2. Both fungi strongly responded in terms of growth, conidial production, pigmentation and morphology to changes in the wavelength and irradiation intensity. The wavelength-dependent production of the well-known secondary metabolite oosporein which is secreted by the genus Beauveria in particular, was also increased under green and blue light exposure. The established LIGHT BOX system allows not only to optimize conidial production yields with these biotechnologically relevant fungi, but also allows the photobiological exploration of other fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10228068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9955125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating the drought stress tolerance of a susceptible soybean cultivar, MAUS 2 through dual inoculation with selected rhizobia and AM fungus.","authors":"Revanna Ashwin,&nbsp;Davis Joseph Bagyaraj,&nbsp;Basavaiah Mohan Raju","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00157-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00157-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Drought stress is currently the primary abiotic stress factor for crop loss worldwide. Although drought stress reduces the crop yield significantly, species and genotypes differ in their stress response; some tolerate the stress effect while others not. In several systems, it has been shown that, some of the beneficial soil microbes ameliorate the stress effect and thereby, minimizing yield losses under stress conditions. Realizing the importance of beneficial soil microbes, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of selected microbial inoculants namely, N-fixing bacteria, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense and P-supplying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Ambispora leptoticha on growth and performance of a drought susceptible and high yielding soybean cultivar, MAUS 2 under drought condition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Drought stress imposed during flowering and pod filling stages showed that, dual inoculation consisting of B. liaoningense and A. leptoticha improved the physiological and biometric characteristics including nutrient uptake and yield under drought conditions. Inoculated plants showed an increased number of pods and pod weight per plant by 19% and 34% respectively, while the number of seeds and seed weight per plant increased by 17% and 32% respectively over un-inoculated plants under drought stress condition. Further, the inoculated plants showed higher chlorophyll and osmolyte content, higher detoxifying enzyme activity, and higher cell viability because of less membrane damage compared to un-inoculated plants under stress condition. In addition, they also showed higher water use efficiency coupled with more nutrients accumulation besides exhibiting higher load of beneficial microbes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dual inoculation of soybean plants with beneficial microbes would alleviate the drought stress effects, thereby allowing normal plants' growth under stress condition. The study therefore, infers that AM fungal and rhizobia inoculation seems to be necessary when soybean is to be cultivated under drought or water limiting conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10158380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9418919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting Fungal Biology and Biotechnology to the test.","authors":"Vera Meyer,&nbsp;Alexander Idnurm","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00156-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00156-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10114434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9772223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical response of fungi to changing moisture content.","authors":"Neil Phillips,&nbsp;Antoni Gandia,&nbsp;Andrew Adamatzky","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00155-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00155-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycelium-bound composites are potential alternatives to conventional materials for a variety of applications, including thermal and acoustic building panels and product packaging. If the reactions of live mycelium to environmental conditions and stimuli are taken into account, it is possible to create functioning fungal materials. Thus, active building components, sensory wearables, etc. might be created. This research describes the electrical sensitivity of fungus to changes in the moisture content of a mycelium-bound composite. Trains of electrical spikes initiate spontaneously in fresh mycelium-bound composites with a moisture content between [Formula: see text] 95% and [Formula: see text] 65%, and between [Formula: see text] 15% and [Formula: see text] 5% when partially dried. When the surfaces of mycelium-bound composites were partially or totally encased with an impermeable layer, increased electrical activity was observed. In fresh mycelium-bound composites, electrical spikes were seen both spontaneously and when induced by water droplets on the surface. Also explored is the link between electrical activity and electrode depth. Future designs of smart buildings, wearables, fungi-based sensors, and unconventional computer systems may benefit from fungi configurations and biofabrication flexibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10069029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9251884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of reference genes for transcript analyses in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris).","authors":"Mihail Besleaga,&nbsp;Gabriel A Vignolle,&nbsp;Julian Kopp,&nbsp;Oliver Spadiut,&nbsp;Robert L Mach,&nbsp;Astrid R Mach-Aigner,&nbsp;Christian Zimmermann","doi":"10.1186/s40694-023-00154-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-023-00154-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) is routinely used for heterologous protein expression and is suggested as a model organism for yeast. Despite its importance and application potential, no reference gene for transcript analysis via RT-qPCR assays has been evaluated to date. In this study, we searched publicly available RNASeq data for stably expressed genes to find potential reference genes for relative transcript analysis by RT-qPCR in K. phaffii. To evaluate the applicability of these genes, we used a diverse set of samples from three different strains and a broad range of cultivation conditions. The transcript levels of 9 genes were measured and compared using commonly applied bioinformatic tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We could demonstrate that the often-used reference gene ACT1 is not very stably expressed and could identify two genes with outstandingly low transcript level fluctuations. Consequently, we suggest the two genes, RSC1, and TAF10 to be simultaneously used as reference genes in transcript analyses by RT-qPCR in K. phaffii in future RT-qPCR assays.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The usage of ACT1 as a reference gene in RT-qPCR analysis might lead to distorted results due to the instability of its transcript levels. In this study, we evaluated the transcript levels of several genes and found RSC1 and TAF10 to be extremely stable. Using these genes holds the promise for reliable RT-qPCR results.</p>","PeriodicalId":52292,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10061771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9277518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}