Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM最新文献

{"title":"Paired Box 5 (PAX5) Expression in Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Tract: Diagnostic and Potentially Therapeutic Implications.","authors":"Sanaz Ainechi,&nbsp;Steven A Mann,&nbsp;Jingmei Lin,&nbsp;Deepa Patil,&nbsp;Christine E Sheehan,&nbsp;Zhaohai Yang,&nbsp;Chunlai Zuo,&nbsp;Hwajeong Lee","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paired Box 5 (PAX5), a well-established B-cell marker, is preferentially expressed in small cell lung carcinoma and regulates the transcription of c-Met, offering a potential for therapeutic target. Its expression in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNEC) of the digestive system has not been systemically evaluated. Archived pathology materials from 38 PDNEC in the gastrointestinal (GI) and pancreatobiliary (PB) tract were reviewed. Representative tumor sections were subject to immunohistochemical stain for PAX5, c-Met, and CD20. The extent of the staining [focal (<10%), patchy (10% to 50%), and diffuse (>50%)] and intensity (1+ to 3+) was evaluated. In total, 38 cases of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors from GI/PB tract served as controls. Nuclear PAX5 staining was observed in 16 (42%) cases in total, in 46% (11/24) of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 67% (4/6) of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 13% (1/8) of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma, with diffuse (8), patchy (4), or focal (4) staining. The intensity was 3+ (2), 2+ (6), and 1+ (8). PAX5 expression was common in ampullary (4/5) and gastroesophageal junctional/esophageal (5/9) PDNEC. Two (5%) of 38 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors were positive for PAX5. Three PAX5 positive PDNEC showed weak cytoplasmic c-Met immunolabeling. CD20 was negative in all tumors. Our data show that PAX5 is commonly expressed in PDNEC of the GI/PB tract including small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. This observation warrants a cautious approach when interpreting small biopsy of poorly differentiated neoplasms, especially when lymphoma is considered in the differentials. Further study of PAX5/c-Met signaling pathway and its potential therapeutic value in GI/PB PDNEC is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"545-551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Immunoglobulin G4-positive Plasma Cells in Lymphadenoma of the Salivary Gland: An Immunohistochemical Comparison Among Lymphoepithelial Lesions.","authors":"Jiyoon Kim,&nbsp;Joon Seon Song,&nbsp;Jong-Lyel Roh,&nbsp;Seung-Ho Choi,&nbsp;Soon Yuhl Nam,&nbsp;Sang Yoon Kim,&nbsp;Kyung-Ja Cho","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lymphadenoma (LA) of the salivary gland, nonsebaceous type, is an uncommon benign lymphoepithelial neoplasm. The histogenesis of the lymphoid component of LA is under debate as in Warthin's tumor. A recent study has described immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching to IgG4 in a subset of Warthin's tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate IgG4 status of LA and presume the role of IgG4 status in pathogenesis of LA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The distribution of IgG-positive and IgG4-positive cells was compared by immunohistochemistry among 15 lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary gland (8 LAs, 3 lymphoepithelial carcinomas, and 4 lymphoepithelial cysts). Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridization was also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IgG-positive and IgG4-positive plasma cells were observed in all cases, but to a remarkable degree (IgG4>100/hpf) in 2 of 8 LAs. The IgG4 plasma cells in LA were distributed in interfollicular areas and in the vicinity of epithelial nests. Among all cases, the mean number of IgG4 plasma cells was not correlated with the presence of germinal centers (12/15) or Epstein-Barr virus positivity (2/15).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increased IgG4 plasma cells in LA suggest involvement of an immune reaction in the pathogenesis of LA similar to Warthin's tumor.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"420-424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uneven Staining in Automated Immunohistochemistry: Cold and Hot Zones and Implications for Immunohistochemical Analysis of Biopsy Specimens.","authors":"Carol C Cheung,&nbsp;Paul E Swanson,&nbsp;Søren Nielsen,&nbsp;Mogens Vyberg,&nbsp;Emina E Torlakovic","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The occurrence of uneven staining (UES) in automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been experienced by clinical laboratories and has the potential to confound readout, interpretation, and reporting of IHC assays despite the presence optimally stained on-slide controls. However, there are no studies of this phenomenon in regard to the type, frequency, and association with different automated IHC platforms. We studied the occurrence of UES in automated IHC assays with real world examples from clinical practice and by using a laboratory developed methodology to monitor baseline and periodic performance of automated IHC instruments.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal liver tissue were mounted on 180 glass slides and stained for HepPar1 on 6 automated IHC instruments (4 different models from 3 different manufacturers). Macroscopic and microscopic defects of staining were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 8% of slides showed completely uniform staining. UES, including areas of both increased and decreased staining, occurred with all instruments. Decreased staining was often zonal, involving large regions of the slide. Decreased staining mostly localized in an instrument-dependent manner. Increased staining tended to occur in small foci with a random distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The common occurrence of UES (particularly decreased staining) has important implications for the reliable read-out of IHC assays on biopsy samples. Baseline and periodic quality assurance testing for UES is recommended for all automated IHC instruments.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"299-304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40435864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of 4 Immunohistochemical Phosphohistone H3 Antibodies for Marking Mitotic Figures in Breast Cancer.","authors":"Cornelia M Focke,&nbsp;Kai Finsterbusch,&nbsp;Thomas Decker,&nbsp;Paul J van Diest","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) has been suggested to facilitate and improve mitotic activity assessment in breast cancer and other tumor entities, but the reliability of respective immunohistochemical antibodies has not yet been compared for routine purposes. Our aim was to test the performance of 4 different PHH3 antibodies on a series of highly proliferating breast cancers with good preservation of morphology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four commercially available PHH3 antibodies were tested on 9 grade 3 invasive breast cancers processed in the same batch. We analyzed the number of antibody stained and nonstained mitotic figures as well as the total of cells observed in 10 high power fields per tumor to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the respective antibodies for staining mitotic figures, taking morphologically defined mitotic figures as gold standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the respective PHH3 antibodies for staining mitotic figures were 54.51%, 99.98%, and 98.79% for Cell Marque, 87.48%, 67.62%, and 67.47% for Epitomics, 98.62%, 99.73%, and 99.49% for Merck 06-570, and 99.74%, 99.52%, and 99.51% for Merck 09-797, respectively. Sensitivity was lowest for telophase. In statistical analysis, the Cell Marque antibody demonstrated significantly lower sensitivity and Epitomics substantially lower sensitivity and specificity than Merck 06-570 and Merck 09-797 antibodies (P<0.0001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Performance and reliability varied significantly between the 4 tested antibodies. For faster identification of mitotic hot spots and as potential marker in digital image analysis, the Merck antibodies seem to be most suitable.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"20-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39983005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clear Cell Variant of Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor: A Case Report and Preliminary Immunohistochemical Study of the SHH Pathway.","authors":"Braúlio C Júnior,&nbsp;Vinicius R V M Muniz,&nbsp;Manuela T A Vidal,&nbsp;Clarissa A Gurgel,&nbsp;Jorge E Leon,&nbsp;Roberto A De Azevedo,&nbsp;Iêda C Rebello,&nbsp;Jean N Dos Santos","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000467","url":null,"abstract":"1. Kopczynski J, Kowalik A, Ch\"opek M, et al. Oncogenic activation of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway in signet ring stromal cell tumor of the ovary. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2016;24:e28–e33. 2. Deshpande V, Oliva E, Young RH. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the ovary: a report of 3 primary ovarian tumors resembling those of the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:1514–1520. 3. Kominami A, Fujino M, Murakami H, et al. b-catenin mutation in ovarian solid pseudopapillary neoplasm. Pathol Int. 2014;64: 460–464. 4. Irving JA, Lee CH, Yip S, et al. Microcystic stromal tumor: a distinctive ovarian sex cord-stromal neoplasm characterized by FOXL2, SF-1, WT-1, cyclin D1, and b-catenin nuclear expression and CTNNB1 mutations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39: 1420–1426. 5. Bi R, Bai QM, Yang F, et al. Microcystic stromal tumour of the ovary: frequent mutations of b-catenin (CTNNB1) in six cases. Histopathology. 2015;67: 872–879. 6. Chen Q, Lu W, Lv W. Overlap of microcystic stromal tumor and primary solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the ovary. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8: 11792–11797.","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"e95-e99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39981608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Family of β-Catenin Ovarian Tumors.","authors":"Maria C Mengoli,&nbsp;Riccardo Valli,&nbsp;Gian F Zannoni","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"e95-e99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma Presenting as Intestinal Polyposis in a Child.","authors":"Sabah Boudjemaa,&nbsp;Linda Dainese,&nbsp;Joseph Khoury,&nbsp;Anne Auvrignon,&nbsp;Guy Leverger,&nbsp;Georges Audry,&nbsp;Aurore Coulomb,&nbsp;Julie Lemale","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000468","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: Intussusception as a presenting feature of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is rare in children. We report an unusual presentation mimicking intestinal sporadic polyposis. A 13-year-old boy presented with 1-month history of intermittent abdominal pain. The present episode was notable for asthenia, anorexia, night sweats, and weight loss. Abdominal palpation was unremarkable, but imaging revealed an acute ileocecal intussusception with peritoneal effusion, that was reduced by radiopaque enema. Multiple sessile polypoid lesions measuring 2.6 to 5cm were identified on follow-up ultrasound and confirmed by colonoscopy. Multiple biopsies were performed. Meantime, the occurrence of a new episode of intussusception with rectorrhagia leaded to a surgical evaluation with ileoileal resection-anastomosis and appendectomy, in emergency. The resection specimen consisted of 5 and 4cm jejunal segments and a 4 cm ileal segment including multiple sessile partially ulcerated polypoid lesions of 3 to 4 cm, protruding into the lumen, with thickening of the intestinal wall. Two other lesions were identified in the 9 cm appendix, 1 in the body and another at the tip. Both endoscopic biopsies and surgical specimen showed massive infiltration by a high-grade lymphoma extending to all layers of the intestinal and appendical walls including the serosa. Lymphoid cells were intermediate in size and exhibited a diffuse growth pattern. They had scant cytoplasm with round and uniform nuclei and multiple small nucleoli. Mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies were abundant with tingible body macrophages in the background imparting a starry-sky appearance. Lymphoid cells expressed B-cell markers CD20 and CD79a, CD10 and BCL6, but lacked BCL2 and terminal deoxynuclotidyl transferase expression. Proliferative rate as assessed by Ki67 staining was nearly 100%. A BL was diagnosed. In-situ hybridization for Epstein Barr virusencoded RNA was negative and the t(8;14)(q24;q32) was identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The patient received chemotherapy with a very good response and remains in complete remission 5 years later. Intussusception is a common abdominal emergency in children. Most cases occurring in the first year of life or in utero are idiopathic, whereas those affecting older children have pathological lead points in 10% of cases including lymphomas. On review of the literature, the association between lymphoma and intussusception is highlighted by many reports, usually affecting children older than 5 years of age. In the series of 189 BL reported by Gupta et al,1 33 patients (17.5%) presented with intussusception. The median age was 10 years. In the series of 378 intussusceptions reported by Wayne et al,2 6 patients aged between 6 and 9 years had BL. England et al reported a series of 210 children presenting a BL at a median age of 6.1 years, 14 of them (6.5%) revealed by intussusception. Intussusception related to lymphoma is usually nonreducible b","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"e80-e81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000468","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathologic Correlates of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Mucosa.","authors":"Neelam Wadhwa,&nbsp;Sanjay Gupta,&nbsp;Sarla Aggarwal,&nbsp;Kiran Mishra","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000474","url":null,"abstract":"with BL have improved markedly over the past 20 years. Surgery should be limited to diagnostic biopsy when it cannot be achieved by other approaches or when the diagnosis of BL in not suspected as in our case in which the failed reduction of intussusception led to an emergency surgical resection. The overall survival is now 65% to 80% even in advanced stage disease at the time of diagnosis. However, the condition and its complications such as tumor lysis syndrome are acute life threatening, and a prompt diagnosis and proper management of complications are essential for the prognosis. In conclusion, diagnosis of ileocolic BL may be challenging in children because of nonspecific clinical presentations. This case illustrates a diagnosis pitfall mimicking de novo digestive polyposis and emphasizes the importance to consider BL in differential diagnosis of acute abdomen and intestinal polyposis in children, particularly those older than 5 years of age.","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"e81-e82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Quality Assurance for Clinical Immunohistochemistry in the Era of Precision Medicine: Part 4: Tissue Tools for Quality Assurance in Immunohistochemistry.","authors":"Carol C Cheung,&nbsp;Corrado D'Arrigo,&nbsp;Manfred Dietel,&nbsp;Glenn D Francis,&nbsp;Regan Fulton,&nbsp;C Blake Gilks,&nbsp;Jacqueline A Hall,&nbsp;Jason L Hornick,&nbsp;Merdol Ibrahim,&nbsp;Antonio Marchetti,&nbsp;Keith Miller,&nbsp;J Han van Krieken,&nbsp;Soren Nielsen,&nbsp;Paul E Swanson,&nbsp;Clive R Taylor,&nbsp;Mogens Vyberg,&nbsp;Xiaoge Zhou,&nbsp;Emina E Torlakovic","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The numbers of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests are increasing; the implementation and validation of new IHC tests, revalidation of existing tests, as well as the on-going need for daily quality assurance monitoring present significant challenges to clinical laboratories. There is a need for proper quality tools, specifically tissue tools that will enable laboratories to successfully carry out these processes. This paper clarifies, through the lens of laboratory tissue tools, how validation, verification, and revalidation of IHC tests can be performed in order to develop and maintain high quality \"fit-for-purpose\" IHC testing in the era of precision medicine. This is the final part of the 4-part series \"Evolution of Quality Assurance for Clinical Immunohistochemistry in the Era of Precision Medicine.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"227-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39981750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pattern of expression and role of triiodothyronine (T3) receptors and type I 5'-deiodinase in breast carcinomas, benign breast diseases, lactational change, and normal breast epithelium.","authors":"Raja H Alyusuf,&nbsp;Jenan Al Matouq,&nbsp;Safa Taha,&nbsp;Javed F Wazir","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182a20917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182a20917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>: To study the pattern of expression of triiodothyronine (T3) receptors and type I 5'-deiodinase in various breast pathologies comparing malignant and nonmalignant epithelia that include lactational change.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A retrospective study was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival material from 146 cases of carcinomas, normal breast tissue, breast tissue showing lactational change, and benign breast lesions. Archive tissue blocks were selected and sections were cut for immunohistochemistry to study the expression of thyroid hormone receptor α-1 (THR-α1) in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells in tissues under study. Thick sections were cut for type I 5'-deiodinase evaluation using reverse transcriptional PCR.THR-α1 showed no nuclear expression in the carcinoma group. Combined nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was seen in 47.6%, 63.4%, 64.3%, and 58.3% in the benign, fibrocystic, fibroadenoma, and lactational change groups, respectively, compared with only 17.4% of cases in the carcinoma group. This suggests deregulation of the thyroid hormone in breast cancer. Theories for the possible role of thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of breast cancer are discussed.Type I 5'-deiodinase was not shown to be differentially expressed in malignant versus nonmalignant groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study revealed substantial reduction in the protein expression profile of THRs in malignant versus nonmalignant mammary epithelium suggesting a possible role in breast cancer development. The presence of THRs in mammary epithelium seems to be protective against the development of breast cancer. This could serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"518-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182a20917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40267377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}