Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Application of Proteomics to the Study of the Therapeutics and Pathogenicity of <i>Giardia duodenalis</i>.","authors":"Ahmad Fudail Eiyad Aziz,&nbsp;Norhamizah Roshidi,&nbsp;Nurulhasanah Othman,&nbsp;Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah,&nbsp;Norsyahida Arifin","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Giardia duodenalis</i> remains a neglected tropical disease. A key feature of the sustained transmission of <i>Giardia</i> is the ability to form environmentally resistant cysts. For the last 38 years, proteomics has been utilised to study various aspects of the parasite across different life cycle stages. Thirty-one articles have been published in PubMed from 2012 to 2022 related to the proteomics of <i>G. duodenalis</i>. Currently, mass spectrometry with LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF has been commonly utilised in proteomic analyses of <i>Giardia</i>, which enables researchers to determine potential candidates for diagnostic biomarkers as well as vaccine and drug targets, in addition to allowing them to investigate the virulence of giardiasis, the pathogenicity mechanisms of <i>G. duodenalis</i>, and the post-translational modifications of <i>Giardia</i> proteins throughout encystation. Over the last decade, valuable information from proteomics analyses of <i>G. duodenalis</i> has been discovered in terms of the pathogenesis and virulence of <i>Giardia</i>, which may provide guidance for the development of better means with which to prevent and reduce the impacts of giardiasis. Nonetheless, there is room for improving proteomics analyses of <i>G. duodenalis</i>, since genomic sequences for additional assemblages of <i>Giardia</i> have uncovered previously unknown proteins associated with the <i>Giardia</i> proteome. Therefore, this paper aims to review the applications of proteomics for the characterisation of <i>G. duodenalis</i> pathogenicity and the discovery of novel vaccine as well as drug targets, in addition to proposing some general directions for future <i>Giardia</i> proteomic research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9688954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease.","authors":"Kwang-Sig Lee,&nbsp;Eun Sun Kim","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reviews the recent progress of explainable artificial intelligence for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease (GID). The source of data was eight original studies in PubMed. The search terms were \"gastrointestinal\" (title) together with \"random forest\" or \"explainable artificial intelligence\" (abstract). The eligibility criteria were the dependent variable of GID or a strongly associated disease, the intervention(s) of artificial intelligence, the outcome(s) of accuracy and/or the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), the outcome(s) of variable importance and/or the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), a publication year of 2020 or later, and the publication language of English. The ranges of performance measures were reported to be 0.70-0.98 for accuracy, 0.04-0.25 for sensitivity, and 0.54-0.94 for the AUC. The following factors were discovered to be top-10 predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit: mean arterial pressure (max), bicarbonate (min), creatinine (max), PMN, heart rate (mean), Glasgow Coma Scale, age, respiratory rate (mean), prothrombin time (max) and aminotransferase aspartate (max). In a similar vein, the following variables were found to be top-10 predictors for the intake of almond, avocado, broccoli, walnut, whole-grain barley, and/or whole-grain oat: <i>Roseburia</i> undefined, <i>Lachnospira</i> spp., <i>Oscillibacter</i> undefined, <i>Subdoligranulum</i> spp., <i>Streptococcus salivarius</i> subsp. <i>thermophiles</i>, <i>Parabacteroides distasonis</i>, <i>Roseburia</i> spp., <i>Anaerostipes</i> spp., Lachnospiraceae <i>ND3007</i> group undefined, and <i>Ruminiclostridium</i> spp. Explainable artificial intelligence provides an effective, non-invasive decision support system for the early diagnosis of GID.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right Paraduodenal Hernia as a Cause of Acute Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Viktoria Lamprou,&nbsp;Despoina Krokou,&nbsp;Eleni Karlafti,&nbsp;Stavros Panidis,&nbsp;Leonidas Kougias,&nbsp;Georgios Tzikos,&nbsp;Aristeidis Ioannidis,&nbsp;Smaro Netta,&nbsp;Evanthia Thomaidou,&nbsp;Daniel Paramythiotis","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paraduodenal hernias (PDHs) represent an unusual cause of acute abdominal pain in the Emergency Department (ED) and are associated with high morbidity attributable to a challenging clinical and radiological diagnosis, as signs and symptoms mimic other frequent causes of acute abdominal pain. We report a right paraduodenal hernia in a 37-year-old female patient who presented to the ED complaining of abdominal pain located in the right lower abdomen and hypogastrium, accompanied by nausea. During diagnostic work up, the abdominal computed tomography scan revealed the presence of small bowel malrotation with concomitant right paraduodenal hernia. These findings were confirmed intraoperatively. We performed a brief literature review about the clinical manifestations and treatment options of right paraduodenal hernias, which retrieved only 30 articles related to this condition. Prompt diagnosis, radiological or intraoperative, of paraduodenal hernias is crucial because nearly 50% will progress to small bowel obstruction. Therefore, it is essential for every clinician to account for them in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the ED.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinary Management of Craniopharyngiomas in Children: A Single Center Experience.","authors":"Giada Del Baldo,&nbsp;Sabina Vennarini,&nbsp;Antonella Cacchione,&nbsp;Dante Amelio,&nbsp;Maria Antonietta De Ioris,&nbsp;Francesco Fabozzi,&nbsp;Giovanna Stefania Colafati,&nbsp;Angela Mastronuzzi,&nbsp;Andrea Carai","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a rare brain tumor involving the sellar region. The best management is still debated. Gross total resection (GTR) is considered the best option to improve recurrence-free survival, but considerable long-term sequelae with a significant impact on quality of life have been reported. Subtotal resection followed by radiotherapy achieves similar disease control compared to GTR with less complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 10 pediatric patients affected by CP treated with partial resection and subsequent proton therapy (PBT). We reviewed visual, endocrinological, and neuropsychological data at baseline, after surgery, and after radiation for all patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the time of diagnosis, visual impairment was detected in 70% of patients and endocrinological abnormalities in 50%. All patients were subject to one or more surgical procedures. Surgery had no impact on visual status; however, it caused a worsening of endocrine function in half of patients. After surgery, all patients underwent PBT, achieving a partial response in 7 out of 10 patients (70%), while stable disease was observed in the other three patients (30%) at a median follow-up of 78 months from the end of PBT. Both visual and endocrine deficits were stable after PBT, with neurocognitive performance scores unchanged from baseline.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A conservative surgical approach followed by PBT represents a safe and effective strategy to manage CP and limit long-term sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Concordance between Chuna Manual Therapy Diagnostic Methods (Palpation, X-ray, Artificial Intelligence Program) in Lumbar Spine: An Exploratory, Cross-Sectional Clinical Study.","authors":"Jin-Hyun Lee,&nbsp;Hyeonjun Woo,&nbsp;Jun-Su Jang,&nbsp;Joong Il Kim,&nbsp;Young Cheol Na,&nbsp;Kwang-Ryeol Kim,&nbsp;Eunbyul Cho,&nbsp;Jung-Han Lee,&nbsp;Tae-Yong Park","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Before Chuna manual therapy (CMT), a manual therapy applied in Korean medicine, CMT spinal diagnosis using palpation or X-ray is performed. However, studies on the inter-rater concordance of CMT diagnostic methods, concordance among diagnostic methods, and standard CMT diagnostic methods are scarce. Moreover, no clinical studies have used artificial intelligence (AI) programs for X-ray image-based CMT diagnosis. Therefore, this study sought a feasible and standard CMT spinal diagnostic method and explored the clinical applicability of the CMT-AI program. One hundred participants were recruited, and the concordance within and among different diagnostic modalities was analyzed by dividing them into manual diagnosis (MD), X-ray image-based diagnosis (XRD) by experts and non-experts, and XRD using a CMT-AI program by non-experts. Regarding intra-group concordance, XRD by experts showed the highest concordance (used as a gold standard when comparing inter-group concordance), followed by XRD using the AI program, XRD by non-experts, and then MD. Comparing diagnostic results between the groups, concordance with the gold standard was the highest for XRD using the AI program, followed by XRD by non-experts, and MD. Therefore, XRD is a more reasonable CMT diagnostic method than MD. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of the CMT-AI program is high.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40459607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Model of COVID-19 Severity and Survival among Hospitalized Patients Using Machine Learning Techniques.","authors":"Ivano Lodato,&nbsp;Aditya Varna Iyer,&nbsp;Isaac Zachary To,&nbsp;Zhong-Yuan Lai,&nbsp;Helen Shuk-Ying Chan,&nbsp;Winnie Suk-Wai Leung,&nbsp;Tommy Hing-Cheung Tang,&nbsp;Victor Kai-Lam Cheung,&nbsp;Tak-Chiu Wu,&nbsp;George Wing-Yiu Ng","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We conducted a statistical study and developed a machine learning model to triage COVID-19 patients affected during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong based on their medical records and test results (features) collected during their hospitalization. The correlation between the values of these features is studied against discharge status and disease severity as a preliminary step to identify those features with a more pronounced effect on the patient outcome. Once identified, they constitute the inputs of four machine learning models, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient and RUSBoosting, which predict both the Mortality and Severity associated with the disease. We test the accuracy of the models when the number of input features is varied, demonstrating their stability; i.e., the models are already highly predictive when run over a core set of (6) features. We show that Random Forest and Gradient Boosting classifiers are highly accurate in predicting patients' Mortality (average accuracy ∼99%) as well as categorize patients (average accuracy ∼91%) into four distinct risk classes (Severity of COVID-19 infection). Our methodical and broad approach combines statistical insights with various machine learning models, which paves the way forward in the AI-assisted triage and prognosis of COVID-19 cases, which is potentially generalizable to other seasonal flus.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molars in Children from North-Western Romania.","authors":"Rahela Tabita Moca,&nbsp;Raluca Iulia Juncar,&nbsp;Abel Emanuel Moca,&nbsp;Denisa Tabita Sabău,&nbsp;Luminița Ligia Vaida,&nbsp;Mihai Juncar","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ectopic eruption of first permanent molars can lead to complications if left untreated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the ectopic eruption of first permanent molars in a sample of children from North-Western Romania, and to identify the characteristic of this anomaly in the studied population. We included patients aged between 5 and 9 years, and patients who needed a radiological examination for the diagnosis and treatment of dental or dento-maxillary diseases. The following exclusion criteria were applied: unclear or poor-quality radiographs; radiographs that belonged to patients who benefited from an orthodontic treatment before the panoramic radiograph was taken; patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment when the radiograph was taken; and patients with local or general diseases that could influence dento-facial growth and development. Three degrees of severity were selected (moderate, severe, and very severe). The sample consisted of 438 patients, and 61 patients were diagnosed with ectopic eruption of first permanent molars (13.92%). Out of the 1752 analyzed molars, 103 were affected (5.87%). Patients with a moderate degree of ectopy were more frequently boys (56%, <i>n</i> = 14), while patients with a severe degree of ectopy were more frequently girls (52.8%, <i>n</i> = 19). Patients with a moderate degree of ectopy had significantly more frequently a unilateral position (57.1%, <i>n</i> = 16), while patients with a very severe degree of ectopy had significantly more frequently a bilateral position (36.4%, <i>n</i> = 12). The ectopic eruption was diagnosed at the level of the upper-right first permanent molar in a percentage of 18.4% (<i>n</i> = 19), at the level of the upper-left first permanent molar in a percentage of 17.5% (<i>n</i> = 18), at the level of the lower-right first permanent molar in a percentage of 32% (<i>n</i> = 33), and at the level of the lower-left first permanent molar in a percentage of 32% (<i>n</i> = 33). Although not very frequent, the ectopic eruption of first permanent molars is an important anomaly that should be early diagnosed, monitored and treated.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40459606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating High-Resolution CT Slices from Two Image Series Using Deep-Learning-Based Resolution Enhancement Methods.","authors":"Heng-Sheng Chao,&nbsp;Yu-Hong Wu,&nbsp;Linda Siana,&nbsp;Yuh-Min Chen","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical image super-resolution (SR) has mainly been developed for a single image in the literature. However, there is a growing demand for high-resolution, thin-slice medical images. We hypothesized that fusing the two planes of a computed tomography (CT) study and applying the SR model to the third plane could yield high-quality thin-slice SR images. From the same CT study, we collected axial planes of 1 mm and 5 mm in thickness and coronal planes of 5 mm in thickness. Four SR algorithms were then used for SR reconstruction. Quantitative measurements were performed for image quality testing. We also tested the effects of different regions of interest (ROIs). Based on quantitative comparisons, the image quality obtained when the SR models were applied to the sagittal plane was better than that when applying the models to the other planes. The results were statistically significant according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The overall effect of the enhanced deep residual network (EDSR) model was superior to those of the other three resolution-enhancement methods. A maximal ROI containing minimal blank areas was the most appropriate for quantitative measurements. Fusing two series of thick-slice CT images and applying SR models to the third plane can yield high-resolution thin-slice CT images. EDSR provides superior SR performance across all ROI conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Imaging Predictors of Disease Progression in Type B Aortic Intramural Hematomas and Penetrating Aortic Ulcers: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Elda Chiara Colacchio,&nbsp;Francesco Squizzato,&nbsp;Michele Piazza,&nbsp;Mirko Menegolo,&nbsp;Franco Grego,&nbsp;Michele Antonello","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This work aims to review recent literature on penetrating aortic ulcers (PAUs) and intramural hematomas (IMHs), in order to identify clinical and imaging factors connected to aortic-related adverse events (AAE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Metanalyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search was conducted on Medline and Embase databases. We included articles reporting on PAUs and/or IMHs localized in the descending thoracic and/or abdominal aorta and analyzing clinical and/or radiological markers of AAE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 964 records identified through database searching, 17 were incorporated in the present review, including 193 and 1298 patients with type B PAUs and IMHs, respectively. The 30-days aortic-related mortality (ARM) was 4.3% and 3.9% for PAUs and IMHs. A total of 21% of patients with IMHs underwent intervention during the follow-up period, and 32% experienced an AAE. PAU markers of AAE were minimum depth (ranging from 9.5 to 15 mm) and diameter (≥12.5 mm). Maximum aortic diameter (MAD) cut-off values ranging from 38 to 44.75 mm were related to AAE for IMHs, together with ulcer-like projection (ULP) of the aortic wall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite data heterogeneity in the literature, this PAU- and IMH-focused review has highlighted the imaging and clinical markers of disease progression, thus identifying patients that could benefit from an early intervention in order to reduce the AAE rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sub-Molecular and Atomic Theory of Cancer Beginning: The Role of Mitochondria.","authors":"Mario G Balzanelli,&nbsp;Pietro Distratis,&nbsp;Rita Lazzaro,&nbsp;Van H Pham,&nbsp;Toai C Tran,&nbsp;Gianna Dipalma,&nbsp;Francesco Inchingolo,&nbsp;Diego Tomassone,&nbsp;Sergey K Aityan,&nbsp;Sossio Vergara,&nbsp;Kieu C D Nguyen,&nbsp;Ciro Gargiulo Isacco","doi":"10.3390/diagnostics12112726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Life as we know it is made of strict interaction of atom, metabolism, and genetics, made around the chemistry of the most common elements of the universe: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. The interaction of atomic, metabolic, and genetic cycles results in the organization and de-organization of chemical information of what we consider living entities, including cancer cells. In order to approach the problem of the origin of cancer, it is therefore reasonable to start from the assumption that the atomic structure, metabolism, and genetics of cancer cells share a common frame with prokaryotic mitochondria, embedded in conditions favorable for the onset of both. Despite years of research, cancer in its general acceptation remains enigmatic. Despite the increasing efforts to investigate the complexity of tumorigenesis, complementing the research on genetic and biochemical changes, researchers face insurmountable limitations due to the huge presence of variabilities in cancer and metastatic behavior. The atomic level of all biological activities it seems confirmed the electron behavior, especially within the mitochondria. The electron spin may be considered a key factor in basic biological processes defining the structure, reactivity, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties of a molecule. The use of magnetic fields (MF) has allowed a better understanding of the grade of influence on different biological systems, clarifying the multiple effects on electron behavior and consequently on cellular changes. Scientific advances focused on the mechanics of the cytoskeleton and the cellular microenvironment through mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and its connection to the cytoskeleton play a major role in cancer metastasis and progression. Here, we present a hypothesis regarding the changes that take place at the atomic and metabolic levels within the human mitochondria and the modifications that probably drive it in becoming cancer cell. We propose how atomic and metabolic changes in structure and composition could be considered the unintelligible reason of many cancers' invulnerability, as it can modulate nuclear mechanics and promote metastatic processes. Improved insights into this interplay between this sub-molecular organized dynamic structure, nuclear mechanics, and metastatic progression may have powerful implications in cancer diagnostics and therapy disclosing innovation in targets of cancer cell invasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":520604,"journal":{"name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}