Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment最新文献

{"title":"Use of probabilistic exposure models in the assessment of dietary exposure to chemicals.","authors":"Greg M Paoli, Emma Hartnett, Paul S Price","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2506104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2506104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper provides an introduction and overview of the use of probabilistic exposure assessments (PEAs) to characterize exposures to chemicals from the diet. The paper presents: 1) the concepts of uncertainty and variability with regard to dietary exposures; 2) the risk management needs that drive the use of probabilistic models; 3) the history of the development and use of PEAs by regulatory agencies, and 4) the various types of exposure models currently in use. The models are organized based on the nature of the source of exposure that they are designed to evaluate, duration of those exposures, the complexity of the exposure pathways, and the number of variables that are treated as probabilistic. The existing guidance on performing PEAs is also reviewed and summarized. Finally, a description of potential barriers to the use of PEAs is provided with suggestions on how to remove or diminish these barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acrylamide content in selected food products from the Bosnia and Herzegovina market.","authors":"Amila Turalic, Elma Omeragic, Munevera Kezic, Jasmina Djedjibegovic","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2517618","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2517618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary acrylamide exposure potentially poses health risks, including increased cancer risk and neurotoxic effects. There is no official data on acrylamide levels in food products on the Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) market, making it challenging to assess the associated health risks. As a non-EU country, B&H lacks national regulations aligned with Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2158, which establishes benchmark levels and mitigation measures for acrylamide. This study used GC-MS to assess acrylamide content in fifteen food products from the B&H market, categorised as potato crisps/sticks, biscuits/wafers, and coffee. Acrylamide levels in some potato crisps and sticks, tea rings, and plain biscuits exceeded benchmark values, while levels in butter biscuits, biscuits with inclusions, filling or coating, wafers, and instant coffee, remained within acceptable limits. The highest acrylamide level was in potato sticks (1048.3 μg/kg), and the lowest in butter biscuits (23.8 μg/kg). Potato crisps/sticks had the highest average acrylamide levels (677.5 μg/kg), followed by tea rings and plain biscuits (444.5 μg/kg). Potato-based snacks accounted for the highest estimated dietary acrylamide intake. Most products exceeding benchmark levels originated from B&H, suggesting local producers might not fully apply mitigation strategies. These findings emphasise the need for regulatory reform, regular market monitoring, and targeted mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of consumer exposure to penicillin and tetracycline residues in poultry meat by ELISA.","authors":"Marta Buczkowska, Michał Górski, Anna Szczyrba, Weronika Niedbała, Maria Wojtas, Małgorzata Podejma, Joanna Domagalska","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2509232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2509232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reducing antibiotic use in human and veterinary medicine is a critical global health challenge. In livestock farming, antibiotic residues can persist in animal-derived products, raising concerns about consumer exposure. Tetracyclines and penicillins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in poultry production. This study aimed to determine tetracycline and penicillin residue levels in poultry meat and assess consumer exposure based on detected concentrations. A total of 178 poultry meat samples, including chicken (<i>n</i> = 105) and turkey (<i>n</i> = 73), were collected from retail markets in Poland between late 2023 and early 2024. Antibiotic residues were analyzed by ELISA. Tetracycline residues ranged from <0.7 to 1.63 µg/kg (Me = 0.84), and penicillin residues from <5.0 to 13.20 µg/kg (Me = 5.48). None of the samples exceeded Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Regression analysis identified significant factors influencing tetracycline residue levels above the limit of detection (LOD), including poultry species and \"antibiotic-free\" labeling. Turkey meat had a 2.5-fold higher likelihood of tetracycline residues above the LOD than chicken, while \"antibiotic-free\" products were 3.5 times more likely to contain tetracyclines. For penicillins, residues above the LOD (≥5 µg/kg) were 2.3 times more likely in turkey meat and twice as likely in \"antibiotic-free\" products. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) remained below 1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), indicating negligible consumer health risk. Whilst poultry meat samples complied with safety standards, the unexpectedly higher antibiotic residues in \"antibiotic-free\" products warrant further investigation. These findings emphasize the need for stricter regulatory oversight to ensure accurate labeling and consumer protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on residue detection of prohibited drugs in shrimp based on the thin-layer chromatography-surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined method.","authors":"Ailing Tan, Yunhao He, Haoyu Wang, Zixuan Zhang, Rongxuan Zhao, Wei Ma, Yong Zhao","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2512879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2512879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the detection of prohibited drug residues in seafood has become a critical aspect of ensuring food safety and public health. This study presents a novel analytical method combining thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) and malachite green (MG) in shrimp samples. Both substances are subject to strict regulation in China due to their adverse health effects and potential carcinogenic risks. Theoretical computations were performed using density functional theory to obtain the Raman and SERS spectra of CAP and MG. This enabled the extraction of their characteristic peaks in experimentally obtained TLC-SRES spectra and the explanation of the frequency shifts and selective enhancement effects of the Raman spectra that may occur under SERS conditions. The optimised TLC conditions were found to effectively separate the target compounds from complex sample matrix backgrounds, with the use of chloroform-methanol-water and ethyl acetate-anhydrous ethanol-water-ammonium hydroxide as mobile phases. This resulted in successful separation with retention factors <i>R_f</i> of 0.63 and 0.66, respectively. Subsequent SERS measurements achieved detection limits of 0.05 μg · kg^-1 for CAP and 0.47 μg · kg^-1 for MG in shrimp tissue. A machine learning approach that combined principal component analysis with support vector regression was developed for quantification of the residues from their TLC-SERS spectra. The quantitative models for CAP and MG in spiked shrimp samples demonstrated outstanding performance with high <i>R</i>² values of 0.9673 and 0.9847, and low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 4.3802 and 5.4271, respectively. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the TLC-SERS method for rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of prohibited drug residues in seafood, with significant implications for food safety monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids during dairy processing of naturally and artificially contaminated sheep and goat milk.","authors":"Lisa Monika Klein, Stefan Nöbel, Brigitta Balázs, Karin Knappstein, Florian Kaltner, Claudia Guldimann, Michael Rychlik, Julika Lamp, Christoph Gottschalk, Angelika Miriam Knispel","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2512882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2512882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their <i>N</i>-oxides (PANO) are produced by various plants and can be transferred into the milk of ruminants <i>via</i> contaminated feed. Data on the behavior of PA/PANO during dairy processing and their occurrence in dairy products are sparse. Within this work, naturally and artificially contaminated sheep and goat milk was used to manufacture Manchego and Feta type cheese (sheep) or Picodon type cheese and yogurt (goat). Samples taken along the production processes were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. PA/PANO contents remained constant or slightly decreased during heat-treatment of naturally contaminated raw milk. PANO levels were reduced partially or entirely due to microbial fermentation, whereas PA appeared stable. Transfer factors for cheese manufactured from naturally contaminated milk ranged from 0.28 ± 0.06 (Feta type cheese) to 0.68 ± 0.06 (Manchego type cheese). Experiments with artificially contaminated milk confirmed the results and indicated a reduction of PANO to the corresponding free base form due to microbial fermentation. The data imply that yogurt, whey, and cheese, except for Feta type cheese, are contaminated with PA in a similar range as the initial milk used for manufacture.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturization of the QuEChERS method in fruits and vegetables without cryogenic milling: approach to greener analysis of pesticide residues.","authors":"Yuki Yamasaki, Ivan Aloisi, Hans Mol","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2502014","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2502014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study explored the feasibility of miniaturizing the QuEChERS method for pesticide residue analysis in three types of fruit and vegetables comminuted under ambient conditions. Laboratory samples of > 1-2 kg of spinach, orange, and red grape containing 12 sprayed pesticides which cover broad range of physicochemical properties and up to 6 incurred pesticides were comminuted using either a universal food cutter/mixer (1-step comminution) or a combination of the cutter/mixer followed by further homogenization using an UltraTurrax (2-step comminution). Analytical test portions of different weights (15, 2, and 0.5 g) were subsequently collected, respectively. The weighed test portions were extracted with proportionally scaled-down amounts of acetonitrile and salts, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed no problematic variability in analytical results, even for test portions as small as 0.5 g for sprayed and incurred pesticides in all commodities tested. The optimal comminution approach depended on the commodities: while 1-step comminution sufficed in most cases, certain commodities required 2-step comminution to provide sufficient homogeneity for miniaturization. The QuEChERS method can be miniaturized to a 0.5 g test portion for the commodities tested without cryogenic milling, enabling laboratories to conduct a more environmentally friendly analysis of pesticide residues.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transmission of antimicrobial residues and occurrence of resistant bacteria after oxytetracycline treatment of veal calves in relation to animal keeping practices.","authors":"Larissa J M Jansen, Mariël G Pikkemaat, Michel Rapallini, Maura Arends, Laura L M van Asseldonk, Robbert van den Beld, Coen V M Nibbeling, Stanislava Hoijtink-Vonsovic, Michael G Schoeman, Ron J Berentsen, Bjorn J A Berendsen, Milou G M van de Schans","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2503361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2503361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use in animal husbandry of antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections remains unavoidable. However, the use of antimicrobials provokes antimicrobial resistance (AMR), therefore, there is a continuing effort to reduce veterinary antimicrobial use. A potential challenge is the transmission of residues and AMR from treated to untreated animals housed in the same environment. Taking this into consideration, alternative animal keeping practices should be explored. So far, there is little published research aiming to abate, especially the transmission of antimicrobial residues from treated to untreated animals and their environment. In this study, two animal husbandry practices were investigated, exploring the effect of physical separation on the transmission of oxytetracycline residues and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. Residue levels were analysed in internal (manure, urine, blood, and saliva) and external (wipes and hair) matrices. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance of <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from manure and the environment was assessed. When calves were housed in the same pen during treatment, residues were found not only in the treated animal but also observed in all tested matrices (internal and external) of the untreated pen-mate. When calves were physically separated during treatment to the end of the withdrawal period, no residues were detected in internal matrices of the untreated animals, indicating that transmission can be effectively prevented. Contamination of the pen and the exterior of the animals is also drastically reduced by the separation of animals during treatment and the withdrawal period. AMR results seem to indicate that tetracycline resistance levels return more or less to pre-treatment levels after the withdrawal period. In conclusion, it is recommended to physically separate calves for the duration of both treatment and the withdrawal period, in order to minimise and/or prevent transmission of oxytetracycline residues to untreated animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary-related exposure assessments in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: an integrated multi-tiered approach using the FoodEx classification system.","authors":"Inge Huybrechts, Geneviève Nicolas, Inarie Jacobs, Guri Skeie, Marc J Gunter, Pietro Ferrari, Sofia Ioannidou","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2509239","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2509239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large-scale cohorts, like the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), provide invaluable resources for studying the potential health impacts of dietary exposures, including those coming from the presence of contaminants and additives in food. The EFSA has developed a food classification system-initially referred to as FoodEx, which was revised and relaunched as FoodEx2. This system standardises the identification and characterisation of food items and is used to classify the items in EFSA's chemical monitoring and food consumption databases. This study presents the methodological concepts, challenges, and potential of using an integrated and stepwise approach for calculating novel dietary-related indicators such as food contaminants and additives, in cohorts like EPIC, using the EFSA FoodEx2 classification. As an example, cadmium exposure is used to illustrate the different procedures involved in this process. This paper serves as a reference for future epidemiological studies using the EPIC food additives and contaminants data and could facilitate the implementation of similar procedures in other cohorts that aim at investigating food additives and contaminants. The data generated <i>via</i> this integrated approach can be further used to explore the relationships between food contaminants and additives exposures and the risks of developing diseases such as cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of environmental contamination by toxic elements on cattle 30 years after lead mine and smelter closure in Upper Meža Valley in Slovenia.","authors":"Zlatka Bajc, Katarina Pavšič-Vrtač, Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher, Jožica Ježek, Jože Starič","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2506520","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2506520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was carried out to determine the levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in the feed, blood, and milk of dairy cows from the Upper Meža Valley in Slovenia. The samples were collected in spring and autumn 2017 from farms located within a 10 km radius of a former lead mine and smelter. A total of 50 feed samples and 108 blood and milk samples were analysed using inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The lead and cadmium content in the feed did not exceed the maximum levels specified in European legislation, while the mercury concentrations were below the detection limit (0.007 mg kg^-1dry matter). However, one sample of grass silage had an arsenic concentration that exceeded the permitted limit (4.71 mg kg^-1), while all other feed samples remained within the permitted thresholds. Cadmium and arsenic were not detected in the blood samples; while mercury concentrations varied between < 0.002 and 0.020 mg kg^-1 wet weight. The mean blood lead level was 0.034 mg kg^-1 wet weight and was lower than the levels found in previous studies in this region. A significant correlation was found between lead concentration in blood and milk (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Lead was detected in 96.3% of the milk samples (<i>n</i> = 108). In three of these samples, the lead content exceeded the EU maximum level for milk of 0.020 mg kg^-1. Cadmium and arsenic were not detected in the milk samples, while mercury levels were low and ranged from < 0.002 to 0.006 mg kg^-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"716-729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial decontamination of African nutmeg (<i>Monodora myristica</i>) powder using high-energy electron beam and gamma rays.","authors":"Fidelis C K Ocloo, Susana E Fiadey, Joyce Agyei-Amponsah, Urszula Gryczka","doi":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2506103","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19440049.2025.2506103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the microbial quality of African nutmeg powder irradiated with a high energy electron beam and Gamma rays. African nutmeg samples were purchased from a local market in Accra, Ghana, cleaned, milled, packaged, and irradiated separately using a high energy electron beam (with energy electrons of 9 MeV) and a ⁶⁰Co gamma source (dose rate of 2 kGy/h) at doses of 2, 4, 6 and 8 kGy. Un-irradiated African nutmeg powder served as a control. The microbial quality of the treated samples was determined using the ISO, 4832:2006 colony count technique. The presumptive microorganisms were identified using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). High energy electron beam and gamma rays significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) the microbial loads of the African nutmeg powder with increasing irradiation dose. Microorganisms isolated and identified were <i>Cytobacillus kochii</i>, <i>Cronobacter spp</i>, <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i>, <i>Acinetobacter pittii</i>, and <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. The results from this study suggest that gamma and high energy electron beam irradiators are equally effective and hence a high energy electron beam can be a good alternative to gamma irradiation for decontaminating African nutmeg powder with an effective dose of 6 kGy at which microorganisms were not detected.</p>","PeriodicalId":520628,"journal":{"name":"Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment","volume":" ","pages":"807-817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}