ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties最新文献

{"title":"Isolated Fractures of the Nose Are Associated with Olfactory Impairment.","authors":"Tanja Krueger, Jana Bauer-Armbruster, Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1159/orl/aegag004","DOIUrl":"10.1159/orl/aegag004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Many studies investigated olfactory function following head trauma, but surprisingly few studies looked at smell loss following fractures of the nose. The aim of this study was to examine whether isolated fractures of the nose are associated with olfactory dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 97 participants (49 patients in the fracture group, 48 participants in the control group) were included in this cross-sectional study. The fracture and control groups were matched in terms of gender and age. Time since fracture varied, starting from 28 days to a maximum of 2 years. Olfaction was tested using the \"Sniffin' Sticks\" test battery (odour threshold, discrimination, and identification) and further data were collected using a basic questionnaire as well as via ENT examination with nasal endoscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to controls, the scores for odour discrimination and odour identification were lower in the fracture group (mean odour identification: 11.5 vs. 12.8; mean odour discrimination: 11.2 vs. 12.6; p < 0.05). Odour thresholds were also decreased in the trauma group (mean odour thresholds: 6.8 vs. 8.1; p = 0.06). General olfactory function scores (TDI score) correlated negatively with the time since fracture (p < 0.001), possibly indicating further decrease of function following trauma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fractures of the nose are associated with a decrease in olfactory function, which is found especially for odour discrimination and odour identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal requirements for a meaningful workup in patients with smell and taste disorders - A practical guideline based on expert opinion.","authors":"Zdeněk Knížek, Jonathan Overdevest, Alexander Fjaeldstad, Caroline Huart, Jan Vodicka, Carl Philpott, Yun-Ting Chao, Basile Nicolas Landis, Matt Lechner, Eri Mori, Joshua Levy, Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1159/orl/aegag003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/orl/aegag003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background Despite the high prevalence of smell disorders, there are only a few centres specialising in the evaluation and treatment of patients with smell and taste disorders. While the comprehensive evaluation at centres requires considerable coordination, basic management techniques can be implemented with minimal effort. Summary This manuscript provides guidance on implementing these steps to provide a meaningful workup in patients with smell and taste disorders. Patients can be evaluated using a stepwise process to assess self-reported smell function. Key messages The impact of olfactory dysfunction should be documented using validated, disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaires. Nasal endoscopy is mandatory to rule out sinonasal inflammation, one of the most frequent underlying etiologies of smell disorders. Further comprehensive evaluation must include a thorough patient history and psychophysical tests of odour identification and gustatory function.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148612364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin A-Containing Intranasal Drops Improve Odour Detection Threshold.","authors":"Katherine L Whitcroft, Melanie E Dietz, Antje Haehner, Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1159/000551302","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A (VA), has been shown in animal work to support olfactory receptor neuron regeneration. A limited amount of clinical research has also demonstrated potential therapeutic benefit in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). We therefore performed, to our knowledge, the first prospective study investigating whether the intranasal VA-containing \"Coldastop\" is beneficial in treating patients with non-sinonasal OD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A non-blinded prospective comparative study was performed, in patients with OD due to post-infectious, post-traumatic, and idiopathic aetiologies. Patients were treated with olfactory training (OT) alone, OT plus intranasal VA (Coldastop, OT+VA), or OT plus intranasal steroids (mometasone furoate, OT+S) for 12 weeks. Full psychophysical olfactory testing was performed before and after treatment using the \"Sniffin' Sticks\" test battery (with results for odour threshold, discrimination, identification, and composite \"TDI\").</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 144 patients completed the study: 52 OT, 42 OT+S, 50 OT+VA. The majority of patients had post-infective OD. There were no significant differences between groups in age/sex. There were statistically significant improvements in each subtest (T/D/I) and composite scores (TDI) within each treatment regimen. Across groups, there was a significant interaction between treatment and time (controlling for baseline characteristics) for odour threshold, F(2, 139) = 3.2, p = 0.044, with the largest improvement being seen in the OT+VA group. Further, the greatest proportion of patients reached clinically significant improvement within the OT+VA group (T/D/I/TDI), but this did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intranasal VA may be of benefit in treating OD. Further large-scale randomised trials are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Perception of Emotional Expression in Facial Synkinesis versus Complete Facial Paralysis: A Narrative Review and Observer-Based Survey Data.","authors":"Lazaro R Peraza, Nicholas R Randall, Forrest W Fearington, Ghazal S Daher, Brennan G Olson, Jacob K Dey","doi":"10.1159/000552555","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Facial paralysis is associated with social isolation, depression, anxiety, and impaired daily functioning. Affect display, defined as the outward facial expression of internal emotional states, is a key component of nonverbal communication and plays a central role in how individuals are perceived by others. Prior observer-based research on social perception has largely treated facial paralysis as a single entity or has focused primarily on complete facial paralysis (CFP) despite meaningful clinical differences between CFP and facial synkinesis (FS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a narrative review of key studies examining affect display and social perception of patients with facial paralysis. We then conducted a prospective survey study of 557 adult casual observers who viewed 24 dynamic facial videos (8 CFP, 8 FS, 8 controls). After each video (repose to attempted smile), observers characterized the affect display of each face by selecting all applicable affects from the Derogatis Affects Balance Scale (DABS) plus a neutral affect. Mixed-effects linear models were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most prior literature on social perception focuses on CFP and demonstrates that individuals with facial paralysis are perceived as less attractive, as having worse quality of life and as displaying more negative emotional states compared with controls. There remains limited literature specifically addressing FS. In the present study, observers (n = 557; mean age 36.5 years; 58.9% female) rated affect display after watching videos of patients with CFP, FS, and controls smiling. Relative to controls, FS faces were less likely to be labeled content, joyful, or vigorous and more likely to be labeled anxious and depressed. CFP faces showed more profound affective distortion: odds of being labeled joyful were ∼98% lower (OR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.04) and odds of being labeled depressed were >50-fold higher (OR 58.3, 95% CI: 24.5-149.8) compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both FS and CFP impair observer perception of positive affect display when attempting to smile and increase neutral or negative interpretations. This affect display penalty with attempted smiling is greater in CFP than in FS. These findings highlight distinct patterns of emotional misattribution across facial movement disorders and reinforce the importance of considering these conditions as separate entities in research and clinical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"26-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Function and Olfactory Ability in the Elderly: An Association Analysis.","authors":"Nurdiana Baharudin, Salina Husain, Farah Dayana Zahedi, Aneeza Khairiyah Wan Hamizan, Gordon Hwa Mang Pang","doi":"10.1159/000553279","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Olfactory impairment has been associated with cognitive decline in older adults. However, investigations into the association between cognitive function and olfactory performance remain scarce, particularly within Southeast Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate the association between cognitive function and olfactory ability in the elderly, as well as its impact on olfactory-specific quality of life, using a culturally adapted smell test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 99 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and olfactory ability was assessed using the Malaysian-adapted Sniffin' Sticks test. The total threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) score was used to categorize olfactory function. Olfactory-specific quality of life was measured using the validated Malay version of the short Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the participants, 74 demonstrated cognitive impairment and 63 were classified as hyposmic. A significant positive correlation was observed between cognitive scores and overall olfactory performances, particularly in the discrimination subtest. Cognitive impairment was also associated with poor olfactory related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This cross-sectional study highlights a significant association between cognitive performance and specific domains of olfactory function, particularly odor discrimination. These findings support the potential utility of olfactory testing in cognitive screening strategies, although causal relationships cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional design.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"8-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristic Analysis of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux-Related Mucosal Vessels under Narrow Band Imaging Laryngoscopy.","authors":"Tong Chu, Weihua Xu","doi":"10.1159/000553029","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study to investigate the characteristics of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)-related mucosal vascular dysplasia under narrow band imaging (NBI) laryngoscopy, and to assess the function of medical intervention on abnormal vascular proliferation of LPR patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on the Symptom Index (RSI) and the Reflux Finding Score (RFS) scoring system, 150 patients diagnosed with suspicious LPR were enrolled in the study (RSI score > 13 and RFS score > 7), 50 normal people were enrolled in the control group (RSI score ≤ 13 and RFS score ≤ 7). According to the characteristics of abnormal vascular proliferation and our previous studies, the laryngopharyngeal mucosa of the suspicious LPR patients were divided into 4 grades, and the consistency between the NBI grades and RSI/RFS scores were compared. Patients who belong to II to IV grades according to NBI grading system and agreed to accept anti-acid intervention treatment were prescribed to take proton pump inhibitor (PPI) orally. Differences of the NBI grading results before and after the treatment were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistic correlation between the NBI grading the RSI/RFS scores. Significant difference existed between the NBI grading results before and after the PPI treatment. Part of the laryngeal abnormal vascular proliferation could be reversed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vascular changes might be one of the main changes in the laryngopharyngeal mucosa of the suspicious LPR patients, and NBI could potentially become a reliable method in diagnosing LPR disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Cold Steel\": A Case Report of Endoscopic Trans-Clival Approach for Management of a Blowdart Injury.","authors":"Uzair Khan, Chad Purcell, Joshua B Smith, Satyan B Sreenath","doi":"10.1159/000552664","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We report a case of a 7 y/o female sustaining an injury from a metallic blowdart that penetrated the inferior clivus and dura at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) and was removed with an endoscopic trans-clival approach.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 7 year-old female presents to the emergency room after sustaining a penetrating injury from a metallic blowdart to the nose. Patient remained hemodynamically stable with no obvious cerebrovascular injury. Computed tomography (CT) including CT-angiography (CTA) was obtained to confirm the location and proximal structures to the injury, after which patient was taken to the operating room for removal. The blowdart was removed successfully with an endoscopic trans-clival approach without complication. A high flow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was controlled and repaired with bone wax, abdominal fat graft, and a free mucosal graft. The patient did well postoperatively, with no clinical or radiographic evidence of pneumocephalus, vascular injury, or recurrent CSF leak. She was discharged to home on postoperative day 5 and is now 14 months post-injury with no lasting sequela.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the utilization of expanded endonasal skull base techniques (i.e., trans-clival and trans-odontoid approaches) for a unique traumatic injury and approach to management in a pediatric patient. Although successful, without acute neurovascular complication and limited patient morbidity, it is difficult to generalize this endonasal approach to all cases of clival trauma with more extensive injuries and/or deficits. Further study is needed to understand the benefits and limitations of an endoscopic endonasal approach to penetrating trauma of the inferior clivus and CVJ.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"60-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148045437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Texture of Taste Carriers Modulates Bitter Taste Identification.","authors":"Pavlína Brothánková, Hana Faitlová, Michal Sitina, Jan Vodička","doi":"10.1159/000553068","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between texture and the correct identification of gustatory stimuli (sweet, salty, bitter, and sour) in both healthy participants and patients with taste disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 51 participants: 32 healthy individuals and 19 patients with taste disorders. Taste testing was conducted using filter paper strips with two different surface textures (smooth and rough). Three concentrations of each tastant (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) were applied to the strips. Each strip was placed on the anterior part of the tongue, and participants were asked to identify the taste stimulus from a list of four options using a multiple forced-choice technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant difference between smooth and rough filter paper textures in the overall cohort of all participants was observed for the identification of bitter taste (mean identification scores: 2.25 ± 0.91 vs. 2.45 ± 0.96; mean difference: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.02; p = 0.035). No significant differences between smooth and rough textures were found for any tastant concentration in the overall cohort. Among participants with taste disorders, rough texture improved the correct identification of bitter taste at low concentration, but the effect did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results provide preliminary evidence that surface texture may affect taste quality identification and should be further explored in future research. The rough texture can enhance the correct identification of bitter taste quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper-Lower Discordance and Recovery Patterns in Bell's Palsy: A Region-Specific Analysis Using House-Brackmann Grading.","authors":"Tankut Uzun, Eray Uzunoğlu, Hayder Al Farjawee, Togay Müderris","doi":"10.1159/000552571","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bell's palsy is the most common acute unilateral facial paralysis. House-Brackmann (HB) grading may mask region-specific involvement; therefore, we evaluated upper and lower facial regions separately and examined factors associated with recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adults presenting within 3 days of symptom onset (January 2024-January 2025) were followed at day 15, day 30, and month 6. Standardized photographs were graded using upper and lower HB grades by three blinded otolaryngologists (median score used). Treatment patterns (no treatment, steroid only, and steroid + physiotherapy) and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus [DM] and hypertension [HT]) were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final cohort included 213 patients. Upper-lower HB grades were discordant at presentation in 89 patients (41.8%). HB improved significantly over time in both regions (p < 0.001). Lower-face HB grades were consistently higher at early time points, indicating greater initial severity in the lower facial region. Steroid exposure was associated with different early recovery trajectories from day 1 to day 30 (upper: p = 0.001; lower: p = 0.026). DM and HT were linked to less favorable recovery patterns, without a significant synergistic effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Separate upper and lower HB grading reveals clinically meaningful heterogeneity in Bell's palsy. Region-specific assessment may improve prognostic stratification at presentation. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with accelerated early recovery, whereas DM and HT adversely influence outcomes. Future studies incorporating region-specific assessment are needed to clarify its role in prognostic stratification and its potential contribution to individualized patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"34-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality-of-Life and Cosmetic Outcomes with Endoscopic versus Microscopic Endaural and Postauricular Type I Tympanoplasty.","authors":"Tankut Uzun, Eray Uzunoğlu, İlke Yanıkyürek, Togay Müderris","doi":"10.1159/000553399","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasty yield comparable anatomic and audiologic results, but the influence of incision choice on patient-reported cosmetic outcomes is less clear.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In this retrospective, non-randomized study, records of 197 patients who underwent type I tympanoplasty between January 2022 and January 2025 were reviewed; 91 patients completed at least 12 months of follow-up and the patient-reported outcome questionnaires (endoscopic n = 30, endaural n = 31, postauricular n = 30). Outcomes included graft success, Δair-bone gap (ABG) closure, Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), and EAR-Q domains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Graft success was similar across groups (93.3-93.5%; p = 0.999), and ABG closure did not differ (7.23 ± 3.90, 7.26 ± 3.44, 6.30 ± 3.44 dB; p = 0.502). GBI and EAR-Q Psychological/Social scores were comparable (all p > 0.05). In contrast, cosmetic EAR-Q scores differed significantly, with less favorable scores in the postauricular group and the highest satisfaction in the endoscopic group (all p ≤ 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While functional outcomes were similar, endoscopic tympanoplasty - and, among microscopic techniques, the endaural approach - may provide favorable patient-reported cosmetic outcomes, informing approach selection in suitable patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":520736,"journal":{"name":"ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties","volume":" ","pages":"47-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148383511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}