Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Spurious precision: How many decimal places should I use?","authors":"David B Elliott","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 5","pages":"e70073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148140637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing glaucoma medication adherence: A qualitative study in the United Kingdom using the Theoretical Domains Framework.","authors":"Deborah Bott, Ahalya Subramanian, David F Edgar, John G Lawrenson, Peter Campbell","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Long-term adherence to glaucoma medication is often suboptimal, compromising treatment efficacy and increasing the risk of glaucoma progression. Existing interventions have limited success. This study explored behavioral factors influencing adherence from the perspectives of United Kingdom (UK)-based patients with glaucoma and eye care professionals (ECPs), using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults prescribed intraocular pressure-lowering eyedrops whose adherence status was classified based on self-reported medication use and UK-registered ECPs involved in glaucoma care. Interview data were analyzed using deductive and inductive thematic analysis guided by the TDF to identify key barriers and enablers influencing adherence-related behaviors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six participants were interviewed (13 patients and 13 ECPs). For patients, adherence was influenced by factors relating to knowledge and understanding of glaucoma, skills required to administer and obtain medication, memory and routine formation, beliefs about treatment necessity, social support, and healthcare system factors such as medication availability. ECPs identified time constraints, limited resources, and uncertainty in assessing adherence as key challenges, whereas communication skills, multidisciplinary support, and tailored decision-making were viewed as important enablers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Glaucoma medication adherence is shaped by a complex interplay of behavioral, professional and systemic factors. Applying the TDF highlights modifiable influences on adherence and supports the development of targeted, theory-informed interventions to improve glaucoma outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70054"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating quality of patient-reported outcome measures in keratitis: A systematic review.","authors":"Haile W Alemu, Sheela E Kumaran, Nicole Carnt, Aragaw K Assaye, Pawan Baral, Konrad Pesudovs","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the quality of existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used to assess the impact of keratitis on the quality of life (QoL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. The review included PROMs used to assess the impact of keratitis on QoL. Data on the content development and psychometric properties were extracted. Quality assessment was performed using the established criteria for ophthalmic PROMs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of seven articles met our inclusion criteria. The study populations in the reviewed articles consist of individuals diagnosed with different types of microbial keratitis. Ten unique PROMs were reviewed. Nine were ophthalmic and one was generic. Only the impact of vision impairment PROM has undergone psychometric validation in keratitis. Although the validation indicated acceptable unidimensionality (grade B), both the eigenvalue and item-person targeting demonstrated misfit to the Rasch model. Psychometric appraisal showed that keratitis patients were not involved in PROM content development, leading to misalignment and inconsistencies between the constructs outlined by the instruments and evaluation findings. Limited available literature constrains the depth of this review.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Initiating psychometric validation of the PROM in keratitis conditions is a good starting point. All evaluated PROMs lack psychometric validation and are not specific to keratitis. The findings of this review underscore the need to create a psychometrically robust, keratitis-specific PROM. The systematic review registration number is CRD42023449213.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathological suppression of binocular vision in stroke.","authors":"Kevin E Houston, Mariam Labib, Daniel H Baker, Didem Ayturk, Asha McHenry, Samira Mortazavi, A M Barrett","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Two prior studies suggested a relationship between spatial neglect and reduced diplopia reporting. In spatial neglect with visual extinction phenomenon, the double image on the neglected side may be extinguished from perception, representing a pathological binocular suppression. We retrospectively reviewed the binocular vision testing battery routinely performed at one inpatient rehabilitation hospital vision clinic to better understand reduced diplopia reporting and look for evidence of pathological suppression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred fifty-five consecutive patient charts were retrospectively reviewed. Significant predictors of denial of double vision in patients with recent stroke and strabismus (N = 55) or prism induced strabismus (N = 98) were identified with logistic regression. Additionally, three clinicians rated the likelihood (1 to 10) of suppression in each case and predictors of the rating were identified with a cumulative logit model. Cases with likelihood rating >7/10 were flagged and examined individually.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 15 of 155 patients passed all suppression tests administered (9.7%). Fifty-three percent of patients with strabismus actively denied diplopia. When controlling for significant effects of age, patients with spatial neglect had 3.9 greater odds of denying diplopia (OR (95% CI) 3.91 (1.70, 8.96)). Inter-ocular acuity difference and hemianopia were not significant predictors. A high likelihood of suppression was associated with parietal lobe injury, (3.40 (1.22-9.30)). The side of the brain was not significant (α = 0.05). Five patients had a likelihood rating greater than 7 out of 10 and so were likely exhibiting pathological suppression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Denial of diplopia is associated with spatial neglect and age. In some cases, this likely represents a pathological suppression of binocular vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147826272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Dry Eye Questionnaire and a modified Ocular Surface Disease Index in children aged 6-17 years.","authors":"Yi Pang, Leo Y Ren, Drake R Ren, Jackson Ernst","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to validate DEQ-5 and mOSDI in children using Rasch analysis and determine the optimal cutoff value for DEQ-5 to differentiate dry eye symptoms defined by mOSDI in children aged 6-17 years. In addition, the repeatability of mOSDI and DEQ-5 were investigated in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 225 children were recruited. Both DEQ-5 and mOSDI were administered to participants in a randomized sequence. Retests of the two questionnaires were performed after 30 min in 72 participants. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the DEQ-5 questionnaire for diagnosis of dry eye symptoms. Repeatability of both questionnaires was evaluated using coefficient of repeatability (CoR) and 95% limits of agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median of mOSDI score was 11.4 (Inter-quartile range: 4.5-20.5). The median DEQ-5 score was 4.0 (Inter-quartile range: 2.0-7.0). The area under the curve of the ROC curve for DEQ-5 was 0.78 (p < 0.0001). A DEQ-5 threshold of 4.5 yielded maximum sensitivity (72.2%) and specificity (66.1%) to differentiate dry eye symptoms in children. Females had significantly higher OSDI scores than males. CoR was ±4.8 for DEQ-5 and ±16.6 for mOSDI. The 95% limits of agreement were 5.5 to -4.2 for DEQ-5 and 16.5 to -16.7 for modified OSDI. Rasch analysis demonstrated that the five-level response scales in both the mOSDI and DEQ-5 produced disordered item thresholds. Collapsing the response scales from five to three categories improved overall model fit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although we identified a DEQ-5 cutoff value of ≥5 for differentiating dry eye symptoms in children, which is different from that used in adults (≥6), the five-level response scales of both the mOSDI and DEQ-5 may not be optimal for the pediatric population and certain items might not be adequate to measure dry eye symptoms, thus we do not recommend using DEQ-5 in children to measure dry eye symptoms. This underscores the need to develop a dry eye questionnaire specifically designed for children to ensure more accurate assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70037"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of low-dose atropine in myopia management in children with inherited retinal diseases.","authors":"Rotem Azmon, Asaf Kreindler, Ben Ezra Kahtan, Irit Knisbacher, Melanie Mysler, Miriam Ehrenberg, Karen Hendler, Samer Khateb, Claudia Yahalom","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose atropine in slowing myopic progression in children with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) and myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective study of children with IRDs, comparing myopia progression between those who received atropine drops and those who did not was conducted. Annual myopia progression rates were estimated from longitudinal spherical equivalent measurements. Progression was compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test and within groups using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 27 children (262 refractive examinations) with IRDs and myopia were included (atropine group: 12 children and control group: 15 children). TRPM1 was the most common gene in both groups. Treatment with atropine was initiated at a mean age of 6.4 years. In the atropine group, mean annual myopic progression decreased from -1.01 D/year before treatment to -0.28 D/year after treatment initiation. In the control group, mean annual myopic progression decreased from -0.81 D/year before 6 years of age to -0.45 D/year thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In children with IRDs, low-dose atropine treatment did not significantly alter myopia progression once age-related effects were accounted for. Early intervention might be required, suggesting the need for future studies exploring earlier treatment and alternative optical strategies for myopia management in this vulnerable pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70053"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: Rasch analysis of burnout among optometrists.","authors":"Neil Retallic, Chris J Davey, David B Elliott","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this paper is to validate the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) using Rasch analysis and to generate Rasch-calibrated scores for use in future research. Despite its widespread use, the CBI has undergone limited psychometric evaluation, predominantly using classical test theory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBI data were collected online in a cross-sectional study involving 1303 UK-based, patient-facing optometrists. Rasch analysis was used to assess the psychometric properties of the CBI, including item fit, response category functioning, personal reliability, and unidimensionality. Model refinement opportunities were explored, and differential item functioning (DIF) was evaluated across gender and age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three subscales of the CBI: personal, work-related, and patient-related burnout demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with good discrimination, appropriate response category functioning, and unidimensionality, respectively. Limitations included a small number of items across all subscales displaying minor misfit, though these had minimal impact on the overall model fit and a floor effect (22%) was observed across the patient-related scale. No significant DIF was found for gender or age, supporting the cross-group validity and measurement invariance of the instrument.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that the CBI is a psychometrically valid instrument for measuring burnout, although additional validation in other populations would be beneficial. Rasch-derived interval-level scores improve the precision and comparability of measurement, providing advantages over traditional ordinal methods. The CBI is a valuable tool for detecting burnout, guiding targeted interventions, and informing strategies to address burnout among healthcare professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malpractice payments by optometrists in the United States: An analysis of the National Practitioner Data Bank from 1996 to 2023.","authors":"Robert S Duszak, Molly S Phan, Richard Duszak","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze trends in malpractice payments made on behalf of U.S. optometrists from 1996 to 2023 using National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB) data, and to assess whether state-level scope-of-practice expansions are associated with increased liability risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Publicly available NPDB data were reviewed for malpractice payments involving optometrists between 1996 and 2023. Variables included number and value of payments, provider age, patient demographics, geographic distribution, and allegation category. Nationwide trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test; pre- and post-scope expansion comparisons in 11 states were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. All monetary values were inflation adjusted to 2023 U.S. dollars.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1040 malpractice payments were recorded (mean 38.5 cases/year). Mean payment was $220,918 (SD $311,395; range $300-$2.95 million). The average provider age was 43 years; 56% of patients were >50 years old. 'Failure to diagnose' accounted for 40% of primary allegations. Inflation-adjusted total payments demonstrated a significant upward trend (p = 0.008) that became nonsignificant after excluding 2021-2023 (p = 0.15). No significant change in annual case numbers was observed (p = 0.28). Among 11 states with expanded optometric authority, no statistically significant increase in malpractice cases occurred post-expansion except in Indiana (p = 0.049). Expanded-scope states mirrored national trends in both payment frequency and amount.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Malpractice payments involving optometrists remain infrequent and financially modest compared with other health professions, with most claims arising from diagnostic rather than procedural issues. There is no evidence that expanding optometric privileges, including lasers, injections, or oral medications, has increased malpractice risk. Advances in education, technology, and interprofessional collaboration likely underpin this stability. Ongoing monitoring of NPDB data will help ensure that optometry's growing clinical role continues to align with patient safety and professional accountability.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At-home visual acuity in children using a custom iPhone application compared with standardized in-office visual acuity testing.","authors":"Tawna L Roberts, Erick D Bothun, Yufeng Zhu, Robert J Henderson, Nicole M Boyle, David A Leske, Sarah R Hatt, Suzanne M Wernimont, Carrie E Marino, Aparna Raghuram, Vivian M Manh, Jillian M Youngerman, Jennifer N Qayum, Gayathri Srinivasan, Jenna R Titelbaum, Eric R Crouch, Jeffrey D Colburn, Christina A Esposito, V Lori Zeto, Katie S Connolly, Rita M Bhakta, Ingryd J Lorenzana, Paula S McDowell, Wesley T Beaulieu, Raymond T Kraker, Jonathan M Holmes, Stacy L Pineles, Katherine K Weise, Susan A Cotter","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To validate a custom smartphone application for at-home visual acuity (VA) measurement in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 452 children aged 3-17.5 years participated. Certified examiners measured in-office test-retest VA (logMAR) using gold-standard Amblyopia Treatment Study HOTV (3-to-6-year-olds, younger cohort) or electronic Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (7-to-17.5-year-olds, older cohort) protocols at 3-4.5 m and app-based VA at 1.5 m. Caregivers measured at-home app-based VA at 1.5 m.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparing at-home app-based with gold-standard VA, in eyes 20/40 or better, 95% (143/151) and 93% (91/98) of the younger and older cohorts were within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = -0.03, older = -0.04; 95% limits-of-agreement half-width (LOA): younger = ±0.26, older = ±0.22). In eyes 20/50 or worse, 66% (42/64) and 75% (76/101) of the younger and older cohorts were within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = 0.11, older = 0.13, LOA: younger = ±0.50, older = ±0.51). Comparing in-office app-based VA with gold-standard VA, in eyes 20/40 or better, 98% (160/164) and 94% (99/105) of the younger and older cohorts were within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = -0.03, older = -0.03; LOA: younger = ±0.22; older = ±0.24). In eyes 20/50 or worse, 85% (60/71) and 91% (101/111) of the younger and older cohorts were within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = 0.04; older = 0.04; LOA: younger = ±0.39; older = ±0.24). For gold-standard test-retest, in eyes 20/40 or better, 99% (163/164) and 99% (104/105) of the younger and older cohorts had retest within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = 0.00; older = 0.01; LOA: younger = ±0.17; older = ±0.11). For 20/50 or worse, 92% (66/72) and 100% (111/111) in the younger and older cohorts were within 2 lines, respectively (mean differences: younger = 0.01; older = 0.02; LOA: younger = ±0.35; older = ±0.15).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our app demonstrated good concordance with the gold standard at home and in the office for eyes with VA of 20/40 or better. However, concordance decreased considerably for eyes with VA 20/50 or worse, particularly at home.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147826315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review: The ocular surface in the aircraft environment.","authors":"Ereeny Mikhail, Maria Markoulli","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ocular surface is known to respond in certain ways in the aircraft environment, with subsequent symptomatic consequences for the individual. This has been found in several studies, which revealed symptoms of dry eye disease, while also demonstrating objective signs. Thus, with the increase in direct ultra long-haul flights, there needs to be a further understanding of the impact of flying on the eye and specifically, the ocular surface.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this review is to explore existing knowledge on the impact of the aircraft environment on the ocular surface, with the aim of guiding future advancements in this area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect electronic databases were used to identify studies conducted on the ocular surface in the aircraft environment. Terminology used for aircraft included \"aeroplane,\" \"airplane,\" \"aircraft,\" \"flying,\" \"long flights,\" and \"flights,\" and terminology used for ocular surface included \"dry eye,\" \"ocular surface,\" \"ocular allergy,\" and \"environmental exposures.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty studies were retrieved. It was found that the primary risk factors in the aircraft environment that affect the ocular surface include relative humidity, temperature, air velocity, atmospheric pressure, and air quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The aircraft environment affects the ocular surface in a number of ways, and strategies to mitigate these effects should be explored in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 4","pages":"e70017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}