Environmental health : a global access science source最新文献

{"title":"Exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, and relation to body mass index, eczema and respiratory outcomes in the Norwegian RHINESSA study.","authors":"Hilde Kristin Vindenes,&nbsp;Cecilie Svanes,&nbsp;Stein Håkon Låstad Lygre,&nbsp;Francisco Gomez Real,&nbsp;Tamar Ringel-Kulka,&nbsp;Randi Jacobsen Bertelsen","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00767-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00767-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many phenols and parabens are applied in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, to prevent growth of bacteria and fungi. Whether these chemicals affect inflammatory diseases like allergies and overweight is largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the associations of use of personal care products with urine biomarkers levels of phenols and paraben exposure, and whether urine levels (reflecting body burden of this chemical exposures) are associated with eczema, rhinitis, asthma, specific IgE and body mass index.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographics, clinical variables, and self-report of personal care products use along with urine samples were collected concurrently from 496 adults (48% females, median age: 28 years) and 90 adolescents (10-17 years of age) from the RHINESSA study in Bergen, Norway. Urine biomarkers of triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), parabens and benzophenone-3, bisphenols and dichlorophenols (DCP) were quantified by mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Detection of the urine biomarkers varied according to chemical type and demographics. TCC was detected in 5% of adults and in 45% of adolescents, while propyl (PPB) and methyl (MPB) parabens were detected in 95% of adults and in 94% (PPB) and 99% (MPB) of adolescents. Women had higher median urine concentrations of phenolic chemicals and reported a higher frequency of use of personal care products than men. Urine concentration of MPB increased in a dose-dependent manner with increased frequency of use of several cosmetic products. Overall, urinary biomarker levels of parabens were lower in those with current eczema. The biomarker concentrations of bisphenol S was higher in participants with positive specific IgE and females with current asthma, but did not differ by eczema or rhinitis status. MPB, ethylparaben (EPB), 2,4-DCP and TCS were inversely related to BMI in adults; interaction by gender were not significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reported frequency of use of personal care products correlated very well with urine biomarker levels of paraben and phenols. Several chemicals were inversley related to BMI, and lower levels of parabens was observed for participants with current eczema. There is a need for further studies of health effects of chemicals from personal care products, in particular in longitudinally designed studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00767-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39180048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Associations between prenatal exposure to cadmium and lead with neural tube defect risks are modified by single-nucleotide polymorphisms of fetal MTHFR and SOD2: a case-control study.","authors":"Mengyuan Liu,&nbsp;Jinhui Yu,&nbsp;Zaiming Su,&nbsp;Ying Sun,&nbsp;Yaqiong Liu,&nbsp;Qing Xie,&nbsp;Zhiwen Li,&nbsp;Linlin Wang,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Jin,&nbsp;Aiguo Ren","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00762-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00762-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00762-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39177363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable HEPA filter air cleaner use during pregnancy and children's behavior problem scores: a secondary analysis of the UGAAR randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Undarmaa Enkhbat,&nbsp;Enkhjargal Gombojav,&nbsp;Chimeglkham Banzrai,&nbsp;Sarangerel Batsukh,&nbsp;Buyantushig Boldbaatar,&nbsp;Enkhtuul Enkhtuya,&nbsp;Chimedsuren Ochir,&nbsp;David C Bellinger,&nbsp;Bruce P Lanphear,&nbsp;Lawrence C McCandless,&nbsp;Ryan W Allen","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00763-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00763-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Developmental exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution may impair children's behaviors. Our objectives were to quantify the impact of reducing indoor PM using portable HEPA filter air cleaners during pregnancy on behavioral problems in children and to assess associations between indoor fine PM (PM_2.5) concentrations during pregnancy and children's behavior.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a secondary analysis of a single-blind parallel-group randomized controlled trial in which we randomly assigned 540 non-smoking pregnant women to receive 1 or 2 HEPA filter air cleaners or no air cleaners. We administered the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-3) to caregivers when children were a mean age of 23 months, and again at a mean age of 48 months. Primary outcomes were the four BASC-3 composite scales: externalizing problems, internalizing problems, adaptive skills, and the behavioral symptoms index. We imputed missing data using multiple imputation with chained equations. The primary analysis was by intention-to-treat. In a secondary analysis, we evaluated associations between BASC-3 composite indices and modeled trimester-specific PM_2.5 concentrations inside residences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled participants at a median of 11 weeks gestation. After excluding miscarriages, still births and neonatal deaths, our analysis included 478 children (233 control and 245 intervention). We observed no differences in the mean BASC-3 scores between treatment groups. An interquartile increase (20.1 µg/m³) in first trimester PM_2.5 concentration was associated with higher externalizing problem scores (2.4 units, 95% CI: 0.7, 4.1), higher internalizing problem scores (2.4 units, 95% CI: 0.7, 4.0), lower adaptive skills scores (-1.5 units, 95% CI: -3.0, 0.0), and higher behavior symptoms index scores (2.3 units, 95% CI: 0.7, 3.9). Third trimester PM_2.5 concentrations were also associated with some behavioral indices at age 4, but effect estimates were smaller. No significant associations were observed with PM_2.5 concentrations during the second trimester or for any of the BASC indices when children were 2 years old.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found no benefit of reducing indoor particulate air pollution during pregnancy on parent-reported behaviors in children. Associations between indoor PM_2.5 concentrations in the first trimester and behavioral scores among 4-year old children suggest that it may be necessary to intervene early in pregnancy to protect children, but these exploratory findings should be interpreted cautiously.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01741051.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00763-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39084917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of indoor microbial aerosols with respiratory symptoms among under-five children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Adekunle Gregory Fakunle,&nbsp;Nkosana Jafta,&nbsp;Rajen N Naidoo,&nbsp;Lidwien A M Smit","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00759-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00759-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the recognition of the importance of indoor microbial exposures on children's health, the role of different microbial agents in development and aggravation of respiratory symptoms and diseases is only poorly understood. This study aimed to assess whether exposure to microbial aerosols within the indoor environment are associated with respiratory symptoms among children under-5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, GreenFILE, ScienceDirect, EMBASE and Cochrane library through February 2020. Studies that investigated the exposure-response relationship between components of the indoor microbial communities and respiratory symptoms among under-five children were eligible for inclusion. A random-effect meta-analysis was applied to estimate pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for study specific high versus low microbial exposures. The potential effect of individual studies on the overall estimate was evaluated using leave-one-out analysis, while heterogeneity was evaluated by I² statistics using RevMan 5.3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen studies were eligible for inclusion in a meta-analysis. The pooled risk estimate suggested that increased microbial exposure was associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms [pooled relative risk (RR): 1.24 (1.09, 1.41), P = 0.001]. The association was strongest with exposure to a combination of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Alternaria species [pooled RR: 1.73 (1.30, 2.31), P = 0.0002]. Stratified analysis revealed an increased risk of wheeze [pooled RR: 1.20 (1.05, 1.37), P = 0.007 and allergic rhinitis [RR: 1.18 (0.94, 1.98), P = 0.16] from any microbial exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Microbial exposures are, in general, associated with risk of respiratory symptoms. Future studies are needed to study the indoor microbiome more comprehensively, and to investigate the mechanism of these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00759-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39140344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and body fat evaluated by DXA and MRI in 109 adolescent boys.","authors":"Mathilde Lolk Thomsen,&nbsp;Louise Scheutz Henriksen,&nbsp;Jeanette Tinggaard,&nbsp;Flemming Nielsen,&nbsp;Tina Kold Jensen,&nbsp;Katharina M Main","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00758-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00758-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been associated with changes in body mass index and adiposity, but evidence is inconsistent as study design, population age, follow-up periods and exposure levels vary between studies. We investigated associations between PFAS exposure and body fat in a cross-sectional study of healthy boys.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 109 boys (10-14 years old), magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were performed to evaluate abdominal, visceral fat, total body, android, gynoid, android/gynoid ratio, and total fat percentage standard deviation score. Serum was analysed for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and perfluorodecanoic acid using liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Data were analysed by multivariate linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum concentrations of PFASs were low. Generally, no clear associations between PFAS exposure and body fat measures were found; however, PFOS was negatively associated with abdominal fat (β = -0.18, P = 0.046), android fat (β = -0.34, P = 0.022), android/gynoid ratio (β = -0.21, P = 0.004), as well as total body fat (β = -0.21, P = 0.079) when adjusting for Tanner stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, we found no consistent associations between PFAS exposure and body fat. This could be due to our cross-sectional study design. Furthermore, we assessed PFAS exposure in adolescence and not in utero, which is considered a more vulnerable time window of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00758-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39039639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of air pollution exposure on social behavior: a synthesis and call for research.","authors":"Chelsea A Weitekamp,&nbsp;Hans A Hofmann","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00761-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00761-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a growing literature from both epidemiologic and experimental animal studies suggesting that exposure to air pollution can lead to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we suggest that effects of air pollutant exposure on the brain may be even broader, with the potential to affect social decision-making in general.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We discuss how the neurobiological substrates of social behavior are vulnerable to air pollution, then briefly present studies that examine the effects of air pollutant exposure on social behavior-related outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Few experimental studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on social behavior and those that have focus on standard laboratory tests in rodent model systems. Nonetheless, there is sufficient evidence to support a critical need for more research.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For future research, we suggest a comparative approach that utilizes diverse model systems to probe the effects of air pollution on a wider range of social behaviors, brain regions, and neurochemical pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00761-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39120091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household air pollution, ultrasound measurement, fetal biometric parameters and intrauterine growth restriction.","authors":"Anindita Dutta,&nbsp;Donee Alexander,&nbsp;Theodore Karrison,&nbsp;Oludare Morhasson-Bello,&nbsp;Nathaniel Wilson,&nbsp;Omolola Mojisola Atalabi,&nbsp;Damilola Adu,&nbsp;Tope Ibigbami,&nbsp;Samuel Adekunle,&nbsp;Dayo Adepoju,&nbsp;John Olamijulo,&nbsp;Omolola Akinwunmi,&nbsp;Oluniyi S Afolabi,&nbsp;Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun,&nbsp;Babatunde Adedokun,&nbsp;Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy,&nbsp;Oladosu Ojengbede,&nbsp;Christopher O Olopade","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00756-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00756-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and perinatal mortality have been associated with air pollution. However, intervention studies that use ultrasound measurements to assess the effects of household air pollution (HAP) on fetal biometric parameters (FBP) are rare. We investigated the effect of a cookstove intervention on FBP and IUGR in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) cohort of HAP-exposed pregnant Nigerian women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 324 women early in the second trimester of pregnancy. Between 16 and 18 weeks, we randomized them to either continue cooking with firewood/kerosene (control group) or receive a CleanCook stove and ethanol fuel (intervention group). We measured fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC) and ultrasound-estimated fetal weight (U-EFW) in the second and third trimesters. The women were clinically followed up at six regular time points during their pregnancies. Once during the women's second trimester and once during the third, we made 72-h continuous measurements of their personal exposures to particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). We adopted a modified intent-to-treat approach for the analysis. Differences between the intervention and control groups on impact of HAP on fetal growth trajectories were analyzed using mixed effects regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in fetal growth trajectories between the intervention and control groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Larger studies in a setting of low ambient air pollution are required to further investigate the effect of transitioning to a cleaner fuel such as ethanol on intrauterine growth.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02394574 ; September 2012.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00756-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39120094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient PM gross β-activity and glucose levels during pregnancy.","authors":"Veronica A Wang,&nbsp;Tamarra James-Todd,&nbsp;Michele R Hacker,&nbsp;Karen E O'Brien,&nbsp;Blair J Wylie,&nbsp;Russ Hauser,&nbsp;Paige L Williams,&nbsp;Andrea Bellavia,&nbsp;Marlee Quinn,&nbsp;Thomas F McElrath,&nbsp;Stefania Papatheodorou","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00744-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00744-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In light of recent work showing an association between ambient particulate matter (PM) gross β-activity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women, we examined pregnancy glucose levels in relation to PM gross β-activity to better understand this pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study included 103 participants receiving prenatal care at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. PM gross β-activity was obtained from US Environmental Protection Agency's RadNet program monitors, and blood glucose levels were obtained from the non-fasting glucose challenge test performed clinically as the first step of the 2-step GDM screening test. For each exposure window we examined (i.e., moving average same-day, one-week, first-trimester, and second-trimester PM gross β-activity), we fitted generalized additive models and adjusted for clinical characteristics, socio-demographic factors, temporal variables, and PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). Subgroup analyses by maternal age and by body mass index were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An interquartile range increase in average PM gross β-activity during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increase of 17.5 (95% CI: 0.8, 34.3) mg/dL in glucose concentration. Associations were stronger among younger and overweight/obese participants. Our findings also suggest that the highest compared to the lowest quartile of one-week exposure was associated with 17.0 (95% CI: - 4.0, 38.0) mg/dL higher glucose levels. No associations of glucose were observed with PM gross β-activity during same-day and first-trimester exposure windows. PM_2.5 was not associated with glucose levels during any exposure window in our data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to higher levels of ambient PM gross β-activity was associated with higher blood glucose levels in pregnant patients, with implications for how this novel environmental factor could impact pregnancy health.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00744-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39232646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between prenatal exposure to cadmium and lead with neural tube defect risks are modified by single-nucleotide polymorphisms of fetal MTHFR and SOD2: a case-control study.","authors":"Mengyuan Liu,&nbsp;Jinhui Yu,&nbsp;Zaiming Su,&nbsp;Ying Sun,&nbsp;Yaqiong Liu,&nbsp;Qing Xie,&nbsp;Zhiwen Li,&nbsp;Linlin Wang,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Jin,&nbsp;Aiguo Ren","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00752-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00752-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prenatal exposure to heavy metals is implicated in the etiology of birth defects. We investigated whether concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in umbilical cord tissue are associated with risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) and whether selected genetic variants of the fetus modify their associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 166 cases of NTD fetuses/newborns and 166 newborns without congenital malformations. Umbilical cord tissue was collected at birth or elective pregnancy termination. Cd and Pb concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 9 genes were genotyped. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the risk for NTDs in association with metal concentrations or genotype using logistic regression. Multiplicative-scale interactions between the metals and genotypes on NTD risk were assessed with logistic regression, and additive-scale interactions were estimated with a non-linear mixed effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher concentrations of Cd were observed in the NTD group than in the control group, but no difference was found for Pb. Concentrations of Cd above the median level showed a risk effect, while the association between Pb and NTD risk was not significant in univariate analyses. The association of Cd was attenuated after adjusting for periconceptional folic acid supplementation. Fetuses with the AG and GG genotypes of rs4880 in SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) tended to have a lower risk, but fetuses with the CT and TT genotypes of rs1801133 in MTHFR (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase) have a higher risk for NTDs when compared to their respective wild-type. rs4880 and Cd exhibited a multiplicative-scale interaction on NTD risk: the association between higher Cd and the risk for NTDs was increased by over fourfold in fetuses carrying the G allele [OR 4.43 (1.30-15.07)] compared to fetuses with the wild-type genotype. rs1801133 and Cd exposure showed an additive interaction, with a significant relative excess risk of interaction [RERI 0.64 (0.02-1.25)].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prenatal exposure to Cd may be a risk factor for NTDs, and the risk effect may be enhanced in fetuses who carry the G allele of rs4880 in SOD2 and T allele of rs1801133 in MTHFR.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00752-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39080273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual dementia incidence and monetary burden attributable to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure in Sweden.","authors":"Hedi Katre Kriit,&nbsp;Bertil Forsberg,&nbsp;Daniel Oudin Åström,&nbsp;Anna Oudin","doi":"10.1186/s12940-021-00750-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00750-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias currently represent the fifth most common cause of death in the world, according to the World Health Organization, with a projected future increase as the proportion of the elderly in the population is growing. Air pollution has emerged as a plausible risk factor for AD, but studies estimating dementia cases attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution and resulting monetary estimates are lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data on average population-weighted exposure to ambient PM_2.5 for the entire population of Sweden above 30 years of age. To estimate the annual number of dementia cases attributable to air pollution in the Swedish population above 60 years of age, we used the latest concentration response functions (CRF) between PM_2.5 exposure and dementia incidence, based on ten longitudinal cohort studies, for the population above 60 years of age. To estimate the monetary burden of attributable cases, we calculated total costs related to dementia, including direct and indirect lifetime costs and intangible costs by including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost. Two different monetary valuations of QALYs in Sweden were used to estimate the monetary value of reduced quality-of-life from two different payer perspectives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The annual number of dementia cases attributable to PM_2.5 exposure was estimated to be 820, which represents 5% of the annual dementia cases in Sweden. Direct and indirect lifetime average cost per dementia case was estimated to correspond € 213,000. A reduction of PM_2.5 by 1 μg/m³ was estimated to yield 101 fewer cases of dementia incidences annually, resulting in an estimated monetary benefit ranging up to 0.01% of the Swedish GDP in 2019.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study estimated that 5% of annual dementia cases could be attributed to PM_2.5 exposure, and that the resulting monetary burden is substantial. These findings suggest the need to consider airborne toxic pollutants associated with dementia incidence in public health policy decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520610,"journal":{"name":"Environmental health : a global access science source","volume":" ","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12940-021-00750-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}