{"title":"Policy Learning and Policy Analysis Within European Union Institutions: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda","authors":"Bishoy L. Zaki","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Policy learning plays a central role in both the survival and development of the European Union, serving as an institutional policymaking and governance logic. Yet, while research taking policy learning as an explicit theoretical lens to policy analysis within EU institutions provides several important contributions, it remains fragmented and relatively scarce, especially compared to that on the member states' level. Through a scoping systematic literature review, this article synthesises existing literature, mapping its theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical landscape and gaps. Furthermore, it systematizes the triggers, facilitators, challenges, and outcomes of learning across four main dimensions: Institutional, Political, Contextual, and Problem-oriented. Leveraging this analysis, the article concludes with an agenda for future research along three key dimensions: theoretical, empirical, and methodological.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appraising Policies Through Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation: Lessons From a Systematic Review of Applications","authors":"Egle Basyte Ferrari","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to renewed interest in analytical tools that address complex policy problems and move beyond linear-rational approaches in policy appraisal, Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) integrates participatory approaches with multi-criteria analysis (MCA), thereby incorporating specialised knowledge and diverse social values and perspectives in the assessment and comparison of policy options. The framework has not yet been explored in the public policy literature. This systematic literature review examines empirical SMCE applications since its formalisation in 2004 and discusses emerging lessons. The 54 identified cases cover diverse policy fields, problems addressed, and government levels across 20 countries, primarily in Europe. The findings highlight SMCE's flexibility but also frequent partial implementation, driven by context-specific adjustments. Results largely align with research on MCA and participatory approaches in policy appraisal and point to the framework's potential to act on several attributes of policy problems and support integration of different policy formulation tools and tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital Rights Activism in Multilevel Governance","authors":"Alison Harcourt","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multilevel governance (MLG) without a clear hierarchical structure can create power imbalances among various actors, particularly in settings with overlapping jurisdictions and policy areas. This dynamic is especially pronounced in Internet governance, which faces a complex interplay of domestic laws, state interdependence, and heightened influence from the private sector. This article contributes to MLG by drawing on the academic literature surrounding transnational advocacy networks (TANs) to analyse the strategies employed by digital rights groups in the closed environment of Internet standard setting. The findings indicate that digital rights advocacy has been most effective when accountability politics are leveraged to impact decision-making at state and European levels. However, this influence diminishes as decision-making shifts to global level standard development organisations (SDOs). The conclusions highlight a crisis of representation, marked by a rapid decline in state authority as governance in the digital realm increasingly shifts to the private sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Distributive Consequences of Active Welfare Policies in Europe","authors":"Deborah Jackwerth-Rice, Katharina Zimmermann","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the distributive consequences of active welfare policies in Europe by analysing tier-specific investments in individualised employment services across four European welfare states: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. We find marked variation in the allocation of active labour market services between contributory unemployment insurance schemes and non-contributory minimum income schemes. While Germany adheres to a conservative rationale favouring insured, work-ready unemployed, the Netherlands reflects a liberal orientation favouring more vulnerable, uninsured unemployed. Denmark exhibits a transition from conservative to liberal, and the UK applies a pragmatic trampoline logic privileging individuals with intermediate labour market proximity. The findings reveal a partial decoupling of active service investments from traditional principles of redistribution, calling for more disaggregated analyses of active welfare's stratifying effects in Europe and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Policy Networks and Policy Entrepreneurship in the EU: Explaining Structural Policy Change in Pharmaceutical Innovation Incentives and Health Technology Assessment","authors":"Vassilis Karokis-Mavrikos","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Policy process research has excelled in explaining structural policy change within national settings, but extensions and applications to the EU level have long proven challenging for scholars. Given that the EU is currently experiencing its longest period of Treaty stability since the 1980s—having evolved into a sui generis political system with a distinctive multilevel governance architecture—developing appropriate policy process tools for the EU context is imperative to understanding contemporary policy reform. To address this challenge, this study introduces and applies a modified iteration of the Multiple Streams Framework—the EU-MSF—to two cases of structural reform in EU pharmaceutical policy: the revision of the General Pharmaceutical Legislation and the establishment of the new EU Health Technology Assessment framework. Drawing on primary data, including document analysis and 40 elite interviews, the research concludes that the levels of policy network integration shape both the nature of viable policy alternatives and the effectiveness of policy entrepreneurship strategies in driving EU-level structural change. The study introduces two novel strategy archetypes—“snooker-tactics” and “recoil-tactics” policy entrepreneurship—and sets out new directions for EU-level policy process research grounded in contextually fit analytical tools and hypotheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building the Plane While Flying It: How Projects Serve to Implement, Pilot and Co-Create EU Policy","authors":"Alina Felder-Stindt","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article theorizes how projectified governance enables bottom-up policy shaping in the EU, using the European Universities Initiative (EUI) as a case study. It develops a framework that combines bottom-up Europeanization with resource exchange theory to explain how project networks influence EU policymaking. As time-bound, collaborative initiatives projects allow beneficiaries to exchange resources and gain influence. In this perspective, Europenization equips (sub)national actors with resources such as funding and access, while requiring them to mobilize knowledge and legitimacy. The EUI exemplifies three forms of projectification: implementation (institutional collaboration), piloting (policy experimentation, e.g., the European Degree), and co-creation (community building via FOREU4ALL). By analysing how higher education institutions use EUI governance to sustain cooperation and shape policy, the study shifts focus from top-down to bottom-up dynamics. It contributes to understanding how projects serve as instruments of EU policy development and institutional agency.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The European Universities Initiative and National Higher Education Governance in Interaction: The Case of the Arqus European University Alliance","authors":"Hedwig Unger","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taking a perspective that combines policy studies and comparative law, this article examines how European University Alliances (EUAs), originating from the European Universities Initiative (EUI), dynamically challenge the national legal frameworks for higher education and traditional notions of institutional autonomy. The article finds the EUI has acted like a magnifying glass on governance and legal issues that have existed for some time, but have gained new attention as a result of the activities of the EUAs. Challenges confronted by the EUAs are discussed such as how to legally and politically harmonize understandings of institutional autonomy, which differ across nation state; a challenge that is heighted when an EUA seeks to establish a single legal entity. Using the Arqus EUA as an example, the article analyses the influence of the EUI on the higher education laws of the nine states members of this EUA are based in (Austria, France, Germany/Saxony, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, and Spain) highlighting the diverse yet discernible impact that the EUI has had on national higher education laws and governance thus far. The article presents the EUAs as incubators for genuine European integration and legal coordination. A new layer of governance is identified reshaping national higher education systems by challenging traditional frameworks of autonomy, regulation, and coordination between national and supranational levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148647690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the Dynamics of European University Alliances as Multi-Level Governance Spaces","authors":"Jens Jungblut, Peter Maassen, Bjørn Stensaker","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The European universities initiative (EUI) has been presented by some as a disruptive policy initiative within the Europe of Knowledge given its speed, scale and scope of changes. In this article, a multi-level governance (MLG) perspective is used to investigate the most important similarities and differences regarding the national policy responses to the EUI in Germany and Norway. The applied MLG perspective focuses on three dimensions: center-periphery, state-society, and international-domestic. Although Norway and Germany can be considered to be most different systems from the perspective of our research questions, we found interesting similarities between the countries, particularly regarding the strong interest in participating in a European alliance. At the same time, the role of the state and in particular that of the political leadership in the form of the responsible sectoral ministries, has been strikingly different, reflecting the differences in the countries' relationship with the EU.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Democratic Control and Legitimacy of Finnish European Union Policy Process in Crisis Test: Trust, Openness, and the NextGenerationEU","authors":"Laura Nordström, Tero Erkkilä, Henrik Peiponen","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crisis management tests the openness of decision-making. This threatens the EU's weak democratic legitimacy. Simultaneously, on the national level, Nordic EU decision-making is considered democratic. However, this model system is understudied, especially in a crisis that highlights its limitations. We analyzed the Finnish EU policy process’ throughput legitimacy during the covid crisis through one case, the EU recovery instrument NextGenerationEU 2020–2021 decision-making. Our qualitative content analysis of documents and interviews shows that the process lacks throughput legitimacy, as transparency, accountability, openness, and inclusiveness before the Parliamentary proceedings are limited. Democratic legitimacy is sought through elite consensus and parliamentary control instead of societal dialogue. Our synthesis of throughput legitimacy and national democratic control demonstrates the impact of context. In Finland, this indicates the paradox of openness: in a system based on trust, there is no pressure to increase openness. Moreover, the boundaries of throughput and input legitimacy are unclear and need reconsideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What's New Pussycat?—Explaining Public Acceptance of Disease Prevention and Control Measures for Pets","authors":"Michelle Kim Emily Wyler","doi":"10.1002/epa2.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Public acceptance is essential for implementing effective health policies, especially in emotionally sensitive areas like companion animal care. This study investigates how policy design and implementation affect public acceptance of disease prevention and control measures for household pets in Switzerland. Using qualitative analysis of 22 stakeholder interviews and a workshop with 22 participants, the research identifies key factors influencing public acceptance, such as emotional bonds between owners and pets, trust in authorities, and communication quality. Veterinarians emerge as especially influential due to their trusted role in relation to pets and their health. The study also highlights stakeholder-specific expectations and the need for early, transparent communication from the side of public authorities. Further, it identifies distinct owner subgroups that require tailored strategies. The findings contribute to policy design by applying and extending acceptance theory frameworks and offering practical insights into enhancing compliance and support for pet-related health policies through stakeholder collaboration and emotionally aware communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":52190,"journal":{"name":"European Policy Analysis","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/epa2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148282180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}