Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"A cross-sectional analysis of information quality on potentially blinding eye diseases across Chinese short-video platforms.","authors":"Junran Li, Luqi Wang, Linrong Yue, Fangyan Yu, Bo Yu, Huijie Hao, Muyao Xin, Yu Sun, Xiaoli Xing","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To systematically evaluate the quality of eye disease videos on TikTok, WeChat, and rednote, explore links between engagement and quality, and offer evidence-based guidance for ophthalmic health communication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The top 100 videos retrieved using the keywords \"cataract,\" \"glaucoma,\" and \"high myopia\" were screened on TikTok, WeChat, and rednote on 3 October 2025. Two reviewers independently assessed video quality using Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the global quality score (GQS), modified DISCERN, and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Group differences were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and χ²/Fisher exact tests, and adjusted associations were examined using Poisson regression with robust standard errors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 827 eligible videos were analyzed. Most videos were uploaded by physicians and focused on disease knowledge. Across TikTok, WeChat, and rednote, video characteristics, engagement, source, content, presentation form, and quality scores differed significantly. In adjusted analyses, compared with TikTok, WeChat videos had lower likes and comments, whereas rednote videos had lower engagement across all four outcomes. High-myopia videos showed higher engagement across all outcomes, while glaucoma videos showed higher collections and shares. Hospital-uploaded videos were associated with lower engagement, whereas news agency videos were associated with higher engagement. Personal experience videos were associated with higher comments and collections. Higher JAMA scores were consistently associated with lower engagement, whereas modified DISCERN and PEMAT actionability showed inverse associations only for selected outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study represents the first large-scale cross-sectional evaluation of science communication on potentially blinding eye diseases across major Chinese short-video platforms. High engagement does not equate to high quality; in fact, engagement metrics were significantly negatively correlated with reliability, scientific accuracy, and understandability. Clinicians should uphold scientific rigor and use accessible and friendly language to improve public eye health literacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148195365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities, risks and challenges integrating artificial intelligence into optometry education: A qualitative interview study.","authors":"Fiona Buckmaster, Diane van Staden, Lauren Coetzee","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70077","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>As artificial intelligence (AI) tools become increasingly integrated into optometric practice, higher education providers must adapt to these technological advancements and integrate teaching about AI into the optometry curriculum. Before AI can be taught in the optometry curriculum, educational priorities must be established. Therefore, this research aimed to explore a range of stakeholder views on the integration of AI into optometry education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eyecare practitioners, students, educators, regulators, and AI technology experts. Interviews were conducted online, transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three themes emerged: (1) Curriculum design and delivery; (2) Facilitators and barriers to teaching; (3) AI as an educational tool. AI topics for inclusion in the optometry curriculum were explored, with \"Interpreting outputs of AI tools,\" \"Foundational understanding,\" \"Ethical Considerations\" and \"Integrating AI into clinical workflows\" most commonly identified as important to teach. Barriers to teaching were identified including lack of access to AI devices, funding and time constraints, and rapid developments in AI necessitating frequent curriculum updates. AI tools were already being used by some students as an aid to their studies. However, many participants felt that higher education providers held a negative view of AI and discouraged its use. Participants identified potential risks associated with AI usage within education including plagiarism and reduced critical thinking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The multidisciplinary participants of this study expressed perspectives on a range of issues relating to the integration of AI into optometry education. This research aimed to aid optometry higher education providers as they explore integrating AI literacy into their curricula. However, further research is required to test the implementation of these recommendations in real-world settings. Additionally, although the potential benefits of AI as an educational tool are vast, the long-term cognitive costs of using these tools are not yet known and require further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical myopia control interventions: Evaluation of methods and success in a real-world population.","authors":"Mhairi Day, Stephanie Kearney","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore methods of evaluating success of optical myopia control interventions, and to apply these methods retrospectively to a clinical population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted on pediatric patients attending a United Kingdom myopia clinic and used defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses, dual-focus (DF), multifocal (MF) or orthokeratology (OrthoK) contact lenses. An intervention was deemed as successful if the progression rate met a threshold value using a variety of methods: (1) spherical equivalent refraction (SER) change; (2) axial length (AL) change (individual-based, population-based, and percentile-based); and (3) AL rate during intervention. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine which factor(s) had a significant effect on the reduction in AL rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred twenty-eight eyes of 64 children were analyzed (DIMs: 56, DF: 32, MF: 22, OrthoK: 18). Across the methods to assess success, 33% of eyes had a successful outcome and 32% obtained the mean AL reduction rate from equivalent clinical trials, with a mean (SD) individual-based age-adjusted reduction in AL progression of 0.11 (0.21) mm/year, 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.53 mm/year. Regression models were significant for the individual-based AL change method only, and for this regression, a faster AL rate preintervention was the only significant predictor of a larger AL reduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Monitoring the rate of AL progression prior to intervention has advantages such as predicting and measuring success in this UK clinical population. The large variability in treatment response and the 33% overall success rate should help inform balanced discussions about the risks/benefits of optical myopia management interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148298673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of corneal endothelial cell density after penetrating keratoplasty on contact lens induced corneal swelling.","authors":"Loretta Szczotka-Flynn, Muriel Schornack, Beth Ann Benetz, Zhengxi Chen, Jaskirat Takhar, Tracy Nguyen, Christine Sindt, Tim McMahon, Holly Hartman, Langis Michaud","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Substantial endothelial cell loss (∼80%) occurs after keratoplasty. Corneal rigid and scleral lenses are frequently prescribed to manage irregular astigmatism and high refractive error, but lens wear may contribute to hypoxic stress. The relationship between various lens wear and corneal stress after penetrating keratoplasty remains unclear. This study characterizes cell density distribution in post-keratoplasty corneas and evaluates its influence on swelling during lens wear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants ≥5 years post-surgery, with or without habitual lens wear, were enrolled. Specular microscopy measured endothelial cell density in central, superior, inferior, superotemporal, and superonasal corneal quadrants (@3 mm). Baseline corneal thickness maps (>2 h after waking without lens wear) were acquired using Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam). Wearers applied habitual lenses and all participants returned 6-8 h later for imaging. Nonparametric tests assessed cell density variation by quadrant and lens designs. Linear mixed models evaluated associations between endothelial parameters and corneal swelling while accounting for within-subject correlation, repeated measures, lens type, location, and interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five participants (31 eyes) from three centers were included; 90% had keratoconus preoperatively. Four wore large-diameter scleral lenses (13%), nine wore small-diameter scleral lenses (29%), 12 wore corneal rigid lenses (39%), and six did not wear lenses (19%). Cell density across quadrants averaged 780 ± 240 cells/mm². Central thickness decreased slightly in non-lens-wearing eyes (-0.3%) but increased in lens-wearing eyes (1.9% ± 3.1%). Central cell density showed a weak negative correlation with swelling (r = -0.39, p = 0.03). Compared with non-lens wearers, corneal rigid (p = 0.02) and large diameter scleral lenses (p = 0.05) generated greater swelling; smaller diameter scleral lenses did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although all eyes fitted with various lens designs were clear, lower central cell density correlated with increased swelling during lens wear, except when smaller diameter scleral lenses were worn. Clinically, however, cell density does not seem to be a robust predictor of corneal swelling induced by lens wear post-keratoplasty.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148298703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in contact lens research: An upcoming feature issue.","authors":"David B Elliott","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148255556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ciliary muscle thickness and intraocular pressure before and after latanoprost.","authors":"Emily Slywka, Chiu-Yen Kao, Melissa D Bailey","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70076","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To test the hypothesis that a larger, latanoprost-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is associated with a thicker ciliary muscle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants (N = 31) were healthy with the following details: mean ± SD age 24.8 ± 3.3 years. The ciliary muscle was imaged with anterior segment optical coherence tomography and Goldmann IOP was measured at baseline and 12-18 h after latanoprost instillation. Linear regression models of baseline IOP and IOP reduction as predicted by baseline ciliary muscle thickness were performed. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated for model predictor variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean ± SD latanoprost-induced IOP reduction was -2.6 ± 2.1 mmHg (t = -7.1, p < 0.0001). A larger reduction in IOP was significantly associated with thicker baseline maximum ciliary muscle thickness (CMTMAX) after controlling for age and baseline IOP (R² = 0.37; CMTMAX: -0.02, p = 0.01; age: 0.23, p = 0.08; baseline IOP: -0.39, p = 0.003), and was also significantly associated with thicker baseline ciliary muscle thickness 1 mm posterior to the scleral spur (CMT1) after controlling for age and baseline IOP (R² = 0.44; CMT1: -0.02, p = 0.002; age: 0.22, p = 0.06; baseline IOP: -0.43, p = 0.0008). Partial correlation coefficients between IOP reduction and baseline CMTMAX or CMT1 were -0.47 and -0.56, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thicker baseline CMTMAX/CMT1 was associated with larger latanoprost-induced IOP reductions and lower baseline IOP. Future studies should determine the clinical usefulness of ciliary muscle dimensions as a predictor of the response to latanoprost in glaucoma patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13371138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148298715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Durability of the TearCare treatment effect in subjects with dry eye disease: Stage 3 of the Sahara randomized controlled trial\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 5","pages":"e70063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148045434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testability and test-retest reliability of SpotChecks Contrast Sensitivity Test in children with unilateral amblyopia.","authors":"Vivian M Manh, Rui Wu, Michael E Gray, Nathan L Cheung, Susan A Cotter, John W Erickson, Jennifer H Fisher, Jennifer A Galvin, Kammi B Gunton, Benjamin G Jastrzembski, Aparna Raghuram, Allegra P Burgher, Katherine O Whitfield, Wesley T Beaulieu, Raymond T Kraker, Katherine K Weise, Stacy L Pineles, Jonathan M Holmes","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report testability and test-retest reliability of the SpotChecks contrast sensitivity (CS) test in amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes of children with unilateral amblyopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children aged 3-12 years with unilateral amblyopia due to strabismus and/or anisometropia were recruited as part of a randomized trial. SpotChecks was administered twice in the left eye at 8 weeks post-randomization. This single-use paper test has a measurable CS threshold range of 0.90 to 2.09 logCS (24 lines, 1 line = 0.05 logCS). Testability was defined as the completion of a pre-test. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate test-retest reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In children aged 3-6 years, 81% (117/145) passed the pre-test: 17 of 34 (50%) 3-year-olds, 39 of 46 (85%) 4-year-olds, 33 of 37 (89%) 5-year-olds, and 28 of 28 (100%) 6-year-olds. Fifty-four of 117 (46%) who passed the pre-test had matching test pairs for analysis. In children aged 7-12 years, all 45 passed the pre-test. Twenty-two of 45 (49%) who passed the pre-test had matching test pairs for analysis. Among 76 test-retest pairs (40 amblyopic and 36 nonamblyopic eyes), the mean difference (95% CI) was 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.03) logCS and the half-width of the 95% limits of agreement was ±0.20 (0.16-0.24) logCS. Results were similar between amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes, as well as within age cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children aged 6-12 years were more likely to be testable. Regardless of age, half of all test-retest pairs were completed incorrectly, possibly due to examiner or participant-related factors. A greater than 4-line (0.20 logCS) change on the SpotChecks contrast sensitivity test is required to detect a change in contrast sensitivity function beyond measurement error in children 3-12 years of age with unilateral amblyopia.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Clinicaltrials.Gov, registered 14 July 2022, NCT05462821.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 5","pages":"e70058"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13215206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring patient involvement in target refraction decision-making for cataract surgery.","authors":"Ambreen Hussain, Katie Thomson, Sven Jonuscheit, Catriona MacLennan","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70059","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Post-surgical emmetropia is frequently used as the target refraction in cataract surgery. Such target does not reflect guidance available from regulatory or professional bodies which recommend that the refractive implications of surgery, notably changes in post-surgical spectacle needs, should be discussed with the patient. This study aimed to explore patient perspectives on their involvement in and preferences for target refraction decision-making during routine cataract surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants with a history of cataract surgery in both eyes with the UK National Health Service between 2018 and 2023. Interviews were conducted in person or by telephone and audio-recorded. Data were transcribed and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Pre- and post-surgical refractive data were obtained to complement thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thematic saturation was reached after 10 participants completed the in-depth interviews (median [IQR] age 72 (10) years; 70% female). Two main and five sub-themes were developed. The first main theme (1) 'Understanding target refraction' revealed considerable participant uncertainty and limited understanding of the concept 'target refraction'. Participants reported varied experiences in their clinician-patient discussions regarding target refraction, highlighting a notable degree of heterogeneity. The second theme (2) 'Factors affecting choice of target refraction' highlighted that pre-surgical spectacle wear habits are key determinants of patients' post-surgical spectacle wearing preferences, which are broadly independent of target refraction. Overall, patients were satisfied with vision restoration and hesitant to participate in target refraction decision-making due to misconceptions. A trusting clinician-patient relationship was widely reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides evidence for patients' limited awareness of the potential to personalize target refraction to individual spectacle wear preferences, which may influence their willingness to be involved in target refraction decision-making. Further research is warranted to quantify the frequency of these perspectives across a broader population as well as explore current target refraction educational strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 5","pages":"e70059"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148008481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early choroidal thickness changes predict myopia control response to peripheral defocus spectacles in premyopic children.","authors":"Qian Wang, Qing Lu, Xiaoxia Chen, Jie Zhao","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate whether early changes in choroidal thickness predict long-term treatment response to peripheral defocus spectacles in premyopic children with insufficient hyperopic reserve.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred children aged 6-8 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction +0.25 to +0.75 diopters (D) and annual hyperopic reserve depletion ≥0.75D were randomized 1:1 to peripheral defocus spectacles with plano central-zone (PDS group, n = 100) or plano-single vision spectacles (SVS group, n = 100). Primary outcome was the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) change at 12 months measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Secondary outcomes included axial length (AL), cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction, and myopia incidence. The predictive value of 3-month SFCT changes for 12-month AL outcomes within the PDS group was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 12 months, mean SFCT increased by 8.34 ± 18.67 μm in the PDS group, whereas it decreased by 16.82 ± 21.43 μm in the SVS group (mean difference: 25.16 μm; 95% CI: 19.84-30.48; p < 0.001). Mean AL elongation was 0.19 ± 0.14 mm (PDS) versus 0.32 ± 0.16 mm (SVS), representing 41% control efficacy (mean difference: -0.13 mm; 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.09; p < 0.001). Myopia incidence (spherical equivalent refraction ≤-0.50D) was 18% (PDS) versus 44% (SVS; p < 0.001). Within the PDS group, SFCT changes at 3 months predicted 12-month treatment response (AL elongation <0.25 mm) with area under curve 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69-0.84; p < 0.001). Children with early SFCT thickening (≥+5 μm at 3 months) showed superior 12-month AL control (0.16 ± 0.11 mm) compared to those with thinning (<-5 μm; 0.28 ± 0.15 mm; p < 0.001). No serious adverse events occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Peripheral defocus spectacles significantly controlled axial elongation and reduced myopia incidence in premyopic children with insufficient hyperopic reserve. Three-month choroidal thickness changes represent a valid early predictive biomarker for treatment response, enabling personalized intervention by 3 months rather than waiting 12 months for conventional outcomes. Early choroidal thickening identifies optimal responders, supporting choroidal perfusion mechanisms in myopia control.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 5","pages":"e70060"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148140640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}