Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment最新文献

{"title":"An AI-driven quality assessment, pesticide residue investigation and chemical compound analysis system for clustering pepper products.","authors":"İsa Arslan Karakütük, Osman Taylan, Sermin Göksu Karagöz, Seda Ufuk, Memnune Şengul, Melek Zor, Rami Alamoudi","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2702030","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2702030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the colour values (L*, a*, b*, C* and H°), pesticide residue (PR) levels, and chemical compound compositions of red pepper flakes, red pepper powder, and flakes of <i>isot</i>, a distinctive regional type of chilli pepper. PR levels and chemical component compositions of the spices were determined. The L* values depicted that powdered peppers were generally the lightest in colour, followed by red pepper flakes, and the darkest were <i>isot</i> peppers. An AI (artificial intelligence) driven unsupervised learning approach, self-organising maps (SOM) was employed to cluster pepper products and the prompt detection of counterfeit by colour analysis. The SOM extracted the colour features of peppers represented in hexagonal lattices for product identification and different quality rates which make it possible to identify identical pepper products and show their differences from other pepper varieties. SOM is a potent AI tool for confirming the expected linkage between pepper qualities and forecasting unknown correlations and maps to enable quick, visual, and qualitative understanding of pepper attribute connections. The amount of PR in <i>isot</i>, red pepper flakes, and red powdered pepper was analysed using an LC-MS/MS device for 403 active pesticide substances. PR analysis revealed the presence of nicotine, chlorantraniliprole, tebuconazole, fluxapiroxad, pyraclostrobin, and azoxystrobin that were below the Maximum Residue Limit values of Turkish Food Codex and EU. Overall, GC-MS analysis showed that carboxylic acid compounds were the predominant compound group in all spice samples, followed by alkane compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1496-1510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight residual deep learning framework for urea and formalin adulteration detection in milk using hyperspectral imaging.","authors":"Padmasri P, Sathya Bama B","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2729045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2026.2729045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Milk adulteration is a major concern for dairy quality and food safety, especially when harmful adulterants such as urea and formalin are present at closely related concentration levels that are difficult to distinguish. This study proposes a lightweight Squeeze-and-Excitation Residual 1D Network (SE-ResNet1D) combined with Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) to detect the presence of urea and formalin in milk at a finer level. A custom hyperspectral milk dataset was developed using a Resonon Pika L system from the 400 nm to 1000 nm wavelength range over 300 bands, including pure milk and closely spaced adulteration levels of urea (0.02-0.125 g/50 mL) and formalin (0.1-0.6 mL/50 mL). The raw spectral data was pre-processed by multiplicative scattering correction and Savitzky-Golay smoothing, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with PCA-30 as the optimum input data representation. The model achieved accuracies of 98.8% for urea and 98.1% for formalin, outperforming compared models while maintaining computational efficiency with only 17,419 trainable parameters. The framework was evaluated against machine learning and deep learning baseline models, with ablation analysis to assess architectural contributions. The results obtained show that the proposed model could be used as a fast, non-destructive, and feasible solution for intelligent dairy quality monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissipation pattern of insecticides in spring onions and residue assessment in onion bulbs and soil at harvest.","authors":"Prince N Vora, Ravi L Kalasariya, Paresh H Rathod, Suchi S Chawla, Rajesh R Acharya","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2731411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2026.2731411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation behaviour of seven insecticides, <i>viz.</i>, fipronil, tolfenpyrad, spinetoram, isocycloseram, spinosad, profenofos and deltamethrin in spring onion and to assess their residue levels in onion bulbs and soil at harvest. The results revealed that the initial residues of fipronil, deltamethrin, tolfenpyrad, spinetoram, isocycloseram, spinosad and profenofos were 2.3, 0.4, 2.8, 0.9, 1.6, 2.6 and 9.9 mg kg^-1, respectively. The persistence of the insecticides varied considerably, with half-life values of 3.4, 9.3, 1.5, 2.2, 3.4, 0.8 and 3.8 days, respectively. A pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 10 days is proposed for all the insecticides except for tolfenpyrad. Residue analysis of mature onion bulbs collected at harvest (45 days after the second spraying) revealed no quantifiable residues of any of the tested insecticides. In soil samples collected at harvest, only fipronil residues were detected (0.06 ± 0.002 mg kg^-1), while residues of the remaining insecticides were below the limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg^-1. The findings indicate effective dissipation of the tested insecticides under field conditions. However, as the residues of fipronil were detected in soil at harvest and those of tolfenpyrad persisted till 20 days after application, use of these two pesticides may not be recommended, as these may pose risk for environment and human health, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of nine N-nitrosamines in cocoa and cocoa-based products: development and validation of a matrix-adapted LC-MS/MS method.","authors":"Linnea Schneidler, Marion Raters, Renate Strohmaier, Frank Heckel","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2737189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2026.2737189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2023, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a comprehensive risk assessment on N-nitrosamines in food. These substances occur ubiquitously and may be formed unintentionally during food processing. Due to their potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, they are of considerable toxicological concern. Consequently, the European Commission issued a draft recommendation for monitoring these compounds across selected food categories, including cocoa and chocolate products. A quick and selective analytical method was developed <i>via</i> LC-MS/MS for the quantitation of nine out of ten N-nitrosamine compounds identified by EFSA as relevant in food (N-nitrosodibutylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N- ni-tro-someth-ylani-line, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosopiperidine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) in cocoa and chocolate matrices. The experimentally determined limits of quantification ranged from 0.20 to 0.90 µg kg^-1 and thus met the analytical performance criterion of <1 µg kg^-1 specified in the draft European Commission monitoring recommendation for the ten N-nitrosamines considered carcinogenic and genotoxic by EFSA. The successfully developed method was applied to investigate the occurrence and potential formation of N-nitrosamines in semi-finished (<i>N</i> = 77) and finished (<i>N</i> = 21), cocoa and cocoa-based products. In all cocoa and chocolate samples analysed, N-nitrosamine concentrations were below the respective limits of quantification.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-laboratory study on analysis of veterinary medicinal product residues by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole and/or high-resolution mass spectrometry in meat and milk matrices.","authors":"Maïwenn Le Floch, Pierrick Couëdor, Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel, Anton Kaufmann, Steven J Lehotay, Eric Verdon","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2711386","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2711386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large-scale collaborative study, involving 32 laboratories worldwide, was conducted to evaluate the performances of low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS/MS) versus high-resolution mass spectrometry [(Q/)HRMS], both for identification and quantification of multi-class veterinary drug residues (amphenicols, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidines, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, avermectins, benzimidazoles, coccidiostats, NSAIDs). A total of 31 analytes of interest were selected and assessed in meat and milk from different species at or below established regulatory limits ranging from 10 to 200 ng/mL or from 5 to 100 ng/g tissue-equivalent. While both liquid chromatography MS detection techniques demonstrated overall effectiveness in the quantification of the analytes of interest, the results also highlighted challenges with both approaches. Penicillins were particularly challenging due to degradation issues, with frequent false positive and/or false negative issues for both instruments. A recurring source of false positives was the misidentification between ampicillin and cephalexin, especially in the case of MS/MS. A particular issue for (Q/)HRMS involved difficulties in the detection of ivermectin due to the non-optimized conditions used for its nontargeted data acquisition. Hydroxy-flunixin presented challenges in milk, especially for goat milk. Both MS/MS and (Q/)HRMS technologies were demonstrated to be useful for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the findings of this study underscore the importance of method optimization and careful data interpretation in multi-class veterinary drug analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-associated variation in fungal communities and mycotoxin contamination in corn silage across temperature zones of China.","authors":"Zhiqiang Zhong, Dawei Zhang, Xiaowen Zhang, Bokang Qi, Xianjun Yuan","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2724369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2026.2724369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxin contamination in silage is globally prevalent but regionally variable. In this study, fungal diversity and 53 mycotoxins were analysed in 120 corn silage samples collected from three temperature zones of China: subtropical (SZ), warm temperate (WTZ), and mid-temperate (MTZ), High-throughput sequencing revealed significant differences in fungal diversity and abundance among silages from different temperature zones, with <i>Penicillium</i> (9.0%), <i>Diutina</i> (8.4%), and <i>Aspergillus</i> (5.8%) among the dominant genera. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, fumonisins, and alternariol were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, with detection rates of 53% to 91%. Interestingly, although in WTZ silages fewer potentially toxigenic genera exhibited the highest relative abundances, these samples contained higher concentrations of multiple mycotoxins compared with SZ and MTZ silages. Network analysis indicated that fungal communities in WTZ silages displayed stronger interaction complexity. No strong linear relationship was detected between potentially toxigenic fungi (genus level) and mycotoxin concentrations, while non-toxigenic fungi showed complex associations with mycotoxins, suggesting that microbial interactions under specific climatic conditions may contribute to mycotoxin accumulation. These findings highlight the importance of fungal community interactions in predicting and managing mycotoxin contamination under different climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149003167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contamination status of <i>Alternaria</i> toxins in commercially available wheat flour and products from Chongqing (2025) and dietary exposure risk assessment.","authors":"Shunli Huang, Yi Hong, Lingyu Zhao, Zheng Chen, Di Hu","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2711389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2026.2711389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the contamination levels of four <i>Alternaria</i> toxins, in wheat flour and its products marketed in Chongqing (2025), using isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on dietary consumption data and body weight parameters stratified by gender and age groups from the <i>2015</i>-<i>2017 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance Report,</i> the estimated daily intake (EDI) for the population was calculated using a point assessment model. Risk characterisation was performed by comparing EDI values with the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Among the 105 samples analysed, tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) were detected in 100% and 98.1% of samples, with mean concentrations of 27.3 µg/kg and 4.0 µg/kg, respectively. Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and alternariol (AOH) were less frequent, with detection rates of 43.8% and 2.9%. TeA and TEN levels were highest in raw wheat flour and generally lower in processed products. Geographically, the contamination levels in southeastern Chongqing were significantly higher than those in other surveyed areas. Dietary exposure assessment indicated that the EDI of TeA and TEN were far below the TTC, suggesting acceptable health risks. However, the EDI of AME at the 95th percentile (<i>P</i>₉₅) exceeded the TTC by a factor of 4.4-8.2. The detection rates of AME and AOH are relatively low while the widespread occurrence of TeA and TEN in wheat flour and its products sold from Chongqing poses a manageable risk at present. Nevertheless, given the high detection rates, thermal stability, and the genotoxic potential of certain toxins, attention should still be paid to the risks associated with long-term low-dose co-exposure. It is recommended that national maximum residue limits be established as soon as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cork-polypropylene composites for food contact: a comprehensive study of morphology, migration, chemical safety, and sensory analysis.","authors":"Tiago Vieira, Cláudia Marques, Srishti Singh, Susana Teixeira, Patrícia Guerreiro, Joel Pereira, Maria Selbourne, Lisete Moutinho, Clara Sousa, Fátima Poças","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2694084","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2694084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of sustainable food contact materials (FCMs) requires not only reduced environmental impact but also demonstrated safety. Cork-polypropylene composites (CPCs), incorporating unmatured cork and waste generated in cork stopper production, represent a promising alternative; however, their safety remains insufficiently addressed. This study provides a comprehensive safety assessment of CPCs containing 15% cork granulates derived from matured and unmatured cork. A multi-analytical approach combining morphological, thermal, and chemical characterisation (SEM, FTIR-ATR, GC-FID, GC-MS, LC-MS, ICP-OES) was integrated with migration testing under repeat-use conditions and sensory evaluation. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames bacterial reverse mutation test on migration extracts. Migration results showed low release of both polypropylene-related additives and cork-derived compounds, with furanic substances identified as process-related migrants but decreasing across repeated use cycles and remaining at low levels. No migration of high molecular weight cork constituents (triterpenoids, sterols) was observed in aqueous simulants. All quantified substances complied with regulatory limits. Ames test results demonstrated no mutagenic activity for any migration extract, confirming the absence of DNA-reactive hazards. Overall, CPCs exhibited stable structure, low sensory impact, and favourable chemical and toxicological profiles. This study provides new evidence supporting the safe use of cork-based composites in food-contact applications and advances the integration of bio-based materials within a circular economy framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1450-1475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148440787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput multi-residue determination of 157 pesticides in wine using QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS for routine monitoring applications.","authors":"Artemis P Louppis, Michalis S Constantinou","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2697494","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2697494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A rapid and reliable multi-residue analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 157 pesticide residues in wine using QuEChERS extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The extraction protocol included two extract-treatment pathways to enable the determination of acidic pesticides as well as compounds with different stability under acidic or basic conditions. The method was validated according to the SANTE guidelines for pesticide residue analysis. Matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity for all analytes, with correlation coefficients (R²) ranging from 0.9866 to 0.9994 within the concentration range of 0.005-0.080 mg kg^-1 and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were established at 0.0033 mg kg^-1and 0.010 mg kg^-1, respectively. Recovery values ranged from 72 to 116%, while repeatability (RSD_r) and within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD_R) were ≤15.2% and ≤19.7%, respectively. Expanded measurement uncertainty ranged from 5 to 42% (<i>k</i> = 2). The validated method was applied to commercial wine samples, where several pesticide residues were detected at concentrations between 0.0082 and 0.1881 mg kg^-1. The developed method demonstrated high suitability for high-throughput routine monitoring and large-scale surveillance of pesticide residues in wine due to its sensitivity, accuracy and rapid analysis time.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1364-1381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148400471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activated carbon bleaching for MOAH mitigation in palm oil: a multi-parameter laboratory-scale study using HPLC/GC × GC-FID.","authors":"Jérôme Grandjean, Aleksandra Gorska, Andrea Pallares Pallares, Antonios Papastergiadis, Sabine Danthine, Giorgia Purcaro","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2700736","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2026.2700736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are lipophilic food contaminants that can be present in edible oils. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) are a sub-fraction of MOH and are of particular concern for the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as MOAH containing three or more aromatic rings are considered potentially genotoxic. Several studies have shown that certain steps in vegetable oil refining can reduce MOH levels. Deodorisation, in particular, has been reported to significantly decrease overall MOH concentrations. More recently, bleaching with activated carbon (AC) has also been identified as a possible mitigation tool for MOAH. However, no quantitative study has been conducted yet on real edible oil matrices examining the effect of bleaching treatments on MOAH subclasses. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect in spiked palm oil of AC bleaching on the mitigation of MOAH sub-classes (i.e. C-fraction and number of aromatic rings), using HPLC/GC × GC-FID. Two palm oils (preliminary differently treated) were tested with two types of AC. The mitigation effect was evaluated using a Doehlert experimental design combined with response surface methodology, assessing different temperatures (60-80-100 °C) and AC dosages (0.3-0.68-1.05-1.43-1.8%, w/w). Pressure (50 mbar absolute) and contact time (30 min) were kept constant. The results demonstrated that MOAH with three or more aromatic rings can be significantly mitigated by AC bleaching, whereas the adsorption of 1-2 rings MOAH occurred to a much lower extent. In addition to the aromatic ring number, the degree of alkylation influenced adsorption behaviour, with more highly alkylated MOAH showing lower affinity for AC. Among the investigated factors, AC concentration was the most influential parameter: increasing AC dosage led to greater MOAH reduction. Temperature also affected MOAH mitigation in an AC-type-dependent manner. Both AC types resulted in comparable maximal MOAH reductions in both oils, <i>i.e.</i> around 25-30%.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1400-1414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}