Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)最新文献

{"title":"Should psychiatrists be more cautious about the use of antipsychotics for patients with borderline personality disorder?","authors":"Rodolfo Furlan Damiano, Jair C Soares","doi":"10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2574","url":null,"abstract":"Five ago, Murray 1 published an asking whether ‘‘psychiatrists should be more cautious about the long-term prophylactic use of antipsychotics.’’ They brought up five important issues about the long-term use of antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: a) the effects of antipsychotics on physical health; b) the effects of antipsychotics on brain structure; c) the efficacy of long-term antipsychotic use; d) antipsychotic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and e) treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, they did not discuss the potential harm in other psychiatric diseases, such as in borderline personality disorder (BPD). In fact, no study has ever discussed the potential harm and iatrogenic potential of long-term antipsychotic use in BPD patients.","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"467-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/be/2d/bjp-44-05-467.PMC9561842.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40151095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abuse of tropicamide eye drops: review of clinical data.","authors":"Val Bellman,&nbsp;Anastasia Ukolova,&nbsp;Elena Erovichenkova,&nbsp;Sarah Lam,&nbsp;Hirsch K Srivastava,&nbsp;Jared Bruce,&nbsp;Douglass M Burgess","doi":"10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past 15 years, the increasing nonmedical use of tropicamide ophthalmic drops has been reported in Europe, coinciding with an increase in opioid addiction and drug-related mortality. Although tropicamide is generally known as a cheap alternative to heroin in Eastern Europe, it still appears to be a relatively new phenomenon that has arisen over the last decade. A narrative review was conducted of all the relevant sources published in more than five countries between January 1, 1975 and January 10, 2021. For bibliographic accuracy, the materials published in Russian and Italian were professionally translated to English. During the preparation of this report, we were able to interview five Russian-speaking patients who injected tropicamide in the past and we discuss another case of intravenous tropicamide use. This review was acknowledged by the institutional review board of the University of Missouri-Kansas City. All patients interviewed at the Unica Medical Center consented for their clinical information to be reported in a medical publication. We analyzed data from 50+ various sources and covered a variety of drug-related issues, including information on the extent, patterns, and trends in tropicamide use, its health consequences, and other clinical findings. The information provided in this article may help providers better detect tropicamide abuse and incorporate new rehabilitation strategies into the management of these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"522-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2b/ce/bjp-44-05-522.PMC9561840.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40333890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in progression to crack-cocaine use and the role of sexual and physical violence.","authors":"Fernando Pezzini Rebelatto,&nbsp;Felipe Ornell,&nbsp;Vinícius Serafini Roglio,&nbsp;Breno Sanvicente-Vieira,&nbsp;Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira,&nbsp;Flavio Pechansky,&nbsp;Felix Henrique Paim Kessler,&nbsp;Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch,&nbsp;Lisia von Diemen","doi":"10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate whether progression from first drug use to crack-cocaine use differs according to gender, and whether the report of sexual or physical violence impacts the time of progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We interviewed 896 crack-cocaine users (548 men; 348 women) from addiction treatment units. Cox regression models evaluated the time of progression from first drug use to crack use. We analyzed gender differences according to the absence or presence of sexual or physical violence, also considering whether violence, when present, had occurred before or after the onset of crack use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women presented a faster progression to crack use regardless of exposure to sexual or physical violence (p < 0.05). Compared to unexposed men, there was a similar progression for men exposed to sexual or physical violence before the first use of crack (p = 0.167 and p = 0.393, respectively). In both genders, we observed a faster progression among individuals exposed to these types of violence after the onset of crack use (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found a faster progression to crack use among women and among individuals exposed to sexual and physical violence after the onset of crack use. These results encourage differentiated treatment strategies, focused on gender and individual characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"478-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ea/a8/bjp-44-05-478.PMC9561837.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40505207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first department of medical psychology in the world and its impact on medical education.","authors":"José A S Crippa,&nbsp;Jaime E C Hallak","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2155","url":null,"abstract":"According to the international literature, the first Department of Medical Psychology was created by the University of Oregon Medical School in 1957. The historic relevance of this event – a landmark in the valorization of humanism and multidisciplinarity in medical education – has been celebrated through articles, American Psychological Association conferences, and book chapters, as well as a meritorious distinction on the University of Oregon homepage. However, the recent publication of Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo: Primeiras Décadas (Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo: Early Decades), organized by professors from this institution, documents a fact that went mostly overlooked until now. In 1956, that is, 1 year before the University of Oregon, the Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP-USP) was actually the first to create a Department of Medical Psychology. The department was conceptualized by Dr. Zeferino Vaz (1908-1981), the founder and director of the medical school, who went on to create both the Universidade de Campinas and the Universidade de Brası́lia). This is just one of the pioneering disciplines that the institution has created since its foundation, helping transform medical education in Brazil and abroad. Recently recovered letters archived at FMRP-USP show that Zeferino Vaz sought the participation of the most prominent psychoanalysts of the time, including Hanna Segal (1918-2011), British psychoanalyst and follower of Melanie Klein, and Emilio Servadio (19041995), one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis in Italy. In those early times, Dr. Vaz highlighted the broad importance of mental health in medical training, stating that: ‘‘Human psychology is forgotten in our universities, when no one in a civilized country denies the deep relevance of psychic factors in the behavior of man and society, as well as in the development of the most severe diseases that affect man in modern days’’ (in Portuguese, ‘‘A psicologia humana é esquecida nas nossas universidades, quando ninguém, em paı́s civilizado, nega mais o profundo significado dos fatores psı́quicos no comportamento do homem e da sociedade, assim como no desenvolvimento das mais sérias doenças que afetam o homem na era moderna’’). Thus, Vaz anticipated the future by envisioning the importance of psychotherapy techniques, behavioral and cognitive modification, family and interpersonal therapy, etc., in the management of chronic illnesses, in the reduction of physical and emotional symptoms, and in the management of emotional aspects of different general and psychiatric conditions. This contributed to the training of better, modern doctors, in line with the expectations of contemporary society, leading to a holistic view of patients. This has perhaps been even more important during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in which environmental, social, psychological, and biological factors have led to new challenge","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"223-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/21/bjp-44-03-223.PMC9169483.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39587219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependence on hypnotics: a comparative study between chronic users of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.","authors":"Daniela F Curado,&nbsp;Viviam V de Barros,&nbsp;Ana R Noto,&nbsp;Emérita S Opaleye","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate dependence among chronic benzodiazepine and Z-drug users in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Chronic users of benzodiazepines (n=94), Z-drugs (n=74), or both (n=11) were recruited from the community, underwent a psychiatric evaluation and completed self-report instruments on hypnotic dependence, insomnia, anxiety, and depression. Users of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs were compared using t-tests, and logistic regression models were employed to explore significant predictors of a dependence diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference in the prevalence of dependence among benzodiazepine (77.2%) and Z-drug (69.4%) users. Benzodiazepine users reported increased psychosocial aspects of dependence, anxiety, and depression. Preoccupation with the availability of medication (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.39 [1.15-5.20]) and insomnia (PR = 1.10 [1.02-1.19]) were associated with a diagnosis of dependence (n=175).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of dependence was similar among both drug classes. The increased self-reported dependence, anxiety, and depression among benzodiazepine users may be due to behavioral rather than pharmacological aspects of medication use. Behaviors related to hypnotic use were important predictors of dependence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"248-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/8f/bjp-44-03-248.PMC9169466.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39236972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philosophy and psychiatry: problems of clinicians and problems of life.","authors":"Dan J Stein","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatry raises key philosophical questions. Psychiatric classification systems raise ontological questions about diagnostic thresholds (have we have optimally divided conditions from health, and from one another?) and validity (do our particular diagnostic criteria optimally reflect the phenomenology of psychopathology, and its underlying causal mechanisms?). Psychiatric case formulations raise epistemological questions about the strength of studies of causal mechanisms in psychiatric disorders, and about how best to integrate work on biological, psychological, and societal mechanisms. Psychiatric treatments raise ethical questions about when such interventions should be provided, and about whether some treatment modalities are more appropriate; while such decisions rely on the evidence base, they also require engagement with patients’ values.","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"227-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a7/22/bjp-44-03-227.PMC9169474.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39535765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problems of living meaningfully in psychiatry and philosophy.","authors":"Thaddeus Metz","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Dan J. Stein’s editorial on philosophy and psychiatry notes his recent publication titled Problems of Living. This a Big Book. I do not particularly mean in terms of length, for the book runs to about 300 pages. I have three other things in mind. One is that Stein’s book addresses some of the most important and difficult questions about the nature of human life and how to live it, among which are: What can we know about human nature and our environment? What is a mind? What is suffering? What is the difference between right and wrong? What makes a life meaningful? A second is that the book answers these kinds of questions from a bird’s eye view, in the first instance considering theoretical answers to them and in the fields of both philosophy and psychiatry (while also addressing some specific, concrete matters). As Stein plausibly suggests in his editorial, combining insights from these two fields is likely not only to enrich our scholarly understanding of psychiatry, but also to help psychiatrists and their patients grapple with practical quandaries. A third is that in discussing theories of the human condition, the book invokes an amazingly wide array of literature, to the point of citing nearly 2,000 works. (Many are in footnotes, which one need not read to grasp the major points.) To obtain focus, in the rest of this critical notice I explore Stein’s discussion of life’s meaning, particularly as it pertains to philosophy, one of this reader’s areas of expertise. Stein describes his approach to meaning in life as ‘‘integrative,’’ like his approach to all the other major questions he addresses. An integrative position is one that is in between two extremes, taking kernels of truth from each and combining them in a plausible way. In the context of life’s meaning, one integrative approach is to advance a hybrid account of what confers meaning on life, in contrast to a subjective or objective account. A subjective view is that meaning consists of whatever an individual is attracted to, whereas an objective view is that there is a proper way to live, regardless of the individual’s subjective orientation. A hybrid view is that meaningfulness consists of living in the objectively proper way, while also being subjectively attracted to doing so. For another example of an integrative approach to life’s meaning, Stein advances pluralism in contrast to both monism and relativism. A monist view is that there is a single kind of life that is meaningful (or at least most meaningful, on which consider Aristotle’s prizing of philosophy), whereas relativism is the view that any kind of life is meaningful, so long as it is believed to be. A pluralist view is that there are many kinds of life that are meaningful and that cannot be reduced to a single property. Here is a third illustration of integration. On the one hand, there is the view that we can in principle quantify how much meaning would come from a given action compared to others, say, by adding up the f","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"229-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/a8/bjp-44-03-229.PMC9169485.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39535767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation and validation of the Mood Rhythm Instrument for use in Brazilian adolescents.","authors":"Ana Paula Francisco,&nbsp;Ana Maria Delgado Cunha,&nbsp;Andre Comiran Tonon,&nbsp;Marina Scop,&nbsp;Salina Mathur,&nbsp;Luisa Caropreso,&nbsp;Benicio Noronha Frey,&nbsp;Maria Paz Hidalgo","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adapt and validate the Mood Rhythm Instrument (MRhI), a self-reported questionnaire that assesses self-perceived rhythmicity of mood-related symptoms in adults, into a version that assesses and evaluates perceived mood-related symptoms in adolescents (MRhI-Y).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the MRhI for an adolescent population followed three steps: review by consultants, analysis by experts, and pilot testing through a visual analogue scale (VAS). The final questionnaire (MRhI-Y) was applied to 171 adolescents aged 12-17 years. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. The psychometric properties of the MRhI-Y were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MRhI-Y was designed to use wording more appropriate for adolescents than that of the MRhI. Expert agreement about item quality ranged between 82 and 100%. Adolescents' VAS ratings indicated good comprehension of the items. Cronbach's alpha and McDonalds' omega coefficients were 0.71 and 0.74. The EFA resulted in a three-factor solution (affective, cognitive, and somatic). Younger adolescents (ages 12 to 13) reported lower rhythmicity scores than older groups (ages 14 to 15 and 16 to 17), even controlling for chronotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Brazilian Portuguese version of the MRhI-Y presented adequate comprehension by adolescents and good internal consistency. The MRhI-Y is a promising tool to improve our understanding of the underlying characteristics of mood fluctuation in adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"264-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ee/87/bjp-44-03-264.PMC9169486.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39738004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review on invasive brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.","authors":"Manoj P Dandekar,&nbsp;Alexandre P Diaz,&nbsp;Ziaur Rahman,&nbsp;Ritele H Silva,&nbsp;Ziad Nahas,&nbsp;Scott Aaronson,&nbsp;Sudhakar Selvaraj,&nbsp;Albert J Fenoy,&nbsp;Marsal Sanches,&nbsp;Jair C Soares,&nbsp;Patricio Riva-Posse,&nbsp;Joao Quevedo","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-1874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-1874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While most patients with depression respond to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, about one-third will present treatment resistance to these interventions. For patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), invasive neurostimulation therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and epidural cortical stimulation may be considered. We performed a narrative review of the published literature to identify papers discussing clinical studies with invasive neurostimulation therapies for TRD. After a database search and title and abstract screening, relevant English-language articles were analyzed. Vagus nerve stimulation, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a TRD treatment, may take several months to show therapeutic benefits, and the average response rate varies from 15.2-83%. Deep brain stimulation studies have shown encouraging results, including rapid response rates (> 30%), despite conflicting findings from randomized controlled trials. Several brain regions, such as the subcallosal-cingulate gyrus, nucleus accumbens, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, anterior limb of the internal capsule, medial-forebrain bundle, lateral habenula, inferior-thalamic peduncle, and the bed-nucleus of the stria terminalis have been identified as key targets for TRD management. Epidural cortical stimulation, an invasive intervention with few reported cases, showed positive results (40-60% response), although more extensive trials are needed to confirm its potential in patients with TRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"317-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/16/1a/bjp-44-03-317.PMC9169472.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39373632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain.","authors":"Josef Finsterer,&nbsp;Fulvio Alexandre Scorza,&nbsp;Carla Alessandra Scorza,&nbsp;Ana Claudia Fiorini","doi":"10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2268","url":null,"abstract":"brainstem","PeriodicalId":520767,"journal":{"name":"Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)","volume":" ","pages":"242-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a0/c2/bjp-44-03-242.PMC9169479.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39738005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}