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Incorporating privacy considerations into EU data-driven merger review 将隐私考虑纳入欧盟数据驱动的合并审查
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-30 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2242699
C. Hutchinson
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引用次数: 0
The cost coordination theory of harm and the EU trucks case 损害的成本协调理论与欧盟卡车案
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2234221
Timo Klein, Bertram Neurohr
{"title":"The cost coordination theory of harm and the EU trucks case","authors":"Timo Klein, Bertram Neurohr","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2234221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2234221","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and critically assesses the “cost coordination” theory of harm developed in a recent eponymous article, Harrington (2022), and its application to the EU trucks case. We conclude that, while the cost coordination theory is a valuable and interesting contribution to the academic literature, it assumes a number of market features that may not be present in the EU trucks case—in particular that list price coordination is persistent rather than occasional, that transaction prices are sufficiently transparent to implement an effective monitoring and retaliation mechanism, and that list price changes are interpreted by local price setters as reflecting changes in cost rather than changes in other variables. We also note that, compared with standard price coordination, cost coordination generally tends to be both harder to sustain and less effective at raising prices if it is sustained.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135708517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Causation and counterfactual analysis in abuse of dominance cases – lessons from the General Court’s Qualcomm ruling 滥用支配地位案件的因果关系和反事实分析——来自普通法院对高通裁决的教训
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2219440
Elias Deutscher
{"title":"Causation and counterfactual analysis in abuse of dominance cases – lessons from the General Court’s Qualcomm ruling","authors":"Elias Deutscher","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2219440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2219440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Counterfactual analysis, which compares the competitive situation prevailing with and without the allegedly abusive behaviour, is nowadays regarded the lynchpin of an effects-based approach to the analysis of dominant firm conduct under Article 102 TFEU. This article draws on the recent Qualcomm ruling by the General Court of the European Union to critically reflect on the use and requirement of counterfactual analysis in abuse of dominance cases. It argues that Qualcomm offers two lessons on the role of the counterfactual analysis in modern competition law. First, it shows that counterfactual analysis is vulnerable to under-inclusiveness and type II errors when it ignores the problem of concurrent causes of foreclosure effects, disregards standard economic analysis of exclusivity rebates, and remains oblivious to dynamic competition. Second, Qualcomm sheds light on the intricate relationship between the counterfactual analysis and the requisite standard of harm for finding anticompetitive effects under Article 102 TFEU. In limiting the relevant counterfactual scenarios to a very narrow set of actual or nearby likely worlds, Qualcomm is but the last indication of a much more profound transformation of Article 102 TFEU: the transition from a capability to a balance of probabilities or beyond reasonable doubt standard of harm.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"481 - 521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45749382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic analysis of proposed regulations of cloud services in Europe 欧洲云服务拟议法规的经济分析
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2228668
Joshua S. Gans, Mikaël Hervé, Muath Masri
{"title":"Economic analysis of proposed regulations of cloud services in Europe","authors":"Joshua S. Gans, Mikaël Hervé, Muath Masri","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2228668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2228668","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cloud computing services (“cloud services”) have attracted the scrutiny of antitrust authorities around the world. Relying in part on data from AWS, we assess the economic impact of measures within the European Commission’s proposed Data Act (with parallels in France, the UK and elsewhere): namely, requiring cloud services providers to phase out data transfer-out fees, offer functionally equivalent services and publish open interfaces to facilitate switching and multi-clouding. The paper comes to three main conclusions. First, there is no clear evidence of market failure in cloud services. Second, a ban on data transfer-out fees will likely lead to unintended consequences, mainly price increases due to excessive levels of data transfer-out when customers do not internalize the costly nature of data transfers. We show how this could materialize using AWS data. Third, requirements to standardize cloud services carry a serious risk of dampening cloud services providers’ incentives to innovate.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"522 - 568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47443117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chicago, Harvard, Freiburg, or considerations for Single Market integration? Analysis of theoretical and ideational insights underpinning the European Commission’s merger control with exponential random graph models 芝加哥、哈佛、弗赖堡，还是单一市场整合的考虑因素？用指数随机图模型分析支撑欧盟委员会合并控制的理论和概念见解
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2200327
Dzmitry Bartalevich
{"title":"Chicago, Harvard, Freiburg, or considerations for Single Market integration? Analysis of theoretical and ideational insights underpinning the European Commission’s merger control with exponential random graph models","authors":"Dzmitry Bartalevich","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2200327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2200327","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The European Commission has central authority over the European Union’s merger control. It is therefore responsible for making important merger decisions that are bound to affect vast markets and EU and non-EU market players, with significant implications for wider economic, political, and societal segments. These decisions are often informed by theoretical and ideational insights from various schools of competition analysis and economic theories, or they are guided by non-economic objectives. This article analyzes merger cases cleared under the current European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR) in an attempt to reveal whether the following insights underpin the Commission’s merger control: the Chicago School, Harvard School, Freiburg School, and considerations for Single Market integration. The analysis is conducted by employing an exponential random graph model (ERGM) approach.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"307 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48227240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The future of anticompetitive self-preferencing: analysis of hypernudging by voice assistants under article 102 TFEU 反竞争自我偏好的未来——《TFEU》第102条下语音助手的超推行为分析
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-23 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2200623
Viktorija Morozovaite
{"title":"The future of anticompetitive self-preferencing: analysis of hypernudging by voice assistants under article 102 TFEU","authors":"Viktorija Morozovaite","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2200623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2200623","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With the nascent rise of the voice intelligence industry, consumer engagement is evolving. The expected shift from navigating digital environments by a “click” of a mouse or a “touch” of a screen to “voice commands” has set digital platforms for a race to become leaders in voice-based services. The Commission's inquiry into the consumer IoT sector revealed that the development of the market for general-purpose voice assistants is spearheaded by a handful of big technology companies, highlighting the concerns over the contestability and growing concentration in these markets. This contribution posits that voice assistants are uniquely positioned to engage in dynamically personalized steering – hypernudging – of consumers toward market outcomes. It examines hypernudging by voice assistants through the lens of abuse of dominance prohibition enshrined in article 102 TFEU, showcasing that advanced user influencing, such as hypernudging, could become a vehicle for engaging in a more subtle anticompetitive self-preferencing.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"410 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45423164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Auto cartels and the challenges they pose in private enforcement: scania cartel case 汽车卡特尔及其在私人执法中带来的挑战：斯堪尼亚卡特尔案
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-23 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2200303
Aydin Mehdi Khani Saatlou, R. Tajarlou
{"title":"Auto cartels and the challenges they pose in private enforcement: scania cartel case","authors":"Aydin Mehdi Khani Saatlou, R. Tajarlou","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2200303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2200303","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 So far, there have been several studies conducted on the subject of automotive cartels, and the majority of the studies you see focus exclusively on cartels. Collusion in the automotive industry was relatively uncommon in the past. However, due to the increasing level of competition in this industry, auto manufacturers are increasingly colluding in a number of areas to survive. The Scania cartel case provided us with a clearer understanding of the phenomenon of automotive cartels, as well as how EU competition law is applied to cartel member's violations and how the European Commission approaches complex infringements. Due to this case, it becomes apparent that there are many legal loopholes within the private enforcement sector, and that victims also face a number of challenges when seeking damages from auto manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"285 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43747730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of state aid on economic growth: fresh evidence from a panel of 27 EU countries 国家援助对经济增长的影响：来自27个欧盟国家的最新证据
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-20 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2200615
Nikoletta Poulou, M. Polemis, Aikaterina Oikonomou
{"title":"The impact of state aid on economic growth: fresh evidence from a panel of 27 EU countries","authors":"Nikoletta Poulou, M. Polemis, Aikaterina Oikonomou","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2200615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2200615","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, we examine how State aid policy in the European Union (EU) affects the level of economic growth. By applying several panel data econometric techniques, to a sample of 27 EU countries over the period 2007–2019, we investigate how state support and government interventions affect the level of economic growth in the EU member states. Based on the empirical findings, we document a positive impact of state aid programmes on fostering economic growth leaving significant room for the implementation of a new pan-European industrial policy. Lastly, we provide policy implications to government officials and policymakers on the effectiveness of the State Aid Modernization programme and the future of State aid control in the aftermath of the pandemic crisis.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"359 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Addressing data access problems in the emerging digital agriculture sector: potential of the refusal to deal case law to complement ex-ante regulation 解决新兴数字农业部门的数据访问问题：拒绝处理判例法以补充事前监管的潜力
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2200618
Can Atik
{"title":"Addressing data access problems in the emerging digital agriculture sector: potential of the refusal to deal case law to complement ex-ante regulation","authors":"Can Atik","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2200618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2200618","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tailored data-driven “Digital Agriculture” solutions bring about many benefits. However, there are also challenges related to complicated data access needs in the farm-to-fork chain. Farm-specific data are mostly locked in by the first-mover companies. This prevents farmers from switching to a better or cheaper alternative. This also hinders agricultural data-driven innovation due to unanswered access seekers. Moreover, already powerful players build exclusive data exchange clusters that further exclude small rivals and other access seekers. Also, upstream input producers have exclusive control over their products’ performance data, which generates critical advantages for their downstream data-driven services. These conditions endanger the digital agriculture sector and bring about the risk of reflection of the oligopolistic upstream players in this new sector. This paper explores the adequacy of EU competition law enforcement to address the ag-data access-related concerns – hoping to contribute to the sectoral literature that is currently dominated by regulation-centred discussions.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"380 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44393448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Methods of relevant product market delineation in antitrust cases: a critical survey 反垄断案件中相关产品市场划分方法综述
European Competition Journal Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2023.2195329
Aikaterina Oikonomou
{"title":"Methods of relevant product market delineation in antitrust cases: a critical survey","authors":"Aikaterina Oikonomou","doi":"10.1080/17441056.2023.2195329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2023.2195329","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to properly identify the relevant product markets in the Greek milk sector. For this reason, we rely on several quantitative techniques to draw robust findings regarding relevant product market delineation. The empirical analysis reveals that there is a single relevant product market for milk in the Greek territory. This means that the market participants can easily create their own distribution network (non-blocking industry). The findings of this study support that the market segments in the Greek milk sector are highly fragmented and there are several competitors in the industry. Moreover, competition intensity in the Greek milk sector between brands guarantees that effective competition cannot be hindered by possible anti-competitive behaviour of the market participants.","PeriodicalId":52118,"journal":{"name":"European Competition Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"246 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45162536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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