Water Research X最新文献

{"title":"Heterogeneous Fenton-assisted antibiotic removal from wastewater: Effect of FeWO4 nanomaterial morphology across four Fenton processes","authors":"Akser Alam Siddiqua Maya ,&nbsp;Parul Akhtar ,&nbsp;Md. Arif Hossen ,&nbsp;Md Jahangir Alam ,&nbsp;Hamad AlMohamadi ,&nbsp;Yunus Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing incidence of antibiotics in water presents considerable environmental and health challenges, including antibiotic resistance and genotoxicity. This research focuses on synthesizing FeWO₄ nanomaterials in three distinct morphologies- nanoparticles (NPs), nanorods (NRs), and nanofibers (NFs) via a facile hydrothermal process. These nanomaterials were evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts in four different Fenton-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): conventional Fenton (CF), photo-Fenton (PF), sono-Fenton (SF), and sono-photo-Fenton (SPF). The performance of each morphological structure of FeWO₄ nanomaterials was systematically assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a common antibiotic pollutant found in wastewater. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using UV–Vis DRS, FESEM, XRD, EIS, and CV. The physicochemical analysis confirmed the differences in optical and catalytic properties of synthesized FeWO₄ nanomaterials. Among the four Fenton processes, photo-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton processes demonstrated higher CIP degradation efficiency compared to conventional Fenton and sono-Fenton processes. However, the SPF process demonstrated high efficiency in removing nearly 99% of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution, using a low dose of FeWO₄ NPs (100 mg/L) and H₂O₂ (2.0 mM) over a 40-minute treatment period at neutral pH. The nanoparticle form of FeWO₄ exhibited outstanding performance compared to the other two morphologies. The groundbreaking discovery emphasizes the immense potential of FeWO₄ as versatile and efficient nanomaterials in Fenton-based AOP processes for mitigating antibiotics in aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100354"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bird’s-Eye View: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives on the Biodefluorination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)","authors":"Shun Che ,&nbsp;Huaqing Liu ,&nbsp;Shucai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaochun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively used in various industrial and manufacturing processes. These compounds pose potential risks to public health and ecosystems because of their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. To date, great efforts have been made to investigate the biotransformation of PFAS, while little is known about their biodefluorination behavior. A comprehensive understanding of biodefluorination mechanisms can not only aid in revealing the environmental fate and effects of these fluorinated chemicals but also advance the design of alternative structures with reduced persistence and environmental impact. In this review, we (1) systematically reviewed the biodefluorination pathways and transformation products of PFAS, with particular emphasis on emerging PFAS, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, (2) summarized the responsible microorganisms and enzymes involved, (3) provided critical perspectives on the need to standardize the testing protocol and to generalize the biotransformation prediction approaches, and (4) highlighted the potential of benign-by-design strategies in developing degradable fluorinated alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of burned soil leachates by ultrafiltration coupled with coagulation: Insights into membrane fouling","authors":"Sohail Farooq ,&nbsp;Ryan P. Cole ,&nbsp;Yuanchun Cao ,&nbsp;Madelyn L. Krebs ,&nbsp;Amanda K. Hohner ,&nbsp;Kevin D. Bladon ,&nbsp;Xue Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the treatability of water leachates from wildfire-impacted soils using a coagulation-ultrafiltration process, aiming to better understand how post-fire changes affect membrane fouling in drinking water treatment. Soil samples were collected from one high burn severity and one low burn-severity site following the Cedar Creek Fire in Oregon, USA. The leachate from the one high severity site exhibited lower pH, turbidity, and dissolved organic carbon, and its dissolved organic matter (DOM) consisted of less aromatic compounds compared to the low-severity leachate. Filtration experiments revealed that, without pre-coagulation, the high-severity leachate caused less membrane fouling than the leachate from the low-severity sample. Pre-coagulation with aluminum chlorohydrate reduced fouling in both cases, though optimal dosages differed. For the low-severity leachate, a 30 mg/L dose improved DOM removal and minimized irreversible fouling, while for the high-severity leachate, effective control was observed at dosages up to 7.5 mg/L, with higher doses (30 mg/L) worsening fouling, potentially via metal-DOM complexes. While our controlled laboratory experiments provide valuable insights, we acknowledge that our lab experiments do not fully replicate field conditions. However, the unique characteristics of the leachate from our burned soil samples, indicate the need for further research to capture the complexities of post-wildfire water quality dynamics and refine treatment strategies for wildfire-impacted watersheds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper’s dual role in aerobic methane oxidation coupled with aerobic denitrification: Boosts CH4-derived carbon for denitrification but inhibits it via methanobactin competition","authors":"Yujing Fan ,&nbsp;Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Xueyou Liang ,&nbsp;Man Feng ,&nbsp;Zhiling Gao ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Chen ,&nbsp;Wenlin Wang ,&nbsp;Chunjing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerobic methane oxidation coupled with aerobic denitrification (AME-AD) has the capability to remove nitrate and reduce methane (CH₄) under aerobic conditions. However, the impact of copper as a cofactor in wastewater and its underlying mechanism in the AME-AD process remains unexplored. This study conducted a series of batch experiments, examining the influence of copper concentrations (ranging from 0 to 20 μM Cu²⁺) on denitrification, CH₄ oxidation, nitrous oxide (N₂O) generation, and the expressions of key functional genes within a synthetic AME-AD community. The results revealed that Cu²⁺ concentrations significantly affected the denitrification capacity of the AME-AD system. Specifically, the 10 μM Cu²⁺treatment exhibited optimal AME-AD performance, achieving a denitrification rate of 0.031 mg·h^-1 and a CH₄ oxidation efficiency of 98 %. However, this treatment had a high proportion of N₂O generation (4.79 %), ultimately resulting in a decrease in the overall reduction of total greenhouse gases to 802.5 mg CO₂-e. Moreover, the Cu²⁺ concentrations had a significant impact on the expression of crucial genes associated with aerobic denitrification (<em>napA, nosZ</em>) and CH₄ oxidation (<em>pmoA</em>). Specifically, the highest abundance of functional genes related to denitrification was observed in 15 μM Cu²⁺ treatment, with <em>napA</em> reaching 3.75 × 10¹⁰ copies·g^-1 and <em>nosZ</em> attaining 1.32 × 10⁹ copies·g^-1 at 192 h. Conversely, the peak <em>pmoA</em> copy number of 4.8 × 10⁹ copies·g^-1 was noted in 10 μM Cu²⁺ treatment. These discoveries enhance our comprehension of how copper modulates the AME-AD process and facilitate its application in treating low-C/N wastewater and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of woodchip-pyrite bioretention systems for nitrogen removal and N₂O emission control","authors":"Yuhao Ding,&nbsp;Cheng Cheng,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Jingjing Hu,&nbsp;Hongxiang Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioretention, as one of the flexible and economical green infrastructures, is widely used for urban stormwater management. Current modified strategies for bioretention have largely focused on improving nitrogen removal efficiency, while studies addressing their potential for N₂O mitigation remain limited. In this study, the performance of woodchip-pyrite bioretention (W-PB) was compared with that of sand bioretention (SB) and pyrite bioretention (PB). The denitrification performance and N₂O emissions of the three systems were quantified, and the underlying N₂O mitigation mechanism was elucidated from the perspective of microbial metabolic functions. During a 120-day monitoring period, the average removal efficiency of nitrate in W-PB was 81.4 % ± 11.2 %. The average N₂O emission flux in W-PB was 13.21 ± 3.06 μgN₂O<img>N/(m²·h), which represents reductions of 41.4 % and 28.5 % compared to the SB and PB, respectively. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that the addition of woodchips enhanced the decomposition of pyrite, thereby increasing the electron donors for denitrification. This enhancement was further reflected by the increased activity of the electron transfer system and the elevated activities of NIR and NOS enzymes in the W-PB, suggesting a more complete denitrification process. As a result, the denitrification potential in the submerged zone reached 0.3735 ± 0.0022 ng N/(g·h), which was 3.35 and 2.06 times higher than that in SB and PB, respectively. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing results show an increased microbial abundance and diversity in W-PB. The results provide theoretical and technical support for the low-carbon-oriented optimization and engineering application of bioretention systems in urban stormwater nitrogen removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging LSTM-based neuro-evolution for enhanced real-time control in urban drainage systems","authors":"Shengwei Pei ,&nbsp;Lan Hoang ,&nbsp;David Butler ,&nbsp;Guangtao Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time control (RTC) of urban drainage systems helps reduce flooding and combined sewer overflow (CSO) spills, thereby alleviating the pressures of climate change and urbanization. In recent years, neural network-based methods for control policy formulation—such as deep reinforcement learning and neuro-evolution—have shown promise in RTC. Previous studies have focused on improving the performance of these methods by exploring aspects such as state variable selection, reward function formulation, and control frequency adjustment. However, the impact of neural network architecture remains underexplored. This study investigates the performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) as a policy network in neuro-evolution for RTC of urban drainage systems. The simulation results from the Astlingen benchmarking network show that LSTM-based policies reduce CSO volume by 9.8 %–10.1 % compared to passive control, outperforming Multi-Layer Perceptron-based policies, which achieve reductions of 7.0 %–9.0 % during 2000–2009. For LSTM-based policies, memory information contributes positively to decision-making, while zero-initialized memory leads to a 10.0 %–21.0 % increase in CSO volume, reflecting deteriorating control. Additionally, LSTM-based policies using a single tank level as input offer an efficient alternative in RTC, achieving greater improvements over BC than the global control strategy based on equal filling degree. These improvements also surpass those achieved by LSTM-based policies using multivariate input versus single-variable input. This study reveals the potential of LSTM-based neuro-evolution in RTC of urban drainage systems, supporting the intelligent management of water infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of wet acid phosphorus extraction from sewage sludge ash: Assessment of main influencing factors using an empirical model","authors":"Hiep Le,&nbsp;Isabell Allwicher,&nbsp;Sarah Müller,&nbsp;David Montag,&nbsp;Thomas Wintgens","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the primary factor influencing the phosphorus extraction efficiency (PEE) from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the extracting agent. A comprehensive database, comprising both literature and new experimental data, was developed to support the creation of a robust regression model. Based on 152 data sets, this model showed a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.86), indicating a solid fit. Key findings revealed that the acid concentration (C_HCl) had the most significant effect on PEE, followed by the liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) and contact time (t). The model's predictive accuracy was validated with an R² of 0.75 and a Pearson correlation (r) of 0.96, confirming its reliability. The model effectively predicts PEE for ISSA with moderate calcium content (6–12 %) and offers valuable insights into the process, providing guidelines for optimizing the configuration of process parameters. Optimal conditions for achieving high PEE (&gt; 80 %) with acceptable acid costs (0.30–0.35 €/kg P_extracted) are expected from an extraction variable (X) of 3.8 and at a moderate C_HCl (3–4 mol/L) &amp; L/S ratio (2–3 L/kg). Still, the model's applicability is limited by the quality of the data, particularly for ashes with high calcium content. Further research is required to expand the database and enhance model accuracy, particularly for optimizing the phosphorus recovery process using wet acid extraction at an industrial scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic decision-making framework for selecting nitrous oxide quantification methods in water utilities","authors":"Shuting Wang ,&nbsp;Kaili Li ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shakil Ahmmed ,&nbsp;Haoran Duan ,&nbsp;Liu Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing emphasis on reducing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in the wastewater treatment sector, an increasing number of water utilities are keen to quantify the actual N₂O emissions from sewage treatment plants. Two main unit-based quantification methods are the liquid N₂O sensor-based method and the gas flux hood-based method, both of which allow for real-time measurement at specific monitoring locations. Despite their widespread use, there is no clear, evidence-based framework to help utilities choose the most suitable method for their specific needs. This study addresses this gap by developing a systematic decision-making framework that considers the impact of key factors, including plant covering (fully covered or open surface), aeration type (diffused aeration or surface aerator), configurations (number of monitoring locations), monitoring duration, cost and technical difficulties etc. The framework incorporates a comprehensive multi-criteria evaluation to balance five essential criteria, including equipment cost, consumable cost, commissioning, maintenance and complexity in data analysis. Results indicate that the liquid-based method is more suitable for scenarios with fewer monitoring locations and shorter durations. In contrast, the gas-based method proves more advantageous in scenarios requiring high monitoring intensity. For intermediate-intensity scenarios, the likelihood of selecting gas-based method increases with monitoring intensity, with the decision being highly dependent on the weighting assigned to the factors. The findings also highlight the importance of determining the weights of criteria and scores based on specific operational needs, available resources, and technical capacity prior to multi-criteria evaluation process, which may vary the evaluation results accordingly. This framework provides utilities with a practical tool to optimize N₂O monitoring strategies and support emission reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100350"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced selective recovery of powder carrier-supported biofilms for enrichment of denitrifying functional bacteria","authors":"Chengxian Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Lu ,&nbsp;Boran Wu ,&nbsp;Jin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhigen Wu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Han ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Dai ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Chai ,&nbsp;Dian Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An innovative integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system using high-concentration powder carriers was developed to promote microbial growth and optimize community distribution, achieving high efficiency denitrification in municipal wastewater. A critical challenge remains the efficient recovery of carrier biofilm from activated sludge. In this study, multi-layer density gradient centrifugation was employed to characterize the biochemical characteristics and microbial distribution patterns of sludge. Under the optimal cyclone inflow velocity of 3.5 ± 0.5 m/s, the aged cell can efficiently be detached from biofilm sludge via the cyclone separation unit, increased the proportion of live cells by 20 %. The cyclone separation unit can also successfully separate suspended and biofilm sludge, enriching denitrifying bacteria in the underflow sludge and phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in overflow sludge. Compared to overflow sludge, underflow sludge (biofilm) exhibited a 33 % increase in particle size and a 0.51-fold increase in denitrification rate constants, leading to improvements of nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies exceeding 73 %. This study proposes a novel strategy for precise regulation of dual sludge ages, addressing the contradiction between the long generation cycles of denitrifying microorganisms and the short generation cycles of PAOs. These findings provide valuable insights for the targeted enrichment of denitrifying microorganisms within carrier biofilm, enhancing denitrification and phosphorus removal during the expansion and upgrading of municipal wastewater treatment plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time detection of 3–8-µm microbial particles in sand filter effluent as a surrogate indicator of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts","authors":"Sandrine Boivin ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Nagaoka ,&nbsp;Takahiro Fujioka","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waterborne outbreaks of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection through drinking tap water are a significant threat to public health. Monitoring <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocyst-sized microorganisms in sand filter effluent as a surrogate indicator of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts can detect sand filter integrity breaches. This study aimed to achieve the continuous monitoring of microbial particles (MPs) sized similarly to <em>Cryptosporidium</em> in sand filter effluent by remodeling an MP counter and demonstrating its validity. Instrumental settings of the MP counter (i.e., refractive index and particle diameter) were adjusted for accurate detection of <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> oocyst. The remodeled MP counter successfully detected <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium</em>-sized microorganisms (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em>). Over a 7-d full-scale test, the MP counter coupled with dialysis pre-treatment continuously detected <em>Cryptosporidium</em>-sized (i.e., 3–8-µm) MPs at 0.2–27 counts/10 mL in the sand filter effluent. However, the variations in MP concentrations were not correlated with those in conventional indicators, such as turbidity and 1–3 or 3–7-µm particle counts, indicating that microbiological water safety cannot be guaranteed with these conventional indicators. Real-time monitoring of 3–8-µm MP concentrations allows for early detection of potential <em>Cryptosporidium</em> leaks through a sand filter. Abnormalities in water quality detected early would allow for effective countermeasures immediately, reducing the risk of waterborne protozoan outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}