Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)最新文献

{"title":"Higher Circulating Kynurenine Levels Linked to Higher Risk of Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Cohort Study and UK Biobank Analysis.","authors":"June Yeon Kim, Yunju Jo, So Jeong Park, Ji Yeon Baek, Geonyoung Jang, Eunju Lee, Hyuk Sakong, Su Jung Kim, Sung-Jin Kim, Dongryeol Ryu, Hyun Ju Yoo, Beom-Jun Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2586","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>While experimental studies show kynurenine, a tryptophan metabolite, drives muscle catabolism through pro-oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms, clinical evidence linking circulating kynurenine to sarcopenia in humans remains scarce.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a cross-sectional study of 165 community-dwelling older adults, sarcopenia was diagnosed using Asian-specific criteria and serum kynurenine levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using UK Biobank datasets, plasma indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-the enzyme converting tryptophan to kynurenine-was quantified via Olink proteomics, and Mendelian randomization was used to assess the causal effect of plasma IDO1 on sarcopenia risk based on genomewide association study data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In multivariable adjusted analyses, older adults with sarcopenia, low muscle mass, or weak muscle strength had 21.3%-29.2% higher serum kynurenine concentrations than controls (P<0.001 to 0.010). Circulating kynurenine levels were inversely correlated with skeletal muscle index and grip strength (P=0.001 and 0.022, respectively). Each standard deviation increase in serum kynurenine was associated with a 1.80-2.97-fold increased risk for sarcopenia-related outcomes (P<0.001 to 0.010). In the UK Biobank, higher IDO1 activity was associated with reduced muscle mass and strength (P=0.007 and P=0.004, respectively), and Mendelian randomization indicated a significant causal relationship between plasma IDO1 levels and increased sarcopenia risk (P= 0.010, β=0.105).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings extend previous experimental evidence to the clinical setting, suggesting that elevated kynurenine-driven by IDO1 activity-contributes to sarcopenia in older adults. Circulating kynurenine may serve as an exploratory biomarker candidate for identifying individuals at heightened risk for muscle deterioration, warranting further validation in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"428-441"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Disparity in Suicide Mortality among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.","authors":"Chaiho Jeong, Bongseong Kim, Dae Jong Oh, Tae-Seo Sohn, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2669","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Suicide represents a major public health concern in Korea. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at higher risk for psychological distress and suicide. Although the male-to-female suicide mortality ratio in the general population has remained about 2.3, the specific differences in suicide mortality by sex among individuals with T2DM are not well characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a nationwide cohort study utilizing the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, identifying 2,526,769 adults with T2DM who underwent health screening from 2015 to 2016. Participants were monitored until the occurrence of suicide or the study endpoint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 6.0 years, 5,584 suicide deaths occurred (0.30% in men vs. 0.10% in women). Men exhibited a significantly elevated risk of suicide mortality compared to women (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.66 to 3.12). The largest disparity was observed in the ≥80 age group (HR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.88 to 4.51). However, this sex disparity in suicide mortality was reduced among current smokers and heavy alcohol consumers. Among non-smokers, the HR comparing men to women was 3.51 (95% CI, 3.22 to 3.83), while among current smokers, it was 1.73 (95% CI, 1.40 to 2.14). Similarly, the HR among non-drinkers was 3.04 (95% CI, 2.79 to 3.31), compared with 1.36 (95% CI, 0.85 to 2.18) among heavy drinkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Men with T2DM had a significantly higher risk of suicide mortality than women, exceeding the sex disparity seen in the general population, with the gap further influenced by age and lifestyle factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"405-414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Risk Categories to Risk-Adapted Care: Comparing the 2025 American Thyroid Association and 2024 Korean Thyroid Association Risk Stratification Systems in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.","authors":"Won Gu Kim, Mijin Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3118","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"383-386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Transition: Lessons from the 2024 Korean Thyroid Association and 2025 American Thyroid Association Guidelines.","authors":"Kyeong Jin Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3157","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"387-389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Korean Clinical Practice Framework for Thyroid Eye Disease: Integrating International Recommendations with Survey-Informed Consensus.","authors":"JaeSang Ko, Dongheon Surl, Min Joung Lee, Jeong Kyu Lee, JunHyuk Son, Namju Kim, Jaewook Yang, Jin Sook Yoon","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2026.2920","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2026.2920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid eye disease (TED), the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease, requires individualized management that integrates medical, radiotherapeutic, and surgical interventions. In this article, we present a society-endorsed, survey-informed Korean clinical practice framework, including consensus elements, for TED management. This framework integrates the 2022 American Thyroid Association/European Thyroid Association consensus, the 2021 European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) guideline, and contemporary Korean specialist practice patterns. A 2025 nationwide survey of 32 members of the Korean Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery characterized current Korean practice patterns in TED management. Korean oculoplastic surgeons showed high adherence to international recommendations, with 87.5% using both the clinical activity score and EUGOGO severity classification and 96.9% administering intravenous glucocorticoid therapy according to EUGOGO protocols. Distinctive features of Korean practice included frequent use of orbital radiotherapy (90.6%) and regional triamcinolone injections (81.2%) in selected clinical settings. For dysthyroid optic neuropathy, 59.4% of respondents reported using combined intravenous glucocorticoid therapy and orbital radiotherapy as the initial treatment approach. This framework stratifies treatment according to disease activity, severity, and predominant clinical phenotype to support context-adapted therapeutic decision-making. As emerging therapies such as teprotumumab become more accessible, this Korean clinical practice framework may provide practical guidance tailored to local clinical practice and healthcare-system constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"367-382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148230262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3006","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for inflammatory diseases, but their adverse skeletal effects, particularly osteoporosis and fracture, remain clinically important. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is characterized by rapid disruption of bone remodeling, with an early increase in bone resorption followed by suppression of bone formation. These changes substantially increase the risk of vertebral fracture. Fracture risk in GIOP cannot be explained by reductions in bone mineral density alone; it is also thought to reflect glucocorticoid-related deterioration in bone quality and microarchitecture. Current international guidelines recommend fracture risk assessment when glucocorticoid therapy is initiated and support a risk-stratified therapeutic approach. Oral bisphosphonates remain first-line therapy for individuals at low to moderate fracture risk. For patients at higher risk, more potent antiresorptive agents, including zoledronic acid and denosumab, have been shown to improve bone mineral density. In individuals at very high fracture risk, anabolic therapy followed by antiresorptive treatment is increasingly recommended. Careful attention to treatment sequencing is essential, particularly after denosumab discontinuation, for preventing rebound-associated vertebral fractures. Recent guideline updates and comparative clinical studies have placed greater emphasis on anabolic therapy and structured treatment sequencing in order to improve skeletal outcomes. This review summarizes evolving risk-based management strategies for GIOP, focusing on treatment selection by fracture risk category and planned transitions between osteoporosis therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"358-366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Stage 5 Connected Insulin Pens in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol (SMART-5 Study).","authors":"Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Chang Hee Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Jun Sung Moon, Sun Joon Moon, So Yoon Kwon, Jee Hee Yoo, Younghoon Kim, Tae-Min Lee, Chung-Il Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2579","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Stage 2 or 3 connected insulin pens (CIPs) refer to tracking insulin pens that are capable of transmitting insulin dose data via cloud connectivity. Stage 4 CIPs feature a bolus calculator that determines appropriate insulin doses based on real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data, carbohydrate intake, previous dosing history, and preset parameters. Stage 5 CIPs additionally offer advanced decision-support features, such as education modules and coaching. However, the efficacy and safety of stage 5 CIPs have not yet been established.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, we will include adults aged ≥19 and <75 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) and having glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 7.5% to 12.0%. In total, 152 participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either stage 5 CIPs with CGM or tracking insulin pens with CGM. Stage 5 CIPs include a Setup Wizard that recommends individualized initial settings and an algorithm that provides advanced insulin dosing guidance based on analyses of each participant's CGM and insulin injection data. The primary outcome will be the change in HbA1c levels from baseline to week 12 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07004153).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trial (Stage 5 connected insulin pen for MDI with Advanced decision support in a Randomized Trial [SMART-5 Study]) will determine whether stage 5 CIPs are superior to tracking insulin pens in improving glycemic control among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes treated with MDI. Overall, this study may offer a promising strategy for enhancing the management and outcomes of patients with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"393-404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines: Converging Evidence, Diverging Strategies, and the Position of the Korean Diabetes Association Framework.","authors":"Suk Kyeong Kim, Dong-Lim Kim, Keeho Song, Shinae Kang, Byung-Wan Lee, Jong Han Choi","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3080","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2026.3080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus has changed markedly over the past decade, largely in response to evidence generated by cardiovascular and renal outcome trials. Although contemporary guidelines are informed by a broadly shared evidence base, they differ in how they organize treatment concepts and translate evidence into clinical algorithms. This review compares major diabetes guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS), and the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA), with particular attention to pharmacological algorithms, comorbidity-driven treatment strategies, and the conceptual principles underlying each framework. The ADA guideline uses a person-centered, risk-based approach that prioritizes sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for patients with cardiorenal disease. The NICE guideline applies a more structured strategy, recommending early dual or triple therapy within a cost-effectiveness framework. The JDS guideline emphasizes pathophysiology-based treatment selection tailored to East Asian populations. The KDA guideline retains a glycemia-centered treatment structure while incorporating comorbidity-based decision-making and allowing early, flexible combination therapy. Thus, despite substantial convergence in the evidence base, these guidelines differ in how cardiovascular risk, glycemic control, and pathophysiological heterogeneity are incorporated into treatment decisions. The KDA framework can be viewed as a pragmatic hybrid model that integrates these dimensions and is further extended by recent consensus efforts addressing disease severity and pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"351-357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-Derived Fat Fraction and Metabolic Parameters in Predicting Panvascular Disease Risk in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Patients: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Xiangyu Qiu, Lanqing Huang, Huize Jiang, Xiahui Ren, Min Tang, Tianhui Yan, Le Xu, Chong Pei, Lei Hu","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2524","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are at increased risk of panvascular disease (PD). Noninvasive markers for early risk stratification are needed. We evaluated whether ultrasound-derived fat fraction (UDFF) improves the prediction of PD occurrence in MASLD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort, 525 adults with MASLD were enrolled between October 2022 and December 2023 and followed for 6 months for PD occurrence. Baseline UDFF and clinical/metabolic variables were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses reported standardized coefficients (per-standard deviation [SD] β) and odds ratios (ORs) per 1-SD (OR). A decision tree model was constructed to explore differences across metabolic subgroups, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and multiple metabolic abnormalities. Discriminative performance was compared using the area under the curve (AUC; DeLong test).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and UDFF were each associated with increased PD risk. In the multivariable model, the strongest standardized effects were observed for UDFF (β=3.28; OR, 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45 to 2.75) and BMI (β=1.87; OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.34), followed by SBP (β=1.33; OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.26). HOMA-IR (β=0.96; OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.15), age (β=0.56; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.12), and liver stiffness measurement (β=0.14; OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.07) also showed smaller but significant associations. The decision tree model reflected similar patterns and achieved higher discrimination than logistic regression (AUC 0.85 vs. 0.80, P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>UDFF is a key predictor of PD risk in MASLD patients, underscoring the importance of risk stratification for early intervention and personalized management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"415-427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13352115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147350152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Prolactinoma and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from a Korean Nationwide Cohort.","authors":"Han Na Jung, Bo Ram Yang, Min-Seon Kim, Jeong-Hwa Yoon, Se Hee Min","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2508","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>The effect of prolactinoma on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been evaluated at the population level. We investigated the association between prolactinoma and incident T2DM in a nationwide cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, which includes 2% of the total national population selected by random sampling, covering the period from 2002 to 2019. A total of 335 patients with newly diagnosed prolactinoma and 1,562 age- and sex-matched controls were included. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for T2DM using Cox proportional hazards regression. Time-dependent HRs were also estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of prolactinoma patients who developed T2DM was significantly higher than that of controls (10.1% vs. 5.5%; relative risk, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.69). After adjustment for age, sex, income, and comorbidities, the risk of T2DM remained significantly higher in the prolactinoma group (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.41). Subgroup analysis showed a markedly increased risk among individuals aged ≥50 years (HR, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.66 to 12.08). The positive association between prolactinoma and T2DM decreased over time but remained significant for up to 3 years after prolactinoma diagnosis (HR, 9.28 [95% CI, 3.45 to 24.97]; HR, 3.15 [95% CI, 1.55 to 6.38]; and HR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.53] for ≤1, 1-3, and >3 years, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Newly diagnosed prolactinoma was independently associated with a higher risk of T2DM, with the association diminishing over 3 years. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring for T2DM during the early management of prolactinoma, particularly in middle-aged patients who may have been previously overlooked.</p>","PeriodicalId":520607,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"452-460"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}