Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Repeatability of SpotChecks contrast sensitivity test in macular disease.","authors":"Katlyn B Sprague, Yabo Niu, Petros E Carvounis, Nimesh B Patel, Han Cheng","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>SpotChecks is an accessible contrast sensitivity test with good repeatability in healthy adults. This study compared its intra-visit repeatability with the near Pelli-Robson test in adults with macular disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One eye from 29 adults with macular disease (mean age 71 ± 13 years) underwent high-contrast logMAR acuity and two repeated contrast sensitivity measurements with SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson during one visit. All testing was performed at 40 cm using habitual correction under 110 cd/m² luminance. SpotChecks was scored as the contrast sensitivity at the highest row with two or more errors. Pelli-Robson was scored as (0.05 × the number of correct letters -0.15). Repeatability was defined as 1.96 <math> <semantics> <mrow><msqrt><mn>2</mn></msqrt> <mi>S</mi></mrow> <annotation>$sqrt{2}S$</annotation></semantics> </math> _w (S_w, within-subject standard deviation), and differences between tests and groups were compared using a bootstrap hypothesis test. Limits of agreement between SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson were assessed with Bland-Altman analysis. Results were compared with previously tested healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean visual acuity was 0.15 ± 0.13 logMAR. Mean contrast sensitivity (logCS) was 1.51 ± 0.18 for SpotChecks, 1.49 ± 0.18 for Pelli-Robson. Repeatability was identical for SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson (0.17 logCS, p = 0.98) and comparable to normal values (SpotChecks: 0.19 logCS, p = 0.53; Pelli-Robson: 0.17 logCS, p = 0.87). Contrast sensitivity correlated with logMAR acuity (SpotChecks: r = -0.60; Pelli-Robson: r = -0.48; both p < 0.001). Limits of agreement between SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson were 0.03 ± 0.21 logCS. Abnormal contrast sensitivity (>2 SD below normal) was detected in 76% of eyes with SpotChecks and 66% with Pelli-Robson, exceeding 34% identified by logMAR acuity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.02, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In adults with macular disease and good to mildly reduced visual acuity, SpotChecks demonstrated intra-visit repeatability comparable to Pelli-Robson and healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed comparable discriminative performance for SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson, both outperforming high-contrast logMAR acuity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148341903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global scope of glaucoma clinical practice for optometrists.","authors":"Jonathan Denniss, Brendan T Barrett, Riccardo Cheloni, Patrick J G Gunn, Robert A Harper, Sarah MacIver, Allison M McKendrick, Stephen Ocansey, Philip R K Turnbull, John G Flanagan","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The role of optometrists in glaucoma care is evolving rapidly in many parts of the world. This review aims to describe the current global scope of clinical practice for optometrists with respect to glaucoma, highlighting progress and identifying barriers to care across diverse regions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed the current landscape of optometric glaucoma practice across Africa, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA). The review of practice in each region was led by authors active in the region using, where possible, publicly available legislation, published guidelines, and peer-reviewed publications. For Africa and Europe, where the general scope of practice and training level of optometrists varies by country, we used the World Council of Optometry Competency Framework and the European 'Blue Book' to benchmark levels of proficiency and standardize comparisons between jurisdictions. A survey was also distributed to optometrists across Europe to collect further information on glaucoma practice patterns, given the lack of published information for many European countries. No countries with optometry in Asia, Mexico, the Greater Caribbean Region, Central, or South America were included in this review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The global landscape is characterized by a significant shift from traditional 'case-finding' to comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic management. In the USA, all 50 states permit independent topical therapy, with an increasing number authorizing laser procedures. In the UK and New Zealand, independent prescribing and expanding roles in laser procedures are also available to optometrists with higher qualifications. Conversely, Europe and Africa exhibit stark variations between countries; while countries, such as Ghana and Nigeria, train to the Doctor of Optometry level with high nominal scope, 'effective' scope is often constrained by equipment shortages and high medication costs. A 'regulatory lag' persists in some regions, where legislative expansion has not yet translated into broad clinical uptake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Optometrists are increasingly essential to patient access and sustainable glaucoma care delivery. Although educational and training standards continue to improve, significant barriers-including regulatory restrictions, inconsistent public funding, and resource limitations-must be addressed to optimize optometry's role in addressing the global burden of glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70088"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148552061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glaucoma: Expanding knowledge, expanding scope.","authors":"Jonathan Denniss, John G Flanagan","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of myopia progression in children wearing highly aspherical lenslet spectacles.","authors":"Hui Wang, Yu-Ting Ge, Yue Xu","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to examine the 1-year changes in spherical equivalent (SE) refraction and ocular biometric parameters among Chinese children wearing highly aspherical lenslet spectacle and develop a predictive model for identifying children at risk of significant myopic progression (≥0.50 Diopter).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective case-control study, children who started wearing highly aspherical lenslet spectacles for 1 year were enrolled and randomly divided into training and validation sets. Data on SE refraction and ocular biometric parameters were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. A logistic regression (LR) model was developed and compared with six machine learning models. Model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 12 months, the rapid and slow progression groups displayed divergent trends in their SE refraction and ocular biometric parameters. Baseline age and axial length were the only significant predictors in the multivariate analysis. The extreme gradient boosting model achieved the highest discriminative performance. The LR model demonstrated good discrimination, acceptable calibration, and clinical utility across a broad range of threshold probabilities in DCA. A nomogram was developed from the LR model to visualize individual risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study developed practical predictive models to identify children at high risk of rapid myopia progression while wearing highly aspherical lenslet spectacles. These findings provide a clinically applicable, evidence-based tool for personalized myopia management, supporting early stratification and tailored intervention to improve myopia control outcomes in children. However, these results are population-specific and should be cautiously generalized to pediatric cohorts from other ethnic groups or regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70089"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148428480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visits to optometrists or ophthalmologists by U.S. school-aged children with autism: Estimates from the 2022-2023 National Survey of Children's Health.","authors":"Diane M Gibson","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the prevalence and predictors of visits to optometrists or ophthalmologists among U.S. school-aged children with autism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used parent-reported data on children ages 6-17 years residing in U.S. households from the 2022-2023 survey years of the National Survey of Children's Health (n = 68,000). After exclusions for missing data, there were 63,659 children in the full sample and 2653 children in the autism sample. Parents reported whether their child had visited an optometrist or ophthalmologist during the past 2 years. The weighted prevalence of optometrist or ophthalmologist visits was calculated for the autism sample and for the full sample for comparison. Using the autism sample, weighted descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were estimated to examine the associations between visits to an optometrist or ophthalmologist and explanatory variables measuring sociodemographic and contextual characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>56.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52.5%-60.6%) of the weighted autism sample and 52.6% (95% CI 51.8%-53.4%) of the weighted full sample had visited an optometrist or ophthalmologist in the previous 2 years. Key policy-relevant findings from the regression models are that the likelihood of having visited an optometrist or ophthalmologist was significantly higher for children who had a usual place for preventive care and whose parents had received help coordinating the child's health care, and was substantially and significantly higher for children who had had their vision screened in a primary care, school, or community setting and received a recommendation to follow up with an optometrist or ophthalmologist.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that public health efforts should be focused on revising vision screening guidelines to recommend the referral of all school-aged children with autism to an optometrist or ophthalmologist because these revisions would be likely to lead to a considerable increase in the receipt of regular eye care among children with autism.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70086"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148407922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of neutralization and disinfection kinetics in povidone iodine- and hydrogen peroxide-based soft contact lens care solutions.","authors":"Charles Bahr, Megumi Kitamura, Haruki Nakagawa, Kazuhiro Sasanuma, Katsuhide Yamasaki, Fumio Saitoh","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ovs2.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess and compare the time-dependent disinfection efficacy against standard microbial strains and the neutralization kinetics of two commercially available soft contact lens care systems, one based on 0.05% povidone iodine and one based on 3.42% hydrogen peroxide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess neutralization kinetics of each system, the concentration of the active disinfectants was quantified via iodometric titration (hydrogen peroxide) and high-performance liquid chromatography (povidone iodine) at intervals from 0.5 min to the minimum recommended disinfection time (MRDT). Disinfecting efficacy against the five ISO 14729 microbial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani) was assessed at intervals from 0.5 min to each system's respective MRDT. Microbial log reductions and disinfection rates were calculated using standard plate count methods. Statistical significance between systems was determined using ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The povidone iodine system reached a peak concentration (∼0.05%) within 2 min, maintained this level for 5 min, and was neutralized by 20 min. Despite rapid neutralization, povidone iodine exceeded the standardized criteria for all strains within 1 min and disinfected below the detectable limit within 5 min. Conversely, the hydrogen peroxide system's concentration began declining immediately and fell below 1% within 30 min, before disinfection was complete for three strains. Significant kinetic differences (p < 0.05) favored povidone iodine across four strains, most notably against S. aureus, where hydrogen peroxide lagged by several hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study possesses a conflict of interest, and external validation is encouraged. The povidone iodine system achieved remarkably rapid disinfection across all strains at a 5000-fold lower molar concentration than the hydrogen peroxide system, well below the ocular irritation threshold. Povidone iodine's consistent, rapid disinfection, along with its high safety profile, suggests it may be a more optimal care option than the current gold standard.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 7","pages":"e70085"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148355525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"A randomized clinical trial of full-time alternate patching therapy for intermittent exotropia in children\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized crossover clinical trial of multi-periscopic and Fresnel peripheral prism glasses for hemianopia.","authors":"Alex R Bowers, Sailaja Manda, Sandhya Shekar, Alex Daejoon Hwang, Jae-Hyun Jung, Eli Peli","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare novel multi-periscopic prisms (MPP; 42° field expansion) to commercial Fresnel peripheral prisms (FPP; 30° field expansion) as mobility devices to assist with pedestrian collision hazard detection when walking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with hemianopia without neglect or cognitive decline were recruited at 7 sites in a single-masked crossover trial, allocated by minimization to receive either MPP or FPP first. Pedestrian collision detection was evaluated after 4-weeks of home-use of each type of prisms. The test simulated walking through a busy shopping mall with multiple pedestrians; in each trial, one pedestrian could be on a collision course, bearing angle of ±20° or ±40°, or there could be no colliding pedestrian. The main outcome, improvement with prisms (yes/no), was defined as blind-side detection rates that were significantly higher with than without prisms at the same visit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 64 participants screened, 38 were eligible and 63% (24/38) showed improvement with at least one type of prism glasses. There were no differences between the proportions of participants showing improvement with MPPs and FPPs for either 40° blind-side pedestrians (MPPs 31%, 12/38 vs. FPPs 26%, 10/38; difference 5%; 95% CI -14% to 24%, p = 0.75) or 20° blind-side pedestrians (MPPs 37%, 14/38 vs. FPPs 42%, 16/38; difference -5%; 95% CI -24% to 14%, p = 0.75). Of the 32 participants who completed both crossover periods, 13 (41%) preferred MPPs whereas 19 (59%) preferred FPPs (p = 0.38). MPPs were preferred for image clarity and extent of field expansion and FPPs for cosmetic appearance. Both MPPs and FPPs reduced (p < 0.01) perceived difficulty when walking in unfamiliar areas, crowded situations, detecting objects and people on the blind side, the most difficult situations without prisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both MPPs and FPPs improved blind-side collision detection at large (40°) as well as smaller (20°) bearing angles. These positive results strengthen the evidence base for FPPs and establish the potential of MPPs as mobility devices for patients with hemianopia.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04827147, registered on 04/01/2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neovascular age-related macular degeneration patient questions for their eye care providers and preferences for education.","authors":"Betsy Sleath, Alice Yang Zhang, Delesha M Carpenter, Abena Adjei, Izabela Annis, Nacire Garcia, Daniel Olson, Kevin Dobbin","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to examine: (a) the types of questions that neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients had for their ophthalmologists, and (b) whether the patients thought that a pre-visit neovascular age-related macular degeneration question prompt list and video would be a useful intervention to improve health care provider-patient communication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients attending visits for treatment injections were recruited at two ophthalmology practices and interviewed. They were shown a list of questions and asked to check the ones they had for their eye care provider. They were also asked whether a pre-visit question prompt list and video would be useful to improve provider-patient communication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients participated. Patients had a mean of 11.2 questions (standard deviation = 7.4; range 0-26) for their eye care providers. The most frequently checked questions included \"How likely is it that I am going to go blind?\" (70%), \"What causes macular degeneration?\" (64%), \"What can I do to prevent vision loss?\" (64%), and \"What happens if I miss an injection visit?\" (56%). Ninety-eight percent of patients felt completing a question prompt list to use during a visit would be helpful and 96% thought having patients watch a video before completing the question prompt list was a good idea.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neovascular macular degeneration patients have many questions for their eye care providers. Innovative ways to address patient questions should be tested and developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized crossover clinical trial of the Deseyne contact lens for presbyopia with extended depth of focus.","authors":"Mark A Bullimore, Charles B Slonim, Stephen M Montaquila, Eddie Catalfamo, Giancarlo Montani","doi":"10.1002/ovs2.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ovs2.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the visual performance of a new daily wear presbyopia contact lens (Deseyne contact lens for presbyopia with extended depth of focus).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a randomized, crossover, and nondispensing clinical trial. Seventy-eight presbyopic (45-70 years, mean = 53.9 years) habitual soft contact lens wearers were recruited with spherical refractive errors between -6.00 and +4.00 D and less than 1.25 D astigmatism. Subjects were fitted bilaterally with the Deseyne lens and a control monofocal contact lens and randomized as to which of the study lenses would be tested first. Effectiveness measures included monocular lens-induced depth of focus testing-the primary effectiveness measure-and monocular distance, intermediate, and near visual acuity. Contrast sensitivity was also measured at mesopic luminance with and without glare.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean monocular distance visual acuity was 0.00 ± 0.07 and -0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR with the Deseyne and control lens, respectively. The corresponding mean monocular intermediate visual acuity was +0.02 ± 0.11 and +0.16 ± 0.14 logMAR and monocular near visual acuity was +0.20 ± 0.11 and +0.35 ± 0.17 logMAR. Mean depth of focus was 2.22 ± 0.78 D with the Deseyne lens and 1.44 ± 0.67 D with the monofocal control. The mean extended depth of focus (95% CI) was thus 0.78 (0.63, 0.93) D. Contrast sensitivity was significantly lower with the Deseyne lens at 3, 6, and 12 cycles per degree with and without glare.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Deseyne contact lens for presbyopia with extended depth of focus extends the depth of focus of the eye and thus improves intermediate and near visual acuity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520732,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry","volume":"103 6","pages":"e70081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148298691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}