Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA最新文献

{"title":"Letter to the Editor.","authors":"Jarrod Bailey","doi":"10.1177/026119291704500306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119291704500306","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"165-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119291704500306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35326000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain in laboratory animals: A possible confounding factor?","authors":"Lynne U Sneddon","doi":"10.1177/026119291704500309","DOIUrl":"10.1177/026119291704500309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reducing pain in animals is an ethical and sometimes legal requirement, but how do we assess pain and does it confound data collection?</p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"161-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35325996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal experiments and the right to ask questions about them.","authors":"Michael Balls","doi":"10.1177/026119291704500303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119291704500303","url":null,"abstract":"The 2016 Home Office Statistics reveal little about progress in implementing the Three Rs, and the right to question how laboratory animals are used in Great Britain has been challenged","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"107-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119291704500303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35325995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative surfactant reactivity of canine and human stratum corneum: a plea for the use of the corneosurfametry bioassay.","authors":"V Goffin,&nbsp;J Fontaine,&nbsp;G E Piérard","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comparative dermatology has paid little attention to the physiopathology of the stratum corneum. In this study, we investigated the responses of human and canine horny layers to marketed animal wash products by using the corneosurfametry bioassay. Previous work has shown that, with increasing surfactant aggressiveness to the stratum corneum, the colorimetric index of mildness (CIM) decreases, while both the corneosurfametry index (CSMI) and the overall difference in corneosurfametry (ODC) increase. In the present study, stratum corneum reactivity to wash products and inter-individual variability were significantly higher in humans than in dogs. For the three corneosurfametry variables, linear correlations were found between data gathered in the two panel groups. In conclusion, this pilot study suggests that mean stratum corneum reactivity to surfactants is stronger in humans than in dogs. Inter-individual variation, indicative of sensitive skin, also appears to be broader in humans. As a consequence, data gathered from dogs by using the corneosurfametry bioassay cannot be extrapolated to humans. Such variation between species could be important in the assessment of product safety and in supporting claims for mildness. </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"103-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32835928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term Toxicity of Various Pharmacological Agents on the In Vitro Nitrification Process in a Simple Closed Aquatic System.","authors":"H Nimenya,&nbsp;A Delaunois,&nbsp;D La Duong,&nbsp;S Bloden,&nbsp;J Defour,&nbsp;B Nicks,&nbsp;M Ansay","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the treatment of fish diseases, drugs which inhibit the nitrification process can cause acute ammonia toxicity. The same phenomenon can occur when fish are put into a tank without active cultures of nitrifying bacteria. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inhibitory effects of 15 pharmacological agents, which are often used as therapeutic agents in ichthyopathology, on ammonia removal and nitrate production in a simple closed aquatic system. The experiments were conducted in polyethylene bags containing activated biofilters and synthetic water solutions, held in a water bath. Ammonia was added to initiate the nitrification process, and graded concentrations of various pharmacological agents were added. The effects of the pharmacological agents on in vitro nitrification were assessed by monitoring ammonia and nitrate concentrations compared to controls with no added agents, for 24 hours. Graded concentrations of ampicillin (Albipen®), chloramine T, enrofloxacin (Baytril®), erythromycin, levamisole, methylene blue and polymyxin B induced dose-dependent inhibitions of ammonia removal and nitrate production. The corresponding linear regression curves showed high correlation coefficients and were highly significant (p < 0.05). The addition of chloramphenicol, copper (II ) sulphate, kanamycin disulphate, malachite green, neomycin sulphate, potassium penicillin G, tetracycline and a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadoxin (Duoprim™) had no significant effects on the nitrification process. A significant dose-related inhibition of nitrate production, but not of ammonia oxidation, was observed with enrofloxacin. The significant correlation (r = 0.940; p < 0.001) between the degrees of inhibition of ammonia oxidation and nitrate production for the various inhibitory pharmacological agents has also been calculated, with a view to validating this method. The data presented suggest that separate tank facilities for hospitalisation or quarantine are necessary when treating diseased fish with ampicillin, enrofloxacin, chloramine T, erythromycin, levamisole, methylene blue or polymyxin B, in order to avoid ammonia poisoning. </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"121-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32835929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Comparison of LiverBeads™ with a Conventional Rat Hepatocyte Culture Preparation: Some Aspects of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Related Toxicity.","authors":"A H Hammond,&nbsp;M J Garle,&nbsp;J R Fry","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>LiverBeads™ are made of hepatocytes that are immobilised and cryopreserved in alginate gel. They have great potential as an easily transportable and easily handled source of hepatocytes for use in in vitro pharmacotoxicology. In this study, we compared the drug metabolising capacity of LiverBeads in culture with that of conventional cultures and of cultures derived from cryopreserved cells. Trypan blue exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase and DNA content were measured in LiverBead cultures. The levels were all similar to those of the conventional cultures, as were the toxicities of precocene II and allyl alcohol, although more variability was seen in the LiverBeads than in the conventional cultures. The cytochrome P450-dependent activity 3,4-dimethyl-7-ethoxycoumarin-O-dealkylase, was reduced in the LiverBeads when compared to the conventional cultures, although the pattern of conjugation was very similar. In addition, the inducibility of cytochrome P4504A was demonstrated in LiverBeads. Cultures from cryopreserved cells were more susceptible to the toxicants tested, and contained less lactate dehydrogenase and DNA than the conventional cultures. Overall, in terms of the aspects of drug metabolism measured, the cultures from LiverBeads appeared to be equivalent to conventional cultures, and superior to cultures from cryopreserved cells. </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"111-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32835932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human bone marrow cell culture: a sensitive method for determination of the biocompatibility of implant materials.","authors":"A Wilke,&nbsp;M Landgraff,&nbsp;J Orth,&nbsp;H Poenitz,&nbsp;H Kienapfel,&nbsp;K Boelte,&nbsp;P Griss,&nbsp;R P Franke","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to develop a test method for determining the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of various biomaterials that are used in orthopaedic surgery. This method is based on the use of a human bone marrow cell culture and was developed as an alternative to animal experiments. Human bone marrow cell culture has certain advantages over other cell culture models, as its results show a greater conformity with animal experimental results and clinical studies. Primary cell adherence, cell number, cell proliferation, production of extracellular matrix, cell viability and cell differentiation were used as indicative parameters of biocompatibility. After 2 weeks in culture, differences could be observed between the biomaterials with respect to these parameters. Cell numbers were greatest on the hydroxyapatite ceramic specimens, but were decreased on the titanium alloy specimens. Extracellular matrix hydroxyapatite production was high for ceramics, but reduced for titanium specimens. The polymers allowed only a few cells to adhere, and there were no signs of extracellular matrix production. The influence of biomaterials on differentiation of large numbers of cells was analysed by using flow cytophotometry. There were similar populations of T cells and monocytes on all specimens. However, extended B cell and granulocyte populations were observed with titanium and polyethylene. </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"137-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32836430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Production of Polyclonal Antibodies in Laboratory Animals. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 35.","authors":"P P Leenaars,&nbsp;C F Hendriksen,&nbsp;W A de Leeuw,&nbsp;F Carat,&nbsp;P Delahaut,&nbsp;R Fischer,&nbsp;M Halder,&nbsp;W C Hanly,&nbsp;J Hartinger,&nbsp;J Hau,&nbsp;E B Lindblad,&nbsp;W Nicklas,&nbsp;I M Outschoorn,&nbsp;D E Stewart-Tull","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is the report of the thirty-fifth of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and the potential for the possible incorporation of alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward (1). This joint ECVAM/FELASA (Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations) workshop on The Immunisation of Laboratory Animals for the Production of Polyclonal Antibodies was held in Utrecht (The Netherlands), on 20-22 March 1998, under the co-chairmanship of Coenraad Hendriksen (RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands) and Wim de Leeuw (Inspectorate for Health Protection, The Netherlands). The participants, all experts in the fields of immunology, laboratory animal science, or regulation, came from universities, industry and regulatory bodies. The aims of the workshop were: a) to discuss and evaluate current immunisation procedures for the production of polyclonal antibodies (including route of injection, animal species and adjuvant ); and b) to draft recommendations and guidelines to improve the immunisation procedures, with regard both to animal welfare and to the optimisation of immunisation protocols. This report summarises the outcome of the discussions and includes a number of recommendations and a set of draft guidelines (included in Appendix 1). </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"79-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32835930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye Irritation Testing: The Way Forward. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 34.","authors":"M Balls,&nbsp;N Berg,&nbsp;L H Bruner,&nbsp;R D Curren,&nbsp;O de Silva,&nbsp;L K Earl,&nbsp;D J Esdaile,&nbsp;J H Fentem,&nbsp;M Liebsch,&nbsp;Y Ohno,&nbsp;M K Prinsen,&nbsp;H Spielmann,&nbsp;A P Worth","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is the report of the thirty-fourth of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and the potential for the possible incorporation of alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward (1). The workshop on Eye Irritation Testing: The Way Forward was held in Egham, UK, on 15-17 June 1998, under the chairmanship of Michael Balls (ECVAM, Italy). The workshop had two aims, the first of which was to review some of the previous multi-laboratory validation studies on alternatives to the Draize eye test and assess why many promising alternative methods were not successful in these studies. The second aim was to discuss strategies for making progress toward the short-term reduction, refinement, and eventual replacement, of the Draize test, including: a new approach to the validation of in vitro tests for eye irritancy, based on the use of reference standards, which promises to overcome some of the problems encountered in previous studies; the use of stepwise testing strategies which reduce and refine the use of animals in eye irritation testing; the use of multivariate and other statistical techniques for the further analysis of data generated in previous validation studies; and a programme of research aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of eye irritation. </p>","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"53-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32835931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cats in Scientific Procedures: Main Areas of Use in the UK and Some Causes for Concern.","authors":"S J Gray","doi":"10.1177/026119299902700109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026119299902700109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520549,"journal":{"name":"Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA","volume":" ","pages":"153-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/026119299902700109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32836428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}