Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition最新文献

{"title":"Influence of target-distractor neural similarity on working memory performance in older and younger adults.","authors":"Carolyn Davison,&nbsp;Jennifer Weeks,&nbsp;Cheryl Grady,&nbsp;Lynn Hasher,&nbsp;Bradley Buchsbaum","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2022.2036682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2022.2036682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the inhibitory deficit hypothesis, older adults often fail to selectively inhibit distractors and attend to relevant information in working memory, leading to poorer memory of target items but better recall of irrelevant distractors compared to younger adults. Here, we explored how neural similarity of activity patterns between relevant and irrelevant stimulus categories impacts memory performance. We found evidence that older adults may benefit from failing to inhibit distractors that are similar to targets, perhaps because sustained neural activation of distractors partially supports maintenance of targets when they share neural resources, allowing for better subsequent recognition of studied target items. We also found increased category-specific multivoxel pattern activity in medial temporal regions in younger compared to older adults as category similarity increased. We propose that this reduced category-specific activation in medial temporal regions in older adults may reflect more blended representations of all the information available in working memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"463-482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39623596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-individual cognitive variability in neuropsychological assessment: a sign of neural network dysfunction.","authors":"Shayne S-H Lin,&nbsp;Ian M McDonough","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2021.2021134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.2021134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intra-Individual Cognitive Variability (IICV) predicts progression in neurocognitive disorders . Given important clinical applications, we investigated the association between IICV and multiple brain metrics across 17 networks to better understand the brain mechanisms underlying this performance measure. Sixty-three middle-aged and older adults without dementia underwent a neuropsychological battery, resting-state fMRI, and structural MRI scans. In a linear mixed effect model, higher IICV was associated with lower functional connectivity in control C network relative to medial occipital network (the reference). A multivariate partial least squares analysis revealed that lower mean and higher variability were both associated with lower connectivity in sensorimotor and default mode networks, while higher mean and higher variability were associated with lower volume in default mode and limbic networks. This study suggests that IICV signals widespread network dysfunction across multiple brain networks. These brain abnormalities offer new insights into mechanisms of early cognitive dysfunction. Clinical implications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"375-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39769652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions of representational distinctiveness and stability to memory performance and age differences.","authors":"Verena R Sommer,&nbsp;Myriam C Sander","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2021.2019184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.2019184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-standing theories of cognitive aging suggest that memory decline is associated with age-related differences in the way information is neurally represented. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses enabled researchers to take a representational perspective on brain and cognition, and allowed them to study the properties of neural representations that support successful episodic memory. Two representational properties have been identified as crucial for memory performance, namely the <i>distinctiveness</i> and the <i>stability</i> of neural representations. Here, we review studies that used multivariate analysis tools for different neuroimaging techniques to clarify how these representational properties relate to memory performance across adulthood. While most evidence on age differences in neural representations involved stimulus category information , recent studies demonstrated that particularly item-level stability and specificity of activity patterns are linked to memory success and decline during aging. Overall, multivariate methods offer a versatile tool for our understanding of age differences in the neural representations underlying memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"443-462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39751491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared vivid remembering: age-related differences in across-participants similarity of neural representations during encoding and retrieval.","authors":"Adrien Folville,&nbsp;Mohamed Ali Bahri,&nbsp;Emma Delhaye,&nbsp;Eric Salmon,&nbsp;Christine Bastin","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2022.2036683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2022.2036683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in multivariate neuroimaging analyses have made possible the examination of the similarity of the neural patterns of activations measured across participants, but it has not been investigated yet whether such measure is age-sensitive. Here, in the scanner, young and older participants viewed scene pictures associated with labels. At test, participants were presented with the labels and were asked to recollect the associated picture. We used Pattern Similarity Analyses by which we compared patterns of neural activation during the encoding or the remembering of each picture of one participant with the averaged pattern of activation across the remaining participants. Results revealed that across-participants neural similarity was higher in young than in older adults in distributed occipital, temporal and parietal areas during encoding and retrieval. These findings demonstrate that an age-related reduction in specificity of neural activation is also evident when the similarity of neural representations is examined across participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"526-551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39623595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of affective empathy in aging: A multimodal imaging and multivariate approach.","authors":"Maryam Ziaei,&nbsp;Lena Oestreich,&nbsp;Jonas Persson,&nbsp;David C Reutens,&nbsp;Natalie C Ebner","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2022.2036684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2022.2036684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Empathy is one such social-cognitive capacity that undergoes age-related change. C urrently, however, not well understood is the structural and functional neurocircuitry underlying age-related differences in empathy. This study aimed to delineate brain structural and functional networks that subserve affective empathic response in younger and older adults using a modified version of the Multifaceted Empathy Task to both positive and negative emotions. Combining multimodal neuroimaging with multivariate partial least square analysis resulted in two novel findings in older but not younger adults: <i>(a)</i> faster empathic responding to negative emotions was related to greater fractional anisotropy of the anterior cingulum and greater functional activity of the anterior cingulate network; <i>(b)</i> however, empathic responding to positive emotions was related to greater fractional anisotropy of the posterior cingulum and greater functional activity of the posterior cingulate network. Such differentiation of structural and functional networks might have critical implications for prosocial behavior and social connections among older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"577-598"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39613684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging changes the interactions between the oculomotor and memory systems.","authors":"Jennifer D Ryan,&nbsp;Jordana S Wynn,&nbsp;Kelly Shen,&nbsp;Zhong-Xu Liu","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2021.2007841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.2007841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of multi-modal approaches, particularly in conjunction with multivariate analytic techniques, can enrich models of cognition, brain function, and how they change with age. Recently, multivariate approaches have been applied to the study of eye movements in a manner akin to that of neural activity (i.e., <i>pattern similarity</i>). Here, we review the literature regarding multi-modal and/or multivariate approaches, with specific reference to the use of eyetracking to characterize age-related changes in memory. By applying multi-modal and multivariate approaches to the study of aging, research has shown that aging is characterized by moment-to-moment alterations in the amount and pattern of visual exploration, and by extension, alterations in the activity and function of the hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe (MTL). These methodological advances suggest that age-related declines in the integrity of the memory system has consequences for oculomotor behavior in the moment, in a reciprocal fashion. Age-related changes in hippocampal and MTL structure and function may lead to an increase in, and change in the patterns of, visual exploration in an effort to upregulate the encoding of information. However, such visual exploration patterns may be non-optimal and actually reduce the amount and/or type of incoming information that is bound into a lasting memory representation. This research indicates that age-related cognitive impairments are considerably broader in scope than previously realized.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"418-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39685985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related declines in neural distinctiveness correlate across brain areas and result from both decreased reliability and increased confusability.","authors":"M Simmonite,&nbsp;T A Polk","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2021.1999383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.1999383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the neural dedifferentiation hypothesis, age-related reductions in the distinctiveness of neural representations contribute to sensory, cognitive, and motor declines associated with aging: neural activity associated with different stimulus categories becomes more confusable with age and behavioral performance suffers as a result. Initial studies investigated age-related dedifferentiation in the visual cortex, but subsequent research has revealed declines in other brain regions, suggesting that dedifferentiation may be a general feature of the aging brain. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate age-related dedifferentiation in the visual, auditory, and motor cortices. Participants were 58 young adults and 79 older adults. The similarity of activation patterns across different blocks of the same category was calculated (within-category correlation, a measure of reliability) as was the similarity of activation patterns elicited by different categories (between-category correlations, a measure of confusability). Neural distinctiveness was defined as the difference between the mean within- and between-category similarity. We found age-related reductions in neural distinctiveness in the visual, auditory, and motor cortices, which were driven by both decreases in within-category similarity and increases in between-category similarity. There were significant positive cross-region correlations between neural distinctiveness in different regions. These correlations were driven by within-category similarities, a finding that indicates that declines in the reliability of neural activity appear to occur in tandem across the brain. These findings suggest that the changes in neural distinctiveness that occur in healthy aging result from changes in both the reliability and confusability of patterns of neural activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"483-499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960331/pdf/nihms-1765980.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39860793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of Simon and flanker conflict interference in younger and older adults.","authors":"Rachel M Scrivano,&nbsp;Paul D Kieffaber","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2021.1874278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.1874278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conflict processing and interference control have been popular topics of research in the study of pathological brain aging. However, there remains much to be learned about how these cognitive processes are altered in the course of healthy brain aging. Moreover, few studies have combined multiple measures of interference control using factorial designs. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of age-related changes in behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of interference control using a factorial combination of the Simon and flanker interference conditions. Data were collected from a group of younger and high-functioning older adults. Behavioral results indicated the presence of conflict interference effects in both groups, that both Simon and flanker conflict effects are increased in high-functioning older adults, that the two types of conflict interference interact superadditively, and that older adults are more susceptible to the superadditive costs of multiple conflict types. ERP analyses revealed that early perceptual and response-selection processes are differentially modulated by flanker and Simon conflict respectively, however, there was no evidence that these early processes were impaired in older adults. Later components of the ERP in the P3 time range mirrored behavioral results, reflecting the increased susceptibility to flanker and Simon conflict in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"318-348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13825585.2021.1874278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38761470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive aging and executive functions in healthy women.","authors":"Pablo L Martino,&nbsp;Mauricio A Cervigni,&nbsp;Matias M Pulopulos,&nbsp;Eduardo O Audisio,&nbsp;José L Bonet,&nbsp;Miguel A De Bortoli,&nbsp;Daniel G Politis","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2020.1859083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2020.1859083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of reproductive aging on executive functions. We assessed executive functions in three groups of healthy women in the premenopausal (n = 45, mean age = 30.89, SD = 10.5), perimenopausal (n = 31, mean age = 50.06, SD = 3.6) and postmenopausal (n = 24, mean age = 63.39, SD = 6.5) phase. No differences between groups were observed in working memory, verbal fluency, inhibitory control, planning, and cognitive flexibility. However, when the analyses were repeated with participants with occupations with lower intellectual demands, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women performed worse than premenopausal women in semantic verbal fluency. This study provides important evidence to understand the effects of reproductive aging on cognitive performance in healthy women. Our findings indicate that cognitive reserve-related factors may be important to understand the differences in executive functions associated with reproductive aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"181-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13825585.2020.1859083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38702964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban and rural environments differentially shape multisensory perception in ageing.","authors":"Rebecca J Hirst,&nbsp;Marica Cassarino,&nbsp;Rose Anne Kenny,&nbsp;Fiona N Newell,&nbsp;Annalisa Setti","doi":"10.1080/13825585.2020.1859084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2020.1859084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies suggest that the lived environment can affect cognition across the lifespan. We examined, in a large cohort of older adults (n = 3447), whether susceptibility to a multisensory illusion, the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion (SIFI), was influenced by the reported urbanity of current and childhood (at age 14 years) residence. If urban environments help to shape healthy perceptual function, we predicted reduced SIFI susceptibility in urban dwellers. Participants reporting urban, compared with rural, childhood residence were less susceptible to SIFI at longer Stimulus-Onset Asynchronies (SOAs). Those currently residing in urban environments were more susceptible to SIFI at longer SOAs, particularly if they scored low on general cognitive function. These findings held even when controlling for a several covariates, such as age, sex, education, social participation and cognitive ability. Exposure to urban environments in childhood may influence individual differences in perception and offer a multisensory perceptual benefit in older age.</p>","PeriodicalId":520721,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition","volume":" ","pages":"197-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13825585.2020.1859084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38804332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}