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{"title":"Analysis of Selected Physicochemical Makeup of Natural Spring Water in Mt Kenya East Region, Meru County, Kenya","authors":"Kisilu Mary, Peter Kingori Gakai, Anthony Mbatha","doi":"10.20944/preprints202602.0494.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0494.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a vital resource for the universe's survival of both flora and fauna, broadly referred to as an elixir of life. However, high population growth, encroachment of catchment areas, and climate change have rendered water resources scarce, leading to reliance on alternative groundwater sources to supplement the less freshwater sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Groundwater is considered a reliable source of uncontaminated water for various uses in rural and urban settings, especially for drinking. However, the uncertain potability of groundwater sources such as springs and boreholes remains a great concern, particularly when used untreated for human consumption, posing serious human health threats. This study assessed the physico-chemical quality using selected groundwater parameters from a natural spring (Mwonyo) at Nkubu, Nkuene ward, Meru County, Kenya, to determine its suitability for human consumption. A systematic sampling design was employed and a total of four water samples were collected in triplets of 500 ml water bottles and analyzed in the laboratory following standard analytical procedures using specific meters and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Examined parameters included; color, taste, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity, as well as concentrations of phosphate, fluoride, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate ions. The results were compared with the maximum contamination levels (MCLs) by the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality to determine the suitability of the sampled water for drinking purposes. The study findings showed that the sampled water exceeded permissible limits for several physico-chemical parameters, including low pH (6.36), high electrical conductivity (2380 μS/cm), turbidity (16.30 NTU), and elevated concentrations of phosphate (0.12 mg/L), ammonia (0.86 mg/L), and fluoride (122.8 mg/L), indicating potential contamination originating from natural and anthropogenic sources. The study recommends further investigation and appropriate water treatment interventions to ensure public safety. While some other parameters were within the permissible levels e.g., temperature (28.3°C), dissolved oxygen (4.2 mg/L), and nitrates (0.57 mg/L), the overall water quality was deemed unsuitable for drinking without undergoing treatment. These parameters might be influenced by the geological makeup of the region and seasonality. This study thus recommends further investigation and appropriate water treatment interventions to ensure human health safety.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/a831a719abd2f50e341e030d6bc103b0/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147885342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Streaming Text-to-Video Editing with a Diffusion Transformer","authors":"Zechen Chu, Ruotong Liao","doi":"10.20944/preprints202602.0223.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0223.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The current paradigm of Text-to-Video (T2V) generation struggles with real-time, interactive applications due to models designed for offline, fixed-length video synthesis. This limitation creates challenges in maintaining long-term temporal consistency and achieving low latency for interactive content creation. We introduce StreamEdit-DiT, a novel framework for real-time streaming text-to-video editing. Our approach extensively modifies the Diffusion Transformer (DiT) architecture, incorporating a Multi-Scale Adaptive DiT enhanced with a Progressive Temporal Consistency Module (PTCM) and Dynamic Sparse Attention (DSA) to optimize coherence and computational efficiency. A comprehensive training methodology features Streaming Coherence Matching (SCM) and an Adaptive Sliding Window (ASW) buffer, complemented by a Hierarchical Progressive Distillation strategy for efficient inference. Evaluated on a custom benchmark, StreamEdit-DiT significantly outperforms existing streaming and consistency methods, demonstrating superior prompt adherence, edit fidelity, and overall quality. Crucially, our distilled model achieves high resolution, real-time frame rates, and very low latency on a single H100 GPU, validating its practical applicability for interactive video editing.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/5ee412be1a0c9915d95dafbf6d9b7168/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147885547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatotoxicity Assessment of Anshenbunao Syrup by Multiple Components Quantification in Vivo in Vitro and Cell Biological Evaluation","authors":"Lan Chen, Zhizhen Wei, Rui Cheng, Pengwei Hu, Shixiao Wang, Wei Wu, Adouani Imene, Yuan Zhang, Kunming Tao, Taijun Hang","doi":"10.20944/preprints202602.0099.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.0099.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Objectives: Anshenbunao Syrup (ABS) enjoys robust demand in the Chinese health application owing to its steady therapeutic efficacy for insomnia and neurasthenia. However, it contains a substantial proportion of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP), which is associated with reported cases of drug–induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we aim to establish an integrated approach combining PK screening with a dual-model toxicity verification system to systematically identify liver injury components (from high to low concentrations, and from direct to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity) for the accurate uncovering of diverse potential hepatotoxicity markers. Methods: A sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was used to accurately quantify the components in plasma at ng/mL level and conduct pharmacokinetic analysis. Rat models were used to evaluate exposure levels of the eight active constituents and three major metabolites after a single oral gavage dose of 10 mL/kg ABS and identify the quality markers. The early-stage and high-throughput assessment of direct and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity was conducted in vitro utilizing HepG2 cells. After administration of the quality markers (0.01-80 μM), CCK-8 was used to detect cell viability on both normal and susceptible cells, the latter was induced by lipopolysaccharide. Results: As a result, seven quality markers were screened based on their contents and exposure levels in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS, including emodin (EM), liquiritin (LI), 2,3,5,4′–Tetrahydroxystilbene–2–O–β–D–glucoside (TSG), icariin, emodin–8–O–β–D–glucoside, baohuoside I (BA) and 18β–glycyrrhetinic acid (GTA). Moreover, the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of both normal cells and the lipopolysaccharide–induced immune stress liver injury cells were fitted within the concentration range of 0.01–80 μM, based on which, EM, BA, and GTA were identified as the principal hepatotoxic constituents in ABS at elevated concentrations. This study is the first to demonstrate the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of TSG, EM, LI, and GTA in normal hepatocytes at low concentrations, whereas EM was also the direct hepatotoxic components. Given that TSG is one of the major ingredients in ABS, the underappreciated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity could elevate the risk of adverse clinical outcomes. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study identifies effectively hepatotoxic constituents in ABS, and evaluates their hazards under the immune stress condition and the toxicity profiles in clinical concentrations, which also provides a robust foundation for the awareness of the PMRP–induced DILI of ABS.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/a00889e1ffbdbe8a03191a9cbaee0ecd/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial Oxidation-Engineered Dendritic α-Fe2O3@Fe Photoanode: Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance and Pt-Modified Stability","authors":"Yingxing Yang, Yihan Zheng, Mengyao Zhao, Xiaomei Yu, Songjie Li, Jinyou Zheng","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1853.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1853.v1","url":null,"abstract":"As a renewable energy source, solar energy holds significant potential for addressing future energy and environmental challenges. Concurrently, hydrogen (H2), as a clean and renewable energy carrier, has garnered substantial attention. Photoelectrocatalytic water splitting to produce H2 represents an emerging green technology for converting solar energy into hydrogen energy, which has been highly valued by researchers. The key to advancing this technology lies in identifying photoelectrode materials with high catalytic activity and stability. In this study, dendritic α-Fe was synthesized via electrodeposition, and the photoelectrocatalytic performance of α-Fe2O3@Fe was enhanced through partial oxidation. This approach effectively addressed the issue of the short carrier transport distance in α-Fe2O3. Specifically, dendritic α-Fe2O3 was partially oxidized after annealing at 300°C for 6 h. The resulting partially oxidized α-Fe2O3@Fe exhibited a photocurrent that was 2.23 times higher than that of the fully oxidized counterpart. The influence of deposition potential on the photoelectrocatalytic performance was systematically explored, and an optimal deposition potential was identified. Additionally, surface modification with Pt was employed to further improve the photocatalytic performance of α-Fe2O3. After continuous operation for 2 h, the photocurrent of the surface-modified sample decreased by only 6.5%, indicating a substantial enhancement in stability.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/e1be76a3f7f3bc512bb53fbebb2b2c9a/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147885835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Transcriptome Response of Melon to Salt and Alkali Stress","authors":"Wang Ting, Zhang Yan, Wang Liqin, Nuerkaimaier Mulati, Shu Yifei, Wang Huiqin","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1697.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1697.v1","url":null,"abstract":"To decipher the molecular response mechanism of melon to saline-alkali stress, seedlings of the melon cultivar ‘Xikaixin’ were treated with 50 mmol·L⁻¹ mixed solutions of NaCl and NaHCO₃ at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 to simulate saline-alkali stress. Transcriptome sequencing of roots yielded 78.98 Gb of clean data (≥6.02 Gb per sample) with Q30 ≥96.61% and genome alignment rates of 97.00%-98.02%, identifying 588, 686, and 1107 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 groups, respectively. DEGs were significantly enriched in 50 pathways categorized into 5 major classes, with the plant hormone signal transduction pathway showing the highest enrichment across all treatments. A key original finding is the distinct balance shift between auxin and ABA: two auxin-related genes (auxin-induced protein gene MELO3C013403 and auxin response factor gene MELO3C004381) were specifically upregulated (≥2-fold vs. control) in the high-salt 2:1 group, while ABA-related genes were upregulated and auxin/jasmonic acid/gibberellin-related genes were downregulated in the 1:2 group, indicating a cultivar-specific hormone balance modulation in ‘Xikaixin’ under saline-alkali stress. In contrast, photosynthesis-antenna protein genes (e.g., MELO3C021567) were significantly downregulated (to 32% of the control) under the 2:1 treatment. RT-PCR validation confirmed the consistency of these candidate genes’ expression with transcriptomic data. Therefore, melon may respond to saline-alkali stress by regulating the plant hormone signal transduction (especially Auxin-ABA balance), photosynthesis, and carbon metabolism pathways. This study provides novel candidate genes and a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of saline-alkali-tolerant melon cultivars, with the unique Auxin-ABA balance modulation as a key original contribution.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/bfe596c075edb9ea0d143ac88eeb7631/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147904525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LNC297 Enhances the Differentiation of BMSCs and Mitigates BHBA-Induced Inhibition Through the Novel-miR-145/GAS7 Axis","authors":"Tao Tang, Jing Zhou, Jiahao Shao, Meigui Wang, Siqi Xia, Shuai Chen, Wenqiang Sun, Xianbo Jia, Jie Wang, Lai S","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1721.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1721.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The skeletal muscle tissue of dairy cows plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and is the site of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) metabolism. However, the regulatory mechanism of BHBA in muscle differentiation remains unclear. This study used bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BMSCs) to investigate the effects of BHBA on the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and to explore the regulatory roles of LNC297, novel-miR-145, and GAS7 in this process. The results of dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and miRNA pull-down experiments verified the targeting relationship between LNC297, novel-miR-145, and GAS7. BHBA inhibits the differentiation of BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Both LNC297 and GAS7 promote the differentiation of BMSCs and attenuate the inhibitory effect of BHBA. In contrast, novel-miR-145 inhibits BMSCs differentiation and enhances the inhibitory effect of BHBA. Mechanistically, LNC297 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) or molecular sponge for novel-miR-145, thereby upregulating GAS7 expression and promoting its differentiation function. Impaired muscle development in ketosis dairy cows is associated with the accumulation of high concentrations of BHBA in muscle tissue. LNC297 may promote muscle differentiation through the novel-miR-145/GAS7 axis, thereby alleviating muscle damage in ketosis cows. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of muscle development disorders in ketosis dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/18978f9d687ecfd1f5fbda86c530d8d6/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147895920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encryption Using Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Epoxy Film with Regionally Tailored Cross-Linking","authors":"Yingying Yi, Wenqian Yang, Yi Li, Wei Liu, Yonggang Yang","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1480.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1480.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Vividly colored cholesteric liquid crystal polymer network (CLCN) patterns based on epoxy resin are used in decorative and anti-counterfeiting applications. These films are typically prepared via cationic photopolymerization and post-polymerization to achieve a high cross-linking degree. In this work, the cross-linking degree is controlled by varying the UV irradiation dosage during photopolymerization. Following this, the reflection band of the CLCN film changes after removing non-cross-linked compounds with acetone. Leveraging the low cationic polymerization rate and the chain termination capability of methanol, a structurally colored CLCN film with regionally tailored cross-linking was fabricated. With the treatment of acetone, a colorful pattern was observed. Moreover, upon immersion in methanol, the film swells, revealing a colorful pattern. After the evaporation of methanol, the pattern disappeared. Consequently, this CLCN film holds significant potential for information encryption applications.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/51d1a1468fa8c953e7938807ae9e080c/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147894681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capsaicin Improves Lipid Metabolism Disorders Caused by Immune Stress in Weaned Piglets Induced by LPS","authors":"Jianlei Zhao, Wenyi Liu, Xin Zhang, Zechen Xie, Shuhan Liu, Wenjun Zhou, Lili Zhang","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1162.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1162.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Capsaicin (CAP), as an alkaloid in Capsicum plants, has been widely studied for its promotion of metabolism and anti-inflammatory effects. In weaned piglets, LPS-induced immune stress can lead to impaired intestinal barrier function, lipid metabolism disorders and increased inflammatory response. In this study, by adding 800 mg / kg CAP intervention, which was found that could significantly reduce serum triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and liver lipid accumulation, and activate PPARα-PGC1α-CPT1α pathway to promote fatty acid oxidation. In addition, CAP achieves beneficial regulation of blood lipid profiles (TC, TG, LDL-C) by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis precursors (such as MVA), reducing pro-inflammatory phospholipids (such as PA-PC), and regulating bile acid metabolism, and breaks the ' lipid metabolism-inflammation ' interaction cycle. CAP also promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and bile acid metabolism by activating TRPV1 channel to alleviate lipid accumulation. Studies have shown that CAP has potential application value in improving lipid metabolism, intestinal health and immune function of weaned piglets. However, its long-term safety and effects at different doses need to be further verified.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147910664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mazdutide Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","authors":"Liangyu Gan, Lengxin Duan, Xueyi Zheng","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1103.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1103.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally. Mazdutide has shown clinical benefits in weight management and metabolic regulation, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent for NAFLD. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of action of Mazdutide against early-stage NAFLD. Methods: A NAFLD mouse model was induced by a 12-week high-fat diet, followed by a 4-week treatment with subcutaneous Mazdutide (100, 200, or 400 μg/kg). In vitro, a cellular NAFLD model was established by treating hepatocytes with 1 mM free fatty acids for 24 h, followed by co-treatment with Mazdutide (10, 20, or 50 nM) or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). Serum and hepatic lipid profiles, liver injury markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified. Liver histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. Protein expression related to ER stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: Mazdutide treatment significantly ameliorated systemic and hepatic lipid metabolism disorders, reduced liver injury markers and hepatic steatosis, and mitigated inflammation and oxidative stress in NAFLD mice and hepatocytes. Mechanistically, Mazdutide alleviated ER stress by modulating the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway, suppressed the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, and downregulated key lipogenic regulators, including SREBP-1, C/EBPβ, and PPARγ. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Mazdutide alleviates hepatic ER stress in NAFLD, leading to suppressed inflammatory responses and improved lipid metabolism, which ultimately attenuates disease progression.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/171c2c472d54352a7d451bf9714e98de/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147893656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Borsuk–Ulam Argument for Representational Alignment","authors":"Arturo Tozzi","doi":"10.20944/preprints202601.1018.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202601.1018.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Representational alignment, defined as correspondence between distinct representations of the same underlying structure, is usually evaluated using coordinate-level similarity in high-dimensional spaces, together with correlation-based measures, subspace alignment techniques, probing performance and mutual predictability. However, these approaches do not specify a baseline for the level of agreement induced solely by dimensional compression, shared statistical structure or symmetry. We develop a methodological framework for assessing representational alignment using the Borsuk-Ulam theorem as a formal constraint. Representations are modeled as continuous maps from a state space endowed with a minimal symmetry into lower-dimensional descriptive spaces. In this setting, the Borsuk-Ulam theorem provides a lower bound on the identification of symmetry-paired states that must arise under dimensional compression. Building on this bound, we define representational alignment in terms of shared induced equivalence relations rather than coordinate-level similarity. Alignment is quantified by testing whether distinct models collapse the same symmetry-related states beyond what is guaranteed by topological necessity alone. The resulting metrics are architecture-independent, symmetry-explicit and compatible with probe-based comparisons, enabling controlled null models and scale-dependent analyses. Our framework supports testable hypotheses concerning how alignment varies with representation dimension, compression strength and symmetry structure, and applies to both synthetic and learned representations without requiring access to internal model parameters. By grounding alignment assessment in a well-defined topological constraint, this approach enables principled comparison of representations while remaining neutral with respect to the semantic or ontological interpretation of learned features.","PeriodicalId":521283,"journal":{"name":"Preprints.org","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/6ab5575b4270c47e0b8d4c8414c16d97/download_pub","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147894364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}